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(en)It is an object of the present invention to provide alkaline proteases having industrially sufficient protein productivity and a significant detergency. In the alkaline proteases, the amino acid residues at (a) position 9, (b) position 49, (c) position 194, (d) position 212, (e) position 237, (f) position 245, (g) position 281, (h) position 313, (i) position 379 and (j) position 427 in SEQ ID NO: 2 are selected from the following amino acid residues; Position (a); glutamine, Position (b); glutamine, Position (c); lysine or arginine, Position (d); arginine, asparagine or glutamine, Position (e); asparagines, Position (f); asparagines. Position (g); arginine, Position (h); asparagines, Position (i); lysine, arginine, glutamic acid or aspartic acid, and Position (j); arginine.
1.ApplicationNumber: US-52241908-A
1.PublishNumber: US-8309339-B2
2.Date Publish: 20121113
3.Inventor: OKUDA MITSUYOSHI
4.Inventor Harmonized: OKUDA MITSUYOSHI(JP)
5.Country: US
6.Claims:
(en)It is an object of the present invention to provide alkaline proteases having industrially sufficient protein productivity and a significant detergency. In the alkaline proteases, the amino acid residues at (a) position 9, (b) position 49, (c) position 194, (d) position 212, (e) position 237, (f) position 245, (g) position 281, (h) position 313, (i) position 379 and (j) position 427 in SEQ ID NO: 2 are selected from the following amino acid residues; Position (a); glutamine, Position (b); glutamine, Position (c); lysine or arginine, Position (d); arginine, asparagine or glutamine, Position (e); asparagines, Position (f); asparagines. Position (g); arginine, Position (h); asparagines, Position (i); lysine, arginine, glutamic acid or aspartic acid, and Position (j); arginine.
7.Description:
(en)REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY
The content of the electronically submitted substitute sequence listing, file name: SequenceListing.TXT; Size: 23,248 bytes; and Date of Creation: Nov. 9, 2009, filed herewith, is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to alkaline proteases being effective as enzymes to be incorporated in detergents, and genes encoding the same.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Proteases have been used in the industry for a long time. They are used in a variety of fields including detergents such as laundry detergents, fabric modifiers, leather processing agents, cosmetics, bath agents, food modifiers or medicines. Of these uses, proteases for detergents are industrially produced in the largest amount. Examples of proteases for detergents include Alcalase and Savinase (registered trademarks; Novozymes A/S), Maxacal (registered trademark; Genencor International Inc.), BLAP (registered trademark; Henkel KGaA), and KAP (Kao Corporation).
The purpose of incorporating protease into a detergent is to promote degradation of protein-based stains attached to clothing into low molecular Weight substances, and solubilization thereof by a surfactant. However, actual stains are complex stains which contain not only proteins but also a mixture of plural components such as organic substances and inorganic substances, for example, sebum-derived lipids and solid particles. Therefore, there is a demand for detergents having a significant detergency on such complex stains.
Based on this standpoint, the present inventors have found a few kinds of alkaline proteases, which retain a sufficient caseinolytic activity even in the presence of a high concentration of a fatty acid, exhibit a significant detergency on complex stains containing not only proteins but also sebum and the like weaved therewith, and have a molecular weight of approximately 43,000 (Patent Document 1). It is suggested that the aforementioned group of alkaline proteases are categorized to a novel subtilisin subfamily, unlike the conventionally known serine proteases typified by subtilisin derived from bacteria belonging to Bacillus sp., in terms of their molecular weights, primary structures, enzymatic properties, and, in particular, exhibiting extremely strong oxidant resistance (Nonpatent Literature 1).
The above group of alkaline proteases has a significant detergency under the conditions where sebum stains and the like are weaved with each other. Moreover, alkaline proteases having sufficient productive performances in addition to detergency remain in demand.
In general, an enzymatic activity changes in a pH-dependent manner because the enzyme has an amino acid residue having either a dissociable acidic group or a dissociable basic group, which is essential for the expression of the activity thereof, at the active site of the enzyme. Therefore, an attempt to artificially alter the pH-dependence of an enzymatic activity by altering a charged amino acid residue is one of the important targets in protein engineering.
For example, it is reported that substitution of a specific amino acid residue in subtilisin BPN′ leads to alteration in the pH-dependence by altering the surface charge of the enzyme (Non-patent Documents 2 to 4), M-protease which is a high-alkali resistant protease adapts to high-alkali conditions when the surface amino acid residues are altered to acquire a high isoelectric point and gain a new network of ion bonds (Non-patent Document 5), and that there is a constant relationship between the isoelectric point and the detergency of subtilisin (Patent Document 2).
However, any of the above mentioned reports relates to serine proteases derived from bacteria belonging to Bacillus sp., having a molecular weight of approximately 28,000 such as subtilisin BPN′ and subtilisin 309. Therefore, the reports do not provide useful information for a group of serine proteases having a gap region and an extended region of the C-terminus, which do not exist in the group of proteases having a molecular weight of approximately 28,000, and having a molecular weight of approximately 43,000.
Moreover, it is impossible to predict whether an alteration of amino acid residues in order to improve detergency of an enzyme will anyhow affect protein productivity or not. Therefore, even though the introduction of a certain mutation can bring a favorable change on detergency, the actual production may be extremely inhibited if it lowers its protein productivity.
[Patent Document 1] WO99/18218 [Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent No. 3343115 [Non-patent Document 1] Saeki et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., Vol. 279, pp. 313-319, 2000 [Non-patent Document 2] Nature, Vol. 318, pp. 375-376, 1985 [Non-patent Document 3] J. Mol. Biol., Vol. 193, pp. 803-813, 1987 [Non-patent Document 4] Nature, Vol. 328, pp. 496-500, 1987 [Non-patent Document 5] Protein Engineering, Vol. 10, pp. 627-634, 1997
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the following inventions:
(1) An alkaline protease, wherein the amino acid residues at (a) position 9, (b) position 49, (c) position 194, (d) position 212, (e) position 237, (f) position 245, (g) position 281, (h) position 313, (i) position 379 and (j) position 427 in SEQ ID NO: 2 are selected from the following amino acid residues;
Position (a); glutamine, Position (b); glutamine, Position (c); lysine or arginine, Position (d); arginine, asparagine or glutamine, Position (e); asparagine, Position (f); asparagine, Position (g); arginine, Position (h); asparagine, Position (i); lysine, arginine, glutamic acid or aspartic acid, Position (j); arginine.
(2) An alkaline protease consisting of an amino acid sequence that has 80% or more homology with the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the amino acid residues corresponding to (a) position 9, (b) position 49, (c) position 194, (d) position 212, (e) position 237, (g) position 281 and (i) position 379 in SEQ ID NO: 2 are selected from the following amino acid residues;
Position (a); glutamine Position (b); glutamine Position (c); lysine or arginine Position (d); asparagine or glutamine Position (e); asparagine Position (g); arginine Position (i); glutamic acid or aspartic acid.
(3) A gene encoding one of the above mentioned alkaline proteases;
(4) A recombination vector containing the above mentioned gene and a transformant containing the aforementioned vector;
(5) A detergent composition containing one of the above mentioned alkaline proteases.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the provision of alkaline proteases endowed with industrially sufficient protein productivity and a significant detergency.
The present inventors have conducted various examinations on performance improvement for the group of alkaline proteases having a molecular weight of approximately 43,000. As a result, the present inventors have found that the existence of specific amino acid residues at the specific sites of the amino acid sequence which is exposed to the surface of an enzymatic protein can either maintain or improve its industrially sufficient protein productivity and, moreover, can improve its detergency. Based on these findings, the present inventors have completed the present invention.
According to the present invention, there are provided alkaline proteases which can be produced industrially favorably and have a significant detergency.
The alkaline protease consisting of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 of the present invention represents Protease KP43 [derived from Bacillus sp. KSM-KP43 (FERN BP-6532), WO99/18218, GenBank accession no. AB051423]. The amino acid residues at (a) position 9, (b) position 49, (c) position 194, (d) position 212, (e) position 237, (f) position 245, (g) position 281, (h) position 313, (i) position 379 and (j) position 427 of SEQ ID NO: 2 of the alkaline protease of the present invention are selected from the following amino acid residues;
Position (a); glutamine, Position (b); glutamine, Position (c); lysine or arginine, Position (d); arginine, asparagine or glutamine, Position (e); asparagine, Position (f); asparagine, Position (g); arginine, Position (h); asparagine, Position (i); lysine, arginine, glutamic acid or aspartic acid, Position (j); arginine.
The alkaline protease of the present invention may include wild-type, wild-type variants or artificial variants.
Moreover, the alkaline proteases of the present invention include alkaline proteases consisting of an amino acid sequence that has 80% or more homology with the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the amino acid residues corresponding to (a) position 9, (b) position 49, (c) position 194, (d) position 212, (e) position 237, (g) position 281 and (i) position 379 in SEQ ID NO: 2 are selected from the following amino acid residues;
Position (a); glutamine, Position (b); glutamine, Position (c); lysine or arginine, Position (d); asparagine or glutamine, Position (e); asparagine, Position (g); arginine, Position (i); glutamic acid or asparagine acid, and may include wild-type, wild-type variants or artificial variants.
Examples of the alkaline proteases consisting of an amino acid sequence that has 800 or more homology with the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 include alkaline proteases consisting of an amino acid sequence that has 95% or more homology with the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2, preferably 96% or more therewith, more preferably 90% or more therewith, even more preferably 97% or more therewith, more preferably 98% or more therewith, even more preferably 99% or more therewith, all of which have the same level of functions as that of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:2, and alkaline proteases different from alkaline proteases consisting of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 (which may be referred to as “another alkaline protease”).
Such another alkaline protease preferably has the properties described in the following (1) or (2).
(1) Having oxidant resistance and a molecular weight of 43,000±2,000 as determined by a sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) technique.
(2) Functioning in the alkaline region above pH 8, having oxidant resistance, retaining 80% or more residual activity when treated at 50° C. in pH 10 for 10 minutes, being inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphates (DFP) and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), and having a molecular weight of 43,000±2,000 as determined by SDS-PAGE.
The term “having oxidant resistance” as used herein means to have 50% or more residual activity after being left to stand in a 20 mM Britton Robinson buffer containing 50 mM hydrogen peroxide and 5 mM calcium chloride (pH 10) at 30° C. for 20 minutes.
Examples of aforementioned another alkaline protease include Protease KP9860 [derived from Bacillus sp. KSM-KP9860 (FERM BP-6534), WO99/18218, GenBank accession no. AB046403]; Protease E-1 [derived from Bacillus No. D-6 (FERM P-1592), Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 49-71191, GenBank accession no. AB046402]; Protease Ya [derived from Bacillus sp. Y (FERM BP-1029), Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 61-280268, GenBank accession no. AB046404]; Protease SD521 [derived from Bacillus SD521 (FERM P-11162), Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 3-191781, GenBank accession no. AB046405]; Protease A-1 [derived from NCIB12289, WO88/01293, GenBank accession no. AB046406]; Protease A-2 [derived from NCIB12513, WO98/56927]; Protease 9865 [derived from Bacillus sp. KSM-9865 (FERM P-18566), GenBank accession no. AB084155] and the variant proteases as described in JP-A-2002-218989, JP-A-2002-306176, JP-A-2003-125783, JP-A-2004-000122, JP-A-2004-057195, JP-A-2004-305175, JP-A-2004-305176, JP-A-2006-129865.
In addition, homologies between different amino acid sequences are calculated by the Lipman-Pearson method (Science, Vol. 227, pp. 1435, (1985)). More specifically, analysis is performed through the use of a homology analysis (Search homology) program developed by the genetic information processing software, Genetyx-Win (Software Development Co., Ltd.), with the parameter Unit size to compare (ktup) being set 2.
Moreover, with the alkaline proteases consisting of an amino acid sequence that has 80% or more homology with the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 mentioned above, the amino acid residue corresponding to each of the positions (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (g) and (i) of SEQ ID NO: 2 can be identified by comparing amino acid sequences between the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 and the amino acid sequence of another alkaline protease by means of a publicly known algorithm such as the above mentioned Lipman-Pearson's method, and by maximizing the homology in conserved amino acid residues which are present in the amino acid sequence of each alkaline protease. The positions of corresponding amino acid residues in the sequence of each protease can be determined by aligning the amino acid sequence of the protease through the use of such method, regardless of insertions and deletions within an amino acid sequence. It is presumed that the corresponding positions exist at the three-dimensionally same position, and the amino acid residues existing at the same position bring about similar effects for a specific function of the target protease.
More specifically, an amino acid residue at position of 194 of SEQ ID NO: 2 is a serine residue. The amino acid residue at the position corresponding thereto can be identified as the serine residue at position of 193 in Protease E-1, the serine residue at position of 194 in Protease KP9860, and the serine residue at position of 193 in Protease Ya through alignment of amino acid sequences by employing the method mentioned above.
With regards to another alkaline protease which is preferred among the above mentioned ones, specific examples of a position and an amino acid residue corresponding to the amino acid residues at (a) position 9, (b) position 49, (c) position 194, (d) position 212, (e) position 237, (g) position 281 and (i) position 379 of the amino acid sequence of Protease PK43 (SEQ ID NO: 2) are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1
PROTEASE
POSITION
KP43
KP9860
9865
E-1
Ya
SD-521
A-1
A-2
(a)
Lys9
Lys9
Lys9
Lys9
Lys9
Lys9
Lys9
Lys9
(b)
Lys49
Lys49
Lys49
Lys49
Lys49
Lys49
Lys49
Lys49
(c)
Ser194
Ser194
Ser194
Ser193
Ser193
Ser193
Ser194
Ser193
(d)
Lys212
Lys212
Lys212
Arg211
Arg211
Arg211
Lys212
Arg211
(e)
Asp237
Asp237
Asp237
Asp236
Asp236
Asp236
Asp237
Asp236
(g)
Lys281
Lys281
Lys281
Lys280
Lys280
Lys280
Lys281
Lys280
(i)
Gln379
Arg379
Gln379
Lys378
Lys378
Lys378
Lys379
Lys378
Furthermore, selection of amino acid residues at positions (a) through (j) and the like in an alkaline protease of the present invention may include substitutions conducted at 2 or more positions selected from positions (a) through (j) and the like simultaneously as long as enzymatic properties are not altered.
When an alkaline protease of the present invention is a variant, an alkaline protease prior to mutation (which may be referred to as a “parent alkaline protease”) corresponds to either “a protease consisting of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2” or “an alkaline protease consisting of an amino acid sequence that has 80% or more homology with the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2.” By introducing a mutation to a desired site of this protease, the alkaline protease of the present invention can be obtained. For example, the amino acid residues at positions selected from the aforementioned positions (a) through (j) in the amino acid sequence of Protease KP43 represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 or the amino acid residues at positions selected from the aforementioned positions (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (g) and (i) in the amino acid sequence of an alkaline protease consisting of an amino acid sequence that has 80% or more homology with the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 are substituted with other amino acid residues to give the alkaline protease of the present invention.
The alkaline protease of the present invention can be obtained, for example, by the following method. More specifically, a mutation is introduced to a cloned gene encoding a parent alkaline protease (SEQ ID NO: 1) and the resulting variant gene is used to transform a proper host. The aforementioned recombinant host is then cultured, and an alkaline protease is collected from the culture. Cloning of the gene encoding a parent alkaline protease can be performed by an ordinary gene recombination technique, for example, in accordance with the methods as described in WO99/18218 and WO98/56927.
For introducing a mutation to the gene encoding a parent alkaline protease, any of the conventionally used site-specific mutagenesis methods can be employed. More specifically, for example, a Site-Directed Mutagenesis System Mutan-Super Express Km kit (Takara Bio Inc.) can be used. Moreover, by using the recombinant PCR (polymerase chain reaction) method (PCR protocols, Academic Press, New York, 1990), a desired sequence of a gene can be substituted with a sequence of another gene corresponding to the aforementioned desired sequence.
The method for producing the protease of the present invention by using the obtained variant gene includes, for example, ligating the aforementioned variant gene with a DNA vector stably amplifiable followed by transformation of a host bacterium with the vector, or integrating the aforementioned variant gene to a chromosomal DNA in a host bacterium capable of maintaining it stably. These are examples of methods which can be employed. Hosts which satisfy these conditions include, for example, bacteria belonging to Bacillus sp., Escherichia coli , fungi, yeast, and actinomycetes. These bacterial strains can be inoculated into a medium containing assimilatable carbon sources, nitrogen sources and other essential nutrition to be cultured according to the method known per se.
Collection and purification of an alkaline protease from the obtained culture can be performed in accordance with conventional methods applicable to the collection and purification of common enzymes. For example, the target enzyme can be obtained from culture supernatant by using a conventional purification method after removing bacterial cells by centrifugation or filtration of the culture. The enzyme solution obtained with such method can be used either without further processing or by being further subjected to purification, crystallization, powderization or granulation by known methods.
The alkaline proteases of the present invention thus available have oxidant resistance, are free from the inhibition of caseinolytic activity by a high concentration of a fatty acid, have a molecular weight of 43,000±2,000 as determined by SDS-PAGE, are active in the alkaline region, exert improved detergency, and show industrially sufficient productivity. Namely, in the case of naturally occurring enzymes, the enzymes have newly acquired properties of maintaining 90% or more protein productivity of Protease KP43 represented by SEQ ID NO: 2, and preferably maintaining 95% or more therewith or exceeding the protein productivity of Protease KP43. In addition, in the case of variants, the enzymes have newly acquired properties of maintaining 90% or more protein productivity of a parent enzyme thereof, preferably maintaining 95% or more therewith, and more preferably obtaining protein productivity greater than or equivalent to that of a parent alkaline protease.
Therefore, the alkaline protease of the present invention is effective as an enzyme to be incorporated in various detergent compositions.
The protease of the present invention may be incorporated to the detergent composition in an amount sufficient to permit exhibition of its activity without limitation. Although it can be incorporated in an amount from 0.1 to 5000 PU per kg of the detergent composition, preferably 500 PU or less is incorporated in consideration of economy and the like.
To the detergent composition of the present invention, various enzymes can be used in combination with the protease of the present invention. Examples include hydrolases, oxidases, reductases, transferases, lyases, isomerases, ligases and synthetases. Of these, proteases other than the alkaline protease used in the present invention, cellulases, keratinases, esterases, cutinases, amylases, lipases, pullulanases, pectinases, mannases, glucosidases, glucanases, cholesterol oxidases, peroxidases, laccases and the like are preferred. Proteases, cellulases, amylases and lipases are particularly preferred. Examples of proteases include commercially available Alcalase, Esperase, Savinase, Everlase and Kannase (registered trademarks; Novozymes A/S), Properase and Purafect (trademarks; Genencor International Inc.), and KAP (registered trademark; Kao Corporation). Cellulases include Cellzyme and Carezyme (registered trademarks; Novozymes A/S), KAC, the alkaline cellulase produced by Bacillus sp. strain KSM-S237 as described in Japanese Patent No. 10-313859 and the variant alkaline cellulase as described in Japanese Patent Application No. 2002-116553 (each, registered trademark; Kao Corporation) and the like. Amylases include Termamyl and Duramyl (registered trademarks; Novozymes A/S), Purastar (registered trademarks; Genencor International Inc.), and KAM (registered trademark; Kao Corporation) and the like. Lipases include Lipolase and Lipolase Ultra (registered trademarks; Novozymes A/S).
When a protease other than the protease used in the present invention is used in combination for a detergent composition, preferably the protease is incorporated in an amount from 0.1 to 500 PU per kg of the detergent composition. When cellulase is used in combination, preferably the cellulase is incorporated in an amount from 300 to 3000000 KU per kg of the detergent composition based on the unit (KU) determined by the method of measuring enzymatic activity as described in Paragraph [0020] in Japanese Patent No. 10-313859.
When amylase is used in combination, preferably the amylase is incorporated in an amount from 50 to 500000 IU per kg of the detergent composition based on the unit (IU) determined by the method of measuring amylase activity as described in Paragraph [0040] in Japanese Patent No. 11-43690.
Moreover, when lipase is used in combination, preferably the lipase is incorporated in an amount from 10000 to 1000000 LU per kg of the detergent composition based on the unit (LU) determined by the method of measuring lipase activity as described in Example 1 in Japanese Patent No. 8-500013.
To the detergent composition of the present invention, publicly known detergent components can be incorporated. Examples of the aforementioned publicly known detergent components include the following.
(1) Surfactant
A surfactant may be incorporated in an amount of 0.5 to 60% by weight in the detergent composition. In particular, to a powdery detergent composition and a liquid detergent composition, addition of 10 to 45% by weight and 20 to 50% by weight are preferred, respectively. When the detergent composition of the present invention is a bleaching agent or automatic dishwasher detergent, the surfactant may generally be incorporated in an amount of 1 to 10% by weight, and preferably 1 to 5% by weight.
Examples of surfactant to be used in the detergent composition of the present invention include an anionic surfactant, non-ionic surfactant, ampholytic surfactant and cationic surfactant or combinations thereof. An anionic surfactant and non-ionic surfactant are preferred.
Examples of anionic surfactant include the salts of alcohol sulfates having 10 to 18 carbon atoms, the salts of alcohol alkoxylate sulfates, alkyl benzene sulfonates, paraffin sulfonates, α-olefin sulfonates, α-sulfo fatty acids, α-sulfo fatty acid alkylesters or fatty acid salts having 8 to 20 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred in the present invention are linear alkyl benzene sulfonates with an alkyl chain having 10 to 14 carbon atoms, and more preferably 12 to 14 carbon atoms. As a counter ion, alkali metal salts and amines are preferred. Particularly preferred are sodium and/or potassium, monoethanolamine and diethanolamine.
Preferred examples of non-ionic surfactant include polyoxyalkylenealkyl (with 8 to 20 carbon atoms) ether, alkyl polyglucoside, polyoxyalkylenealkyl (with 8 to 20 carbon atoms) phenyl ether, polyoxyalkylene sorbitan fatty acid (with 8 to 22 carbon atoms) ester, polyoxyalkylene glycol fatty acid (with 8 to 22 carbon atoms) ester, polyoxyethylenepolyoxypropylene block polymer. Particularly preferred non-ionic surfactant is a polyoxyalkylenealkyl ether [with a HLB value, as calculated by the Griffin method, in the range of 10.5 to 15.0, and more preferably 11.0 to 14.5], wherein alkyleneoxide such as ethyleneoxide and propyleneoxide is added in an amount of 4 to 20 mol to alcohol having 10 to 18 carbon atoms.
(2) Divalent Metal Ion Scavenger
A divalent metal ion scavenger may be incorporated in an amount of 0.01 to 50% by weight, and preferably 5 to 40% by weight. Examples of divalent metal ion scavenger to be used in the detergent composition of the present invention include condensed phosphates such as tripolyphosphate, pyrophosphate and orthophosphate, aluminosilicates such as zeolite, synthetic laminated crystalline silicates, nitrilotriacetic acid salts, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acids, citrates, isocitrates, polyacetalcarboxylates. Of these, crystalline aluminosilicates (synthetic zeolites) are particularly preferred. Among A-type, X-type and P-type zeolites, A-type ones are particularly preferred. As a synthetic zeolite, one with an average primary particle diameter ranging from 0.1 to 10 μm is preferred, and one with an average primary particle diameter ranging from 0.1 to 5 μm is particularly preferred.
(3) Alkaline Agent
An alkaline agent may be incorporated in an amount of 0.01 to 80% by weight, and preferably 1 to 40% by weight. Examples of alkaline agent to be used for a powdery detergent include alkali metal carbonates such as sodium carbonate collectively known as dense soda ash and light soda ash, as well as amorphous alkaline metal silicates such as JIS No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3. These inorganic alkaline agents are effective in skeletal formation of particles during drying a detergent, and thus can provide a relatively hard and significantly fluid detergent. Examples of alkaline agents other than these include sodium sesquicarbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate. In addition, phosphates such as tripolyphosphate also have the activity of an alkaline agent. Examples of alkaline agent to be used for a liquid detergent include the above mentioned alkaline agents, sodium hydroxide, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine or triethanolamine. These can be used as a counter ion for the activator.
(4) Recontamination Inhibitor
A recontamination inhibitor may be incorporated in an amount of 0.001 to 10% by weight, and preferably 1 to 5% by weight. Examples of recontamination inhibitor to be used in the detergent composition of the present invention include polyethyleneglycol, carboxylic acid-type polymers, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Of these, carboxylic acid-type polymers have an ability to inhibit re-contamination, an ability to capture metal ions, an effect to disperse solid particle stains from clothes into a laundry bath. Carboxylic acid-type polymers are either homopolymers or copolymers of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid and the like. For a copolymer, preferred is a monomer mentioned above copolymerized with maleic acid, having a several thousand to a hundred thousand molecular weight. Apart from the above mentioned carboxylic acid-type polymers, polymers of the salts of polyglycidyl acid and the like, cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethyl cellulose, and aminocarboxylic acid-type polymers such as polyaspartic acid are preferred because they also have the ability to serve as metal ion scavengers, dispersants, and possess an ability to inhibit re-contamination.
(5) Bleaching Agent
A bleaching agent such as hydrogen peroxide and percarbonate is incorporated preferably in an amount of 1 to 10% by weight. When the bleaching agent is used, 0.01 to 10% by weight of a bleaching activator (activator) such as tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) and the bleaching activator as described in Japanese Patent No. 6-316700 can be added.
(6) Fluorescent Brightener
As a fluorescent brightener to be used in the detergent composition of the present invention, biphenyl type fluorescent brighteners (such as Tinopal CBS-X) and stilbene type fluorescent brighteners (such as DM type fluorescent dye) can be used. A fluorescent brightener is incorporated preferably in an amount of 0.001 to 2% by weight.
(7) Other Component
To the detergent composition of the present invention, builders, tenderizers, reducing agents (such as sulfite), foaming inhibitors (such as silicone), fragrances and other additives, which are known to those skilled in the art of laundry detergent, may be included.
The detergent composition of the present invention can be manufactured in accordance with the law of the art by using the protease of the present invention obtained by the above mentioned method and the above mentioned publicly known detergent components in combination. The detergent form can be selected according to the using purpose. Examples include liquid, powder, granule, paste and solid.
The detergent composition of the present invention thus available is usable as a laundry detergent, bleaching agent, hard surface cleaning detergent, pipe cleaner, artificial tooth cleaner, antimicrobial cleaner for medical apparatus and the like.
EXAMPLES
The present invention will now be described in connection with certain examples more specifically hereinafter.
Example 1
For a region of approximately 2.0 kb including up to the stop codon of an alkaline protease structural gene derived from Bacillus sp. KSM-KP43 (SEQ ID NO: 1), primers were designed to introduce site-specific mutations at (1) position 9, (2) position 49, (3) position 194, (4) position 212, (5) position 237, (6) position 245, (7) position 281, (8) position 313, (9) position 379 and (10) position 427 of the mature enzyme region.
PCR was conducted by use of the following primers, respectively.
(1) Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 3 (SEQ ID NO: 5) as well as Primer 4 (SEQ ID NO: 6) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce a glutamine at position 9;
(2) Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 5 (SEQ ID NO: 7) as well as Primer 6 (SEQ ID NO: 8) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce a glutamine at position 49;
(3) Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 7 (SEQ ID NO: 9) as well as Primer 8 (SEQ ID NO: 10) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce a lysine at position 194; Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 7 (SEQ ID NO: 9) as well as Primer 9 (SEQ ID NO: 11) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce an arginine at position 194;
(4) Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 10 (SEQ ID NO: 12) as well as Primer 11 (SEQ ID NO: 13) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce an arginine at position 212; Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 10 (SEQ ID NO: 12) as well as Primer 12 (SEQ ID NO: 14) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce an asparagine at position 212; Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 10 (SEQ ID NO: 12) as well as Primer 13 (SEQ ID NO: 15) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce a glutamine at position 212;
(5) Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 14 (SEQ ID NO: 16) as well as Primer 15 (SEQ ID NO: 17) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce an asparagine at position 237;
(6) Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 14 (SEQ ID NO: 16) as well as Primer 16 (SEQ ID NO: 18) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce an asparagine at position 245;
(7) Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 17 (SEQ ID NO: 19) as well as Primer 18 (SEQ ID NO: 20) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce an arginine at position 281;
(8) Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 19 (SEQ ID NO: 21) as well as Primer 20 (SEQ ID NO: 22) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce an asparagine at position 313;
(9) Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 21 (SEQ ID NO: 23) as well as Primer 22 (SEQ ID NO: 24) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce a lysine at position 379; Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 21 (SEQ ID NO: 23) as well as Primer 23 (SEQ ID NO: 25) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce an arginine at position 379; Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 21 (SEQ ID NO: 23) as well as Primer 24 (SEQ ID NO: 26) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce an aspartic acid at position 379; Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 21 (SEQ ID NO: 23) as well as Primer 25 (SEQ ID NO: 27) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce a glutaminic acid at position 379; and
(10) Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 26 (SEQ ID NO: 28) as well as Primer 27 (SEQ ID NO: 29) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce an arginine at position 427.
A BamHI linker was added to the 5′ end of the sense strand of Primer 1, and an XbaI linker was added to the 5′ end of the antisense strand of Primer 2. Primer 3 and Primer 4, Primer 5 and Primer 6, Primer 7 and Primer 8, Primer 7 and Primer 9, Primer 10 and Primer 11, Primer 10 and Primer 12, Primer 10 and Primer 13, Primer 14 and Primer 15, Primer 14 and Primer 16, Primer 17 and Primer 18, Primer 19 and Primer 20, Primer 21 and Primer 22, Primer 21 and Primer 23, Primer 21 and Primer 24, Primer 21 and Primer 25, and Primer 26 and Primer 27 were designed to have a 10 to 15-bp sequence mutually complementary at the 5′ end, respectively. In PCR, the template DNA was denatured at 94° C. for 2 minutes, followed by 30 cycles of treatment, each cycle of 94° C. for 1 minute, 55° C. for 1 minute, and 72° C. for 1 minute, using Pyrobest (Takara Bio Inc.) as a DNA polymerase. The amplified DNA fragments were purified by use of PCR product purification kit (Roche Ltd.). Subsequently, recombinant PCR was performed, wherein the denaturation was carried out at 94° C. for 2 minutes, followed by 30 cycles of treatment, each cycle of 94° C. for 1 minute, 55° C. for 1 minute, and 72° C. for 1 minute, only with the amplified fragments corresponding thereto, respectively. For the obtained amplified fragments, PCR was performed using Primer 1 and Primer 4. In PCR, the template DNA was denatured at 94° C. for 2 minutes, followed by 30 cycles of treatment, each cycle of 94° C. for 1 minute, 55° C. for 1 minute, and 72° C. for 2 minute. As a result, the full-length gene with a mutation introduced was obtained. After purifying the amplified fragments, the restriction enzyme linkers added to the ends were cleaved with BamHI and XbaI (Roche Ltd.). The amplified DNA fragments were mixed with plasmid pHA64 which had undergone treatment with BamHI and XbaI (Japanese Patent No. 349293, BamHI- and XbaI-cleaved sites are contained in a downstream region of promoter 64) and subsequently, ligation reaction was carried out with Ligation High (Toyobo Co., Ltd.). Through ethanol precipitation, plasmid was recovered from the reaction mixture and Bacillus sp. KSM-9865 strain (FERM P-18566) serving as the host bacterium was transformed therewith.
The 9865 strain transformants were grown on a skim milk-containing alkaline agar medium [skim milk (Difco Laboratories) 1% (w/v), bactotryptone (Difco Laboratories) 1%, yeast extract (Difco Laboratories) 0.5%, sodium chloride 1%, agar 1.5%, sodium carbonate 0.05%, and tetracycline 15 ppm]. Whether or not a mutated protease gene had been introduced was determined on the basis of halo formation. The transformants were inoculated into 5 ml of a seed culture medium [6.0% (w/v) polypeptone S, 0.05% of yeast extract, 1.0% of maltose, 0.02% of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 0.1% of potassium dihydrogenphosphate, 0.25% of sodium carbonate, and 30 ppm of tetracycline], followed by shaking the culture for 16 hours at 30° C. The seed culture broth (1% (v/v)) was subsequently inoculated into 30 ml of a main culture medium [8% polypeptone S, 0.3% of yeast extract, 10% of maltose, 0.04% of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 0.2% of potassium dihydrogenphosphate, 1.5% of sodium carbonate anhydrate, and 30 ppm tetracycline], followed by shaking the culture for three days at 30° C.
The obtained culture was subjected to centrifugation, and the protein amount was measured by use of Protein assay kit (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.). Through comparison with a measurement obtained from a culture supernatant of a culture, wherein the culturing was performed under the same culture conditions, of a transformant harboring a parent enzyme gene, the productivity of the mutated protease genes was evaluated (Table 2). Table 3 shows the results of detergency evaluation for the obtained enzyme solutions at pH 10 and pH 10.5.
It was confirmed that the above mentioned variant alkaline protease of the present invention had the properties of a parent alkaline protease, apart from improving detergency. More specifically, it had oxidant resistance, was free from the inhibition of caseinolytic activity by a high concentration of a fatty acid, had a molecular weight of 43,000±2,000 as determined by SDS-PAGE, and possessed an activity in the alkaline region.
Method for Measuring Protease Activity (Casein Method)
After 1 ml of 50 mM of a borate buffer solution (pH 10.5) containing 1% (w/v) Casein (Hammerstein method: Merck Inc.) was maintained at 30° C. for 5 minutes, 0.1 ml of an enzyme solution was added to initiate the reaction. After reaction for 15 minutes, 2 ml of a reaction termination solution (0.11 M trichloroacetic acid/0.22 M sodium acetate/0.33 M acetic acid) was added. The mixture was left to stand at room temperature for 30 minutes. Subsequently, the precipitation was filtered by use of Whattmann No. 2 filter paper. The degradation products were quantified by the method according to Lowry et al. More specifically, to 0.5 ml of the filtrate, 2.5 ml of alkaline copper solution (1% Rochelle salt:1% copper sulfate pentahydrate:2% sodium carbonate/0.1 N sodium hydroxide=1:1:100) was added, and after the solution was maintained at 30° C. for 10 minutes, 0.25 ml of phenol reagent (a solution of a commercially available phenol reagent (Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.) diluted two-fold with deionized water) was added and agitated sufficiently. After being left to stand at 30° C. for 30 minutes, the solution was subjected to an absorbance measurement at 660 nm. One unit of protease (1 PU) was defined as the amount of enzyme required for producing acid-soluble protein equivalent to 1 mmol of tyrosine per minute under the above mentioned reaction conditions.
Relative Detergency Ratio
Detergency evaluation for the variant enzymes was performed by use of a Terg-O-Tometer (Ueshima Seisakusho Co., Ltd.). A solution of a commercially available laundry detergent was prepared to reach a desired concentration to be used, and 10% (w/v) sulfuric acid or 10 N sodium hydroxide was added to adjust the pH if desired. An enzyme was added to reach a final concentration of 40 mPU/1. A test cloth EMPA117 (EMPA Testmaterialen, blood/milk/carbon) cut into a piece of 6×6 cm was subsequently added and washed at 20° C. and 80 rpm unless otherwise specified. After rinsing with tap water, the brightness was measured using a colorimeter (Konica Minolta Holdings, Inc., CM3500d). A detergency ratio was calculated based on changes in brightness before and after washing (the following equation).
Detergency ratio (%)=( L 2 −L 1 )/( L 0 −L 1 )×100
L 0 : Brightness of the original cloth of the test cloth
L 1 : Brightness of the test cloth before washing
L 2 : Brightness of the test cloth after washing
Relative detergency ratio was calculated based on the following equation.
Relative detergency ratio (%)=(Detergency ratio for a variant enzyme−detergency ratio for an enzyme-free detergent solution)/(detergency ratio for a parent enzyme−detergency ratio for an enzyme-free detergent solution)×100
TABLE 2
RELATIVE PROTEIN
PRODUCTIVITY (%)
K9Q
95
K49Q
94
S194K
110
S194R
105
K212R
108
K212N
98
K212Q
112
D237N
95
D245N
94
K281R
91
D313N
103
Q379K
100
Q379R
101
Q379E
97
Q379D
98
T427R
101
PARENT ENZYME
100
TABLE 3
RELATIVE
DETERGENCY
(%)
pH 10
pH 10.5
K9Q
119
83
K49Q
159
95
S194K
86
106
S194R
72
199
K212R
90
123
K212N
103
86
K212Q
122
77
D237N
99
116
D245N
104
107
K281R
91
108
D313N
90
116
Q379K
78
135
Q379R
75
125
Q379E
111
79
Q379D
123
98
T427R
67
124
PARENT ENZYME
100
100
1.PublishNumber: US-8309339-B2
2.Date Publish: 20121113
3.Inventor: OKUDA MITSUYOSHI
4.Inventor Harmonized: OKUDA MITSUYOSHI(JP)
5.Country: US
6.Claims:
(en)It is an object of the present invention to provide alkaline proteases having industrially sufficient protein productivity and a significant detergency. In the alkaline proteases, the amino acid residues at (a) position 9, (b) position 49, (c) position 194, (d) position 212, (e) position 237, (f) position 245, (g) position 281, (h) position 313, (i) position 379 and (j) position 427 in SEQ ID NO: 2 are selected from the following amino acid residues; Position (a); glutamine, Position (b); glutamine, Position (c); lysine or arginine, Position (d); arginine, asparagine or glutamine, Position (e); asparagines, Position (f); asparagines. Position (g); arginine, Position (h); asparagines, Position (i); lysine, arginine, glutamic acid or aspartic acid, and Position (j); arginine.
7.Description:
(en)REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY
The content of the electronically submitted substitute sequence listing, file name: SequenceListing.TXT; Size: 23,248 bytes; and Date of Creation: Nov. 9, 2009, filed herewith, is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to alkaline proteases being effective as enzymes to be incorporated in detergents, and genes encoding the same.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Proteases have been used in the industry for a long time. They are used in a variety of fields including detergents such as laundry detergents, fabric modifiers, leather processing agents, cosmetics, bath agents, food modifiers or medicines. Of these uses, proteases for detergents are industrially produced in the largest amount. Examples of proteases for detergents include Alcalase and Savinase (registered trademarks; Novozymes A/S), Maxacal (registered trademark; Genencor International Inc.), BLAP (registered trademark; Henkel KGaA), and KAP (Kao Corporation).
The purpose of incorporating protease into a detergent is to promote degradation of protein-based stains attached to clothing into low molecular Weight substances, and solubilization thereof by a surfactant. However, actual stains are complex stains which contain not only proteins but also a mixture of plural components such as organic substances and inorganic substances, for example, sebum-derived lipids and solid particles. Therefore, there is a demand for detergents having a significant detergency on such complex stains.
Based on this standpoint, the present inventors have found a few kinds of alkaline proteases, which retain a sufficient caseinolytic activity even in the presence of a high concentration of a fatty acid, exhibit a significant detergency on complex stains containing not only proteins but also sebum and the like weaved therewith, and have a molecular weight of approximately 43,000 (Patent Document 1). It is suggested that the aforementioned group of alkaline proteases are categorized to a novel subtilisin subfamily, unlike the conventionally known serine proteases typified by subtilisin derived from bacteria belonging to Bacillus sp., in terms of their molecular weights, primary structures, enzymatic properties, and, in particular, exhibiting extremely strong oxidant resistance (Nonpatent Literature 1).
The above group of alkaline proteases has a significant detergency under the conditions where sebum stains and the like are weaved with each other. Moreover, alkaline proteases having sufficient productive performances in addition to detergency remain in demand.
In general, an enzymatic activity changes in a pH-dependent manner because the enzyme has an amino acid residue having either a dissociable acidic group or a dissociable basic group, which is essential for the expression of the activity thereof, at the active site of the enzyme. Therefore, an attempt to artificially alter the pH-dependence of an enzymatic activity by altering a charged amino acid residue is one of the important targets in protein engineering.
For example, it is reported that substitution of a specific amino acid residue in subtilisin BPN′ leads to alteration in the pH-dependence by altering the surface charge of the enzyme (Non-patent Documents 2 to 4), M-protease which is a high-alkali resistant protease adapts to high-alkali conditions when the surface amino acid residues are altered to acquire a high isoelectric point and gain a new network of ion bonds (Non-patent Document 5), and that there is a constant relationship between the isoelectric point and the detergency of subtilisin (Patent Document 2).
However, any of the above mentioned reports relates to serine proteases derived from bacteria belonging to Bacillus sp., having a molecular weight of approximately 28,000 such as subtilisin BPN′ and subtilisin 309. Therefore, the reports do not provide useful information for a group of serine proteases having a gap region and an extended region of the C-terminus, which do not exist in the group of proteases having a molecular weight of approximately 28,000, and having a molecular weight of approximately 43,000.
Moreover, it is impossible to predict whether an alteration of amino acid residues in order to improve detergency of an enzyme will anyhow affect protein productivity or not. Therefore, even though the introduction of a certain mutation can bring a favorable change on detergency, the actual production may be extremely inhibited if it lowers its protein productivity.
[Patent Document 1] WO99/18218 [Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent No. 3343115 [Non-patent Document 1] Saeki et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., Vol. 279, pp. 313-319, 2000 [Non-patent Document 2] Nature, Vol. 318, pp. 375-376, 1985 [Non-patent Document 3] J. Mol. Biol., Vol. 193, pp. 803-813, 1987 [Non-patent Document 4] Nature, Vol. 328, pp. 496-500, 1987 [Non-patent Document 5] Protein Engineering, Vol. 10, pp. 627-634, 1997
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the following inventions:
(1) An alkaline protease, wherein the amino acid residues at (a) position 9, (b) position 49, (c) position 194, (d) position 212, (e) position 237, (f) position 245, (g) position 281, (h) position 313, (i) position 379 and (j) position 427 in SEQ ID NO: 2 are selected from the following amino acid residues;
Position (a); glutamine, Position (b); glutamine, Position (c); lysine or arginine, Position (d); arginine, asparagine or glutamine, Position (e); asparagine, Position (f); asparagine, Position (g); arginine, Position (h); asparagine, Position (i); lysine, arginine, glutamic acid or aspartic acid, Position (j); arginine.
(2) An alkaline protease consisting of an amino acid sequence that has 80% or more homology with the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the amino acid residues corresponding to (a) position 9, (b) position 49, (c) position 194, (d) position 212, (e) position 237, (g) position 281 and (i) position 379 in SEQ ID NO: 2 are selected from the following amino acid residues;
Position (a); glutamine Position (b); glutamine Position (c); lysine or arginine Position (d); asparagine or glutamine Position (e); asparagine Position (g); arginine Position (i); glutamic acid or aspartic acid.
(3) A gene encoding one of the above mentioned alkaline proteases;
(4) A recombination vector containing the above mentioned gene and a transformant containing the aforementioned vector;
(5) A detergent composition containing one of the above mentioned alkaline proteases.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the provision of alkaline proteases endowed with industrially sufficient protein productivity and a significant detergency.
The present inventors have conducted various examinations on performance improvement for the group of alkaline proteases having a molecular weight of approximately 43,000. As a result, the present inventors have found that the existence of specific amino acid residues at the specific sites of the amino acid sequence which is exposed to the surface of an enzymatic protein can either maintain or improve its industrially sufficient protein productivity and, moreover, can improve its detergency. Based on these findings, the present inventors have completed the present invention.
According to the present invention, there are provided alkaline proteases which can be produced industrially favorably and have a significant detergency.
The alkaline protease consisting of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 of the present invention represents Protease KP43 [derived from Bacillus sp. KSM-KP43 (FERN BP-6532), WO99/18218, GenBank accession no. AB051423]. The amino acid residues at (a) position 9, (b) position 49, (c) position 194, (d) position 212, (e) position 237, (f) position 245, (g) position 281, (h) position 313, (i) position 379 and (j) position 427 of SEQ ID NO: 2 of the alkaline protease of the present invention are selected from the following amino acid residues;
Position (a); glutamine, Position (b); glutamine, Position (c); lysine or arginine, Position (d); arginine, asparagine or glutamine, Position (e); asparagine, Position (f); asparagine, Position (g); arginine, Position (h); asparagine, Position (i); lysine, arginine, glutamic acid or aspartic acid, Position (j); arginine.
The alkaline protease of the present invention may include wild-type, wild-type variants or artificial variants.
Moreover, the alkaline proteases of the present invention include alkaline proteases consisting of an amino acid sequence that has 80% or more homology with the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the amino acid residues corresponding to (a) position 9, (b) position 49, (c) position 194, (d) position 212, (e) position 237, (g) position 281 and (i) position 379 in SEQ ID NO: 2 are selected from the following amino acid residues;
Position (a); glutamine, Position (b); glutamine, Position (c); lysine or arginine, Position (d); asparagine or glutamine, Position (e); asparagine, Position (g); arginine, Position (i); glutamic acid or asparagine acid, and may include wild-type, wild-type variants or artificial variants.
Examples of the alkaline proteases consisting of an amino acid sequence that has 800 or more homology with the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 include alkaline proteases consisting of an amino acid sequence that has 95% or more homology with the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2, preferably 96% or more therewith, more preferably 90% or more therewith, even more preferably 97% or more therewith, more preferably 98% or more therewith, even more preferably 99% or more therewith, all of which have the same level of functions as that of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:2, and alkaline proteases different from alkaline proteases consisting of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 (which may be referred to as “another alkaline protease”).
Such another alkaline protease preferably has the properties described in the following (1) or (2).
(1) Having oxidant resistance and a molecular weight of 43,000±2,000 as determined by a sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) technique.
(2) Functioning in the alkaline region above pH 8, having oxidant resistance, retaining 80% or more residual activity when treated at 50° C. in pH 10 for 10 minutes, being inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphates (DFP) and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), and having a molecular weight of 43,000±2,000 as determined by SDS-PAGE.
The term “having oxidant resistance” as used herein means to have 50% or more residual activity after being left to stand in a 20 mM Britton Robinson buffer containing 50 mM hydrogen peroxide and 5 mM calcium chloride (pH 10) at 30° C. for 20 minutes.
Examples of aforementioned another alkaline protease include Protease KP9860 [derived from Bacillus sp. KSM-KP9860 (FERM BP-6534), WO99/18218, GenBank accession no. AB046403]; Protease E-1 [derived from Bacillus No. D-6 (FERM P-1592), Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 49-71191, GenBank accession no. AB046402]; Protease Ya [derived from Bacillus sp. Y (FERM BP-1029), Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 61-280268, GenBank accession no. AB046404]; Protease SD521 [derived from Bacillus SD521 (FERM P-11162), Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 3-191781, GenBank accession no. AB046405]; Protease A-1 [derived from NCIB12289, WO88/01293, GenBank accession no. AB046406]; Protease A-2 [derived from NCIB12513, WO98/56927]; Protease 9865 [derived from Bacillus sp. KSM-9865 (FERM P-18566), GenBank accession no. AB084155] and the variant proteases as described in JP-A-2002-218989, JP-A-2002-306176, JP-A-2003-125783, JP-A-2004-000122, JP-A-2004-057195, JP-A-2004-305175, JP-A-2004-305176, JP-A-2006-129865.
In addition, homologies between different amino acid sequences are calculated by the Lipman-Pearson method (Science, Vol. 227, pp. 1435, (1985)). More specifically, analysis is performed through the use of a homology analysis (Search homology) program developed by the genetic information processing software, Genetyx-Win (Software Development Co., Ltd.), with the parameter Unit size to compare (ktup) being set 2.
Moreover, with the alkaline proteases consisting of an amino acid sequence that has 80% or more homology with the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 mentioned above, the amino acid residue corresponding to each of the positions (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (g) and (i) of SEQ ID NO: 2 can be identified by comparing amino acid sequences between the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 and the amino acid sequence of another alkaline protease by means of a publicly known algorithm such as the above mentioned Lipman-Pearson's method, and by maximizing the homology in conserved amino acid residues which are present in the amino acid sequence of each alkaline protease. The positions of corresponding amino acid residues in the sequence of each protease can be determined by aligning the amino acid sequence of the protease through the use of such method, regardless of insertions and deletions within an amino acid sequence. It is presumed that the corresponding positions exist at the three-dimensionally same position, and the amino acid residues existing at the same position bring about similar effects for a specific function of the target protease.
More specifically, an amino acid residue at position of 194 of SEQ ID NO: 2 is a serine residue. The amino acid residue at the position corresponding thereto can be identified as the serine residue at position of 193 in Protease E-1, the serine residue at position of 194 in Protease KP9860, and the serine residue at position of 193 in Protease Ya through alignment of amino acid sequences by employing the method mentioned above.
With regards to another alkaline protease which is preferred among the above mentioned ones, specific examples of a position and an amino acid residue corresponding to the amino acid residues at (a) position 9, (b) position 49, (c) position 194, (d) position 212, (e) position 237, (g) position 281 and (i) position 379 of the amino acid sequence of Protease PK43 (SEQ ID NO: 2) are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1
PROTEASE
POSITION
KP43
KP9860
9865
E-1
Ya
SD-521
A-1
A-2
(a)
Lys9
Lys9
Lys9
Lys9
Lys9
Lys9
Lys9
Lys9
(b)
Lys49
Lys49
Lys49
Lys49
Lys49
Lys49
Lys49
Lys49
(c)
Ser194
Ser194
Ser194
Ser193
Ser193
Ser193
Ser194
Ser193
(d)
Lys212
Lys212
Lys212
Arg211
Arg211
Arg211
Lys212
Arg211
(e)
Asp237
Asp237
Asp237
Asp236
Asp236
Asp236
Asp237
Asp236
(g)
Lys281
Lys281
Lys281
Lys280
Lys280
Lys280
Lys281
Lys280
(i)
Gln379
Arg379
Gln379
Lys378
Lys378
Lys378
Lys379
Lys378
Furthermore, selection of amino acid residues at positions (a) through (j) and the like in an alkaline protease of the present invention may include substitutions conducted at 2 or more positions selected from positions (a) through (j) and the like simultaneously as long as enzymatic properties are not altered.
When an alkaline protease of the present invention is a variant, an alkaline protease prior to mutation (which may be referred to as a “parent alkaline protease”) corresponds to either “a protease consisting of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2” or “an alkaline protease consisting of an amino acid sequence that has 80% or more homology with the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2.” By introducing a mutation to a desired site of this protease, the alkaline protease of the present invention can be obtained. For example, the amino acid residues at positions selected from the aforementioned positions (a) through (j) in the amino acid sequence of Protease KP43 represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 or the amino acid residues at positions selected from the aforementioned positions (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (g) and (i) in the amino acid sequence of an alkaline protease consisting of an amino acid sequence that has 80% or more homology with the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 are substituted with other amino acid residues to give the alkaline protease of the present invention.
The alkaline protease of the present invention can be obtained, for example, by the following method. More specifically, a mutation is introduced to a cloned gene encoding a parent alkaline protease (SEQ ID NO: 1) and the resulting variant gene is used to transform a proper host. The aforementioned recombinant host is then cultured, and an alkaline protease is collected from the culture. Cloning of the gene encoding a parent alkaline protease can be performed by an ordinary gene recombination technique, for example, in accordance with the methods as described in WO99/18218 and WO98/56927.
For introducing a mutation to the gene encoding a parent alkaline protease, any of the conventionally used site-specific mutagenesis methods can be employed. More specifically, for example, a Site-Directed Mutagenesis System Mutan-Super Express Km kit (Takara Bio Inc.) can be used. Moreover, by using the recombinant PCR (polymerase chain reaction) method (PCR protocols, Academic Press, New York, 1990), a desired sequence of a gene can be substituted with a sequence of another gene corresponding to the aforementioned desired sequence.
The method for producing the protease of the present invention by using the obtained variant gene includes, for example, ligating the aforementioned variant gene with a DNA vector stably amplifiable followed by transformation of a host bacterium with the vector, or integrating the aforementioned variant gene to a chromosomal DNA in a host bacterium capable of maintaining it stably. These are examples of methods which can be employed. Hosts which satisfy these conditions include, for example, bacteria belonging to Bacillus sp., Escherichia coli , fungi, yeast, and actinomycetes. These bacterial strains can be inoculated into a medium containing assimilatable carbon sources, nitrogen sources and other essential nutrition to be cultured according to the method known per se.
Collection and purification of an alkaline protease from the obtained culture can be performed in accordance with conventional methods applicable to the collection and purification of common enzymes. For example, the target enzyme can be obtained from culture supernatant by using a conventional purification method after removing bacterial cells by centrifugation or filtration of the culture. The enzyme solution obtained with such method can be used either without further processing or by being further subjected to purification, crystallization, powderization or granulation by known methods.
The alkaline proteases of the present invention thus available have oxidant resistance, are free from the inhibition of caseinolytic activity by a high concentration of a fatty acid, have a molecular weight of 43,000±2,000 as determined by SDS-PAGE, are active in the alkaline region, exert improved detergency, and show industrially sufficient productivity. Namely, in the case of naturally occurring enzymes, the enzymes have newly acquired properties of maintaining 90% or more protein productivity of Protease KP43 represented by SEQ ID NO: 2, and preferably maintaining 95% or more therewith or exceeding the protein productivity of Protease KP43. In addition, in the case of variants, the enzymes have newly acquired properties of maintaining 90% or more protein productivity of a parent enzyme thereof, preferably maintaining 95% or more therewith, and more preferably obtaining protein productivity greater than or equivalent to that of a parent alkaline protease.
Therefore, the alkaline protease of the present invention is effective as an enzyme to be incorporated in various detergent compositions.
The protease of the present invention may be incorporated to the detergent composition in an amount sufficient to permit exhibition of its activity without limitation. Although it can be incorporated in an amount from 0.1 to 5000 PU per kg of the detergent composition, preferably 500 PU or less is incorporated in consideration of economy and the like.
To the detergent composition of the present invention, various enzymes can be used in combination with the protease of the present invention. Examples include hydrolases, oxidases, reductases, transferases, lyases, isomerases, ligases and synthetases. Of these, proteases other than the alkaline protease used in the present invention, cellulases, keratinases, esterases, cutinases, amylases, lipases, pullulanases, pectinases, mannases, glucosidases, glucanases, cholesterol oxidases, peroxidases, laccases and the like are preferred. Proteases, cellulases, amylases and lipases are particularly preferred. Examples of proteases include commercially available Alcalase, Esperase, Savinase, Everlase and Kannase (registered trademarks; Novozymes A/S), Properase and Purafect (trademarks; Genencor International Inc.), and KAP (registered trademark; Kao Corporation). Cellulases include Cellzyme and Carezyme (registered trademarks; Novozymes A/S), KAC, the alkaline cellulase produced by Bacillus sp. strain KSM-S237 as described in Japanese Patent No. 10-313859 and the variant alkaline cellulase as described in Japanese Patent Application No. 2002-116553 (each, registered trademark; Kao Corporation) and the like. Amylases include Termamyl and Duramyl (registered trademarks; Novozymes A/S), Purastar (registered trademarks; Genencor International Inc.), and KAM (registered trademark; Kao Corporation) and the like. Lipases include Lipolase and Lipolase Ultra (registered trademarks; Novozymes A/S).
When a protease other than the protease used in the present invention is used in combination for a detergent composition, preferably the protease is incorporated in an amount from 0.1 to 500 PU per kg of the detergent composition. When cellulase is used in combination, preferably the cellulase is incorporated in an amount from 300 to 3000000 KU per kg of the detergent composition based on the unit (KU) determined by the method of measuring enzymatic activity as described in Paragraph [0020] in Japanese Patent No. 10-313859.
When amylase is used in combination, preferably the amylase is incorporated in an amount from 50 to 500000 IU per kg of the detergent composition based on the unit (IU) determined by the method of measuring amylase activity as described in Paragraph [0040] in Japanese Patent No. 11-43690.
Moreover, when lipase is used in combination, preferably the lipase is incorporated in an amount from 10000 to 1000000 LU per kg of the detergent composition based on the unit (LU) determined by the method of measuring lipase activity as described in Example 1 in Japanese Patent No. 8-500013.
To the detergent composition of the present invention, publicly known detergent components can be incorporated. Examples of the aforementioned publicly known detergent components include the following.
(1) Surfactant
A surfactant may be incorporated in an amount of 0.5 to 60% by weight in the detergent composition. In particular, to a powdery detergent composition and a liquid detergent composition, addition of 10 to 45% by weight and 20 to 50% by weight are preferred, respectively. When the detergent composition of the present invention is a bleaching agent or automatic dishwasher detergent, the surfactant may generally be incorporated in an amount of 1 to 10% by weight, and preferably 1 to 5% by weight.
Examples of surfactant to be used in the detergent composition of the present invention include an anionic surfactant, non-ionic surfactant, ampholytic surfactant and cationic surfactant or combinations thereof. An anionic surfactant and non-ionic surfactant are preferred.
Examples of anionic surfactant include the salts of alcohol sulfates having 10 to 18 carbon atoms, the salts of alcohol alkoxylate sulfates, alkyl benzene sulfonates, paraffin sulfonates, α-olefin sulfonates, α-sulfo fatty acids, α-sulfo fatty acid alkylesters or fatty acid salts having 8 to 20 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred in the present invention are linear alkyl benzene sulfonates with an alkyl chain having 10 to 14 carbon atoms, and more preferably 12 to 14 carbon atoms. As a counter ion, alkali metal salts and amines are preferred. Particularly preferred are sodium and/or potassium, monoethanolamine and diethanolamine.
Preferred examples of non-ionic surfactant include polyoxyalkylenealkyl (with 8 to 20 carbon atoms) ether, alkyl polyglucoside, polyoxyalkylenealkyl (with 8 to 20 carbon atoms) phenyl ether, polyoxyalkylene sorbitan fatty acid (with 8 to 22 carbon atoms) ester, polyoxyalkylene glycol fatty acid (with 8 to 22 carbon atoms) ester, polyoxyethylenepolyoxypropylene block polymer. Particularly preferred non-ionic surfactant is a polyoxyalkylenealkyl ether [with a HLB value, as calculated by the Griffin method, in the range of 10.5 to 15.0, and more preferably 11.0 to 14.5], wherein alkyleneoxide such as ethyleneoxide and propyleneoxide is added in an amount of 4 to 20 mol to alcohol having 10 to 18 carbon atoms.
(2) Divalent Metal Ion Scavenger
A divalent metal ion scavenger may be incorporated in an amount of 0.01 to 50% by weight, and preferably 5 to 40% by weight. Examples of divalent metal ion scavenger to be used in the detergent composition of the present invention include condensed phosphates such as tripolyphosphate, pyrophosphate and orthophosphate, aluminosilicates such as zeolite, synthetic laminated crystalline silicates, nitrilotriacetic acid salts, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acids, citrates, isocitrates, polyacetalcarboxylates. Of these, crystalline aluminosilicates (synthetic zeolites) are particularly preferred. Among A-type, X-type and P-type zeolites, A-type ones are particularly preferred. As a synthetic zeolite, one with an average primary particle diameter ranging from 0.1 to 10 μm is preferred, and one with an average primary particle diameter ranging from 0.1 to 5 μm is particularly preferred.
(3) Alkaline Agent
An alkaline agent may be incorporated in an amount of 0.01 to 80% by weight, and preferably 1 to 40% by weight. Examples of alkaline agent to be used for a powdery detergent include alkali metal carbonates such as sodium carbonate collectively known as dense soda ash and light soda ash, as well as amorphous alkaline metal silicates such as JIS No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3. These inorganic alkaline agents are effective in skeletal formation of particles during drying a detergent, and thus can provide a relatively hard and significantly fluid detergent. Examples of alkaline agents other than these include sodium sesquicarbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate. In addition, phosphates such as tripolyphosphate also have the activity of an alkaline agent. Examples of alkaline agent to be used for a liquid detergent include the above mentioned alkaline agents, sodium hydroxide, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine or triethanolamine. These can be used as a counter ion for the activator.
(4) Recontamination Inhibitor
A recontamination inhibitor may be incorporated in an amount of 0.001 to 10% by weight, and preferably 1 to 5% by weight. Examples of recontamination inhibitor to be used in the detergent composition of the present invention include polyethyleneglycol, carboxylic acid-type polymers, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Of these, carboxylic acid-type polymers have an ability to inhibit re-contamination, an ability to capture metal ions, an effect to disperse solid particle stains from clothes into a laundry bath. Carboxylic acid-type polymers are either homopolymers or copolymers of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid and the like. For a copolymer, preferred is a monomer mentioned above copolymerized with maleic acid, having a several thousand to a hundred thousand molecular weight. Apart from the above mentioned carboxylic acid-type polymers, polymers of the salts of polyglycidyl acid and the like, cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethyl cellulose, and aminocarboxylic acid-type polymers such as polyaspartic acid are preferred because they also have the ability to serve as metal ion scavengers, dispersants, and possess an ability to inhibit re-contamination.
(5) Bleaching Agent
A bleaching agent such as hydrogen peroxide and percarbonate is incorporated preferably in an amount of 1 to 10% by weight. When the bleaching agent is used, 0.01 to 10% by weight of a bleaching activator (activator) such as tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) and the bleaching activator as described in Japanese Patent No. 6-316700 can be added.
(6) Fluorescent Brightener
As a fluorescent brightener to be used in the detergent composition of the present invention, biphenyl type fluorescent brighteners (such as Tinopal CBS-X) and stilbene type fluorescent brighteners (such as DM type fluorescent dye) can be used. A fluorescent brightener is incorporated preferably in an amount of 0.001 to 2% by weight.
(7) Other Component
To the detergent composition of the present invention, builders, tenderizers, reducing agents (such as sulfite), foaming inhibitors (such as silicone), fragrances and other additives, which are known to those skilled in the art of laundry detergent, may be included.
The detergent composition of the present invention can be manufactured in accordance with the law of the art by using the protease of the present invention obtained by the above mentioned method and the above mentioned publicly known detergent components in combination. The detergent form can be selected according to the using purpose. Examples include liquid, powder, granule, paste and solid.
The detergent composition of the present invention thus available is usable as a laundry detergent, bleaching agent, hard surface cleaning detergent, pipe cleaner, artificial tooth cleaner, antimicrobial cleaner for medical apparatus and the like.
EXAMPLES
The present invention will now be described in connection with certain examples more specifically hereinafter.
Example 1
For a region of approximately 2.0 kb including up to the stop codon of an alkaline protease structural gene derived from Bacillus sp. KSM-KP43 (SEQ ID NO: 1), primers were designed to introduce site-specific mutations at (1) position 9, (2) position 49, (3) position 194, (4) position 212, (5) position 237, (6) position 245, (7) position 281, (8) position 313, (9) position 379 and (10) position 427 of the mature enzyme region.
PCR was conducted by use of the following primers, respectively.
(1) Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 3 (SEQ ID NO: 5) as well as Primer 4 (SEQ ID NO: 6) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce a glutamine at position 9;
(2) Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 5 (SEQ ID NO: 7) as well as Primer 6 (SEQ ID NO: 8) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce a glutamine at position 49;
(3) Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 7 (SEQ ID NO: 9) as well as Primer 8 (SEQ ID NO: 10) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce a lysine at position 194; Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 7 (SEQ ID NO: 9) as well as Primer 9 (SEQ ID NO: 11) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce an arginine at position 194;
(4) Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 10 (SEQ ID NO: 12) as well as Primer 11 (SEQ ID NO: 13) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce an arginine at position 212; Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 10 (SEQ ID NO: 12) as well as Primer 12 (SEQ ID NO: 14) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce an asparagine at position 212; Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 10 (SEQ ID NO: 12) as well as Primer 13 (SEQ ID NO: 15) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce a glutamine at position 212;
(5) Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 14 (SEQ ID NO: 16) as well as Primer 15 (SEQ ID NO: 17) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce an asparagine at position 237;
(6) Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 14 (SEQ ID NO: 16) as well as Primer 16 (SEQ ID NO: 18) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce an asparagine at position 245;
(7) Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 17 (SEQ ID NO: 19) as well as Primer 18 (SEQ ID NO: 20) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce an arginine at position 281;
(8) Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 19 (SEQ ID NO: 21) as well as Primer 20 (SEQ ID NO: 22) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce an asparagine at position 313;
(9) Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 21 (SEQ ID NO: 23) as well as Primer 22 (SEQ ID NO: 24) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce a lysine at position 379; Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 21 (SEQ ID NO: 23) as well as Primer 23 (SEQ ID NO: 25) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce an arginine at position 379; Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 21 (SEQ ID NO: 23) as well as Primer 24 (SEQ ID NO: 26) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce an aspartic acid at position 379; Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 21 (SEQ ID NO: 23) as well as Primer 25 (SEQ ID NO: 27) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce a glutaminic acid at position 379; and
(10) Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Primer 26 (SEQ ID NO: 28) as well as Primer 27 (SEQ ID NO: 29) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) to introduce an arginine at position 427.
A BamHI linker was added to the 5′ end of the sense strand of Primer 1, and an XbaI linker was added to the 5′ end of the antisense strand of Primer 2. Primer 3 and Primer 4, Primer 5 and Primer 6, Primer 7 and Primer 8, Primer 7 and Primer 9, Primer 10 and Primer 11, Primer 10 and Primer 12, Primer 10 and Primer 13, Primer 14 and Primer 15, Primer 14 and Primer 16, Primer 17 and Primer 18, Primer 19 and Primer 20, Primer 21 and Primer 22, Primer 21 and Primer 23, Primer 21 and Primer 24, Primer 21 and Primer 25, and Primer 26 and Primer 27 were designed to have a 10 to 15-bp sequence mutually complementary at the 5′ end, respectively. In PCR, the template DNA was denatured at 94° C. for 2 minutes, followed by 30 cycles of treatment, each cycle of 94° C. for 1 minute, 55° C. for 1 minute, and 72° C. for 1 minute, using Pyrobest (Takara Bio Inc.) as a DNA polymerase. The amplified DNA fragments were purified by use of PCR product purification kit (Roche Ltd.). Subsequently, recombinant PCR was performed, wherein the denaturation was carried out at 94° C. for 2 minutes, followed by 30 cycles of treatment, each cycle of 94° C. for 1 minute, 55° C. for 1 minute, and 72° C. for 1 minute, only with the amplified fragments corresponding thereto, respectively. For the obtained amplified fragments, PCR was performed using Primer 1 and Primer 4. In PCR, the template DNA was denatured at 94° C. for 2 minutes, followed by 30 cycles of treatment, each cycle of 94° C. for 1 minute, 55° C. for 1 minute, and 72° C. for 2 minute. As a result, the full-length gene with a mutation introduced was obtained. After purifying the amplified fragments, the restriction enzyme linkers added to the ends were cleaved with BamHI and XbaI (Roche Ltd.). The amplified DNA fragments were mixed with plasmid pHA64 which had undergone treatment with BamHI and XbaI (Japanese Patent No. 349293, BamHI- and XbaI-cleaved sites are contained in a downstream region of promoter 64) and subsequently, ligation reaction was carried out with Ligation High (Toyobo Co., Ltd.). Through ethanol precipitation, plasmid was recovered from the reaction mixture and Bacillus sp. KSM-9865 strain (FERM P-18566) serving as the host bacterium was transformed therewith.
The 9865 strain transformants were grown on a skim milk-containing alkaline agar medium [skim milk (Difco Laboratories) 1% (w/v), bactotryptone (Difco Laboratories) 1%, yeast extract (Difco Laboratories) 0.5%, sodium chloride 1%, agar 1.5%, sodium carbonate 0.05%, and tetracycline 15 ppm]. Whether or not a mutated protease gene had been introduced was determined on the basis of halo formation. The transformants were inoculated into 5 ml of a seed culture medium [6.0% (w/v) polypeptone S, 0.05% of yeast extract, 1.0% of maltose, 0.02% of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 0.1% of potassium dihydrogenphosphate, 0.25% of sodium carbonate, and 30 ppm of tetracycline], followed by shaking the culture for 16 hours at 30° C. The seed culture broth (1% (v/v)) was subsequently inoculated into 30 ml of a main culture medium [8% polypeptone S, 0.3% of yeast extract, 10% of maltose, 0.04% of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 0.2% of potassium dihydrogenphosphate, 1.5% of sodium carbonate anhydrate, and 30 ppm tetracycline], followed by shaking the culture for three days at 30° C.
The obtained culture was subjected to centrifugation, and the protein amount was measured by use of Protein assay kit (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.). Through comparison with a measurement obtained from a culture supernatant of a culture, wherein the culturing was performed under the same culture conditions, of a transformant harboring a parent enzyme gene, the productivity of the mutated protease genes was evaluated (Table 2). Table 3 shows the results of detergency evaluation for the obtained enzyme solutions at pH 10 and pH 10.5.
It was confirmed that the above mentioned variant alkaline protease of the present invention had the properties of a parent alkaline protease, apart from improving detergency. More specifically, it had oxidant resistance, was free from the inhibition of caseinolytic activity by a high concentration of a fatty acid, had a molecular weight of 43,000±2,000 as determined by SDS-PAGE, and possessed an activity in the alkaline region.
Method for Measuring Protease Activity (Casein Method)
After 1 ml of 50 mM of a borate buffer solution (pH 10.5) containing 1% (w/v) Casein (Hammerstein method: Merck Inc.) was maintained at 30° C. for 5 minutes, 0.1 ml of an enzyme solution was added to initiate the reaction. After reaction for 15 minutes, 2 ml of a reaction termination solution (0.11 M trichloroacetic acid/0.22 M sodium acetate/0.33 M acetic acid) was added. The mixture was left to stand at room temperature for 30 minutes. Subsequently, the precipitation was filtered by use of Whattmann No. 2 filter paper. The degradation products were quantified by the method according to Lowry et al. More specifically, to 0.5 ml of the filtrate, 2.5 ml of alkaline copper solution (1% Rochelle salt:1% copper sulfate pentahydrate:2% sodium carbonate/0.1 N sodium hydroxide=1:1:100) was added, and after the solution was maintained at 30° C. for 10 minutes, 0.25 ml of phenol reagent (a solution of a commercially available phenol reagent (Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.) diluted two-fold with deionized water) was added and agitated sufficiently. After being left to stand at 30° C. for 30 minutes, the solution was subjected to an absorbance measurement at 660 nm. One unit of protease (1 PU) was defined as the amount of enzyme required for producing acid-soluble protein equivalent to 1 mmol of tyrosine per minute under the above mentioned reaction conditions.
Relative Detergency Ratio
Detergency evaluation for the variant enzymes was performed by use of a Terg-O-Tometer (Ueshima Seisakusho Co., Ltd.). A solution of a commercially available laundry detergent was prepared to reach a desired concentration to be used, and 10% (w/v) sulfuric acid or 10 N sodium hydroxide was added to adjust the pH if desired. An enzyme was added to reach a final concentration of 40 mPU/1. A test cloth EMPA117 (EMPA Testmaterialen, blood/milk/carbon) cut into a piece of 6×6 cm was subsequently added and washed at 20° C. and 80 rpm unless otherwise specified. After rinsing with tap water, the brightness was measured using a colorimeter (Konica Minolta Holdings, Inc., CM3500d). A detergency ratio was calculated based on changes in brightness before and after washing (the following equation).
Detergency ratio (%)=( L 2 −L 1 )/( L 0 −L 1 )×100
L 0 : Brightness of the original cloth of the test cloth
L 1 : Brightness of the test cloth before washing
L 2 : Brightness of the test cloth after washing
Relative detergency ratio was calculated based on the following equation.
Relative detergency ratio (%)=(Detergency ratio for a variant enzyme−detergency ratio for an enzyme-free detergent solution)/(detergency ratio for a parent enzyme−detergency ratio for an enzyme-free detergent solution)×100
TABLE 2
RELATIVE PROTEIN
PRODUCTIVITY (%)
K9Q
95
K49Q
94
S194K
110
S194R
105
K212R
108
K212N
98
K212Q
112
D237N
95
D245N
94
K281R
91
D313N
103
Q379K
100
Q379R
101
Q379E
97
Q379D
98
T427R
101
PARENT ENZYME
100
TABLE 3
RELATIVE
DETERGENCY
(%)
pH 10
pH 10.5
K9Q
119
83
K49Q
159
95
S194K
86
106
S194R
72
199
K212R
90
123
K212N
103
86
K212Q
122
77
D237N
99
116
D245N
104
107
K281R
91
108
D313N
90
116
Q379K
78
135
Q379R
75
125
Q379E
111
79
Q379D
123
98
T427R
67
124
PARENT ENZYME
100
100
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