English
Tiếng Việt
(en)The present invention relates to novel mixtures, to processes for preparing these compounds, to compositions comprising these mixtures, and to the use thereof as biologically active compounds, especially for control of harmful microorganisms or pests in crop protection and in the protection of materials and as plant growth regulators.
1.ApplicationNumber: US-201314443665-A
1.PublishNumber: US-2015282483-A1
2.Date Publish: 20151008
3.Inventor: SAWADA HARUKO
WACHENDORFF-NEUMANN ULRIKE
HELLWEGE ELKE
RIECK HEIKO
HERRMANN STEFAN
4.Inventor Harmonized: SAWADA HARUKO(DE)
WACHENDORFF-NEUMANN ULRIKE(DE)
HELLWEGE ELKE(DE)
RIECK HEIKO(DE)
HERRMANN STEFAN(DE)
5.Country: US
6.Claims:
(en)The present invention relates to novel mixtures, to processes for preparing these compounds, to compositions comprising these mixtures, and to the use thereof as biologically active compounds, especially for control of harmful microorganisms or pests in crop protection and in the protection of materials and as plant growth regulators.
7.Description:
(en)The present invention relates to novel mixtures, to a process for preparing these mixtures, to compositions comprising these mixtures, and to the use thereof as biologically active mixtures, especially for control of harmful microorganisms or pests in crop protection and in the protection of materials and as plant growth regulators.
Carboxamides of the general formula
wherein
R 1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group and R 2 represents a methyl group, a difluoromethyl group or a trifluoromethyl group
are known as active compounds having a fungicidal effect (cf. WO 1986/02641 A, WO 1992/12970 A, JP 2010-83869, WO 2011/162397).
Moreover, it is known that these compounds can be mixed with different pesticidal active ingredients; resulting compositions are for example known from WO 2011/135827 A, WO 2011/135828 A, WO 2011/135830 A, WO 2011/135831, WO 2011/135832 A, WO 2011/135833 A, WO 2011/135834 AWO 2011/135835 A, WO 2011/135836 A, WO 2011/135837 A, WO 2011/135838 A, WO 2011/135839 A, and WO 2011/135840 A.
Since the ecological and economic demands made on modern active ingredients, for example fungicides, are increasing constantly, for example with respect to activity spectrum, toxicity, selectivity, application rate, formation of residues and favourable manufacture, and there can also be problems, for example, with resistances, there is a constant need to develop novel fungicidal compositions which have advantages over the known compositions at least in some areas.
It has now surprisingly found out that mixtures comprising at least one compound of the above-shown formula (I) and at least one biological control agent have a superior efficiency as those mixtures known from prior art.
The mixtures according to the present invention show a superior efficiency against harmful microorganisms or pests, in particular insects, mites, nematodes or phytopathogenic fungi as compared with the compositions known from prior art.
In particular, the mixtures according to the present invention possess preferably a synergistic effect in their application against harmful microorganisms or pests, in particular insects, mites, nematodes or phytopathogenic fungi.
Furthermore, the mixtures according to the present invention possess a superior synergistic effect as compared with the known mixtures of the prior art against harmful microorganisms or pests, in particular insects, mites, nematodes or phytopathogenic fungi.
The mixtures according to the present invention are now described in detail:
The composition according to the present invention comprises
(1) at least one compound of the general formula (I)
wherein
R 1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group and R 2 represents a methyl group, a difluoromethyl group or a trifluoromethyl group; and
(2) at least one biological control agent, in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes botanical extracts and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites.
Accordingly, the present invention is directed to mixture of the compounds of the formula (I) and one biological control agent (II), in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes or a mutant of these strains having all the identifying characteristics of the respective strain, botanical extracts and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites that exhibit activity against phytopathogenic fungi and pests.
The compounds of the formula (I) are known from prior art; preparation of the compounds thereof is described for example in WO 1986/02641 A, WO 1992/12970 A, JP 2010-83869, WO 2011/162397).
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the compound of the general formula (I) is represented by one of the compounds (I-1) to (I-6):
The compound of the general formula (I) is preferably selected form the group consisting of the compounds of the formula (I-1), (I-2), and (I-5). More preferably, the compound of the general formula (I) is the compound of the formula (I-1).
The compound of the formula (I) mentioned as a mandatory part of the mixture according to the present invention comprises a sterocentre as shown in the above scheme:
Accordingly, two stereoisomers are known from the compounds of the formula (I) which are all part of the present invention (WO 2011/162397). Accordingly, the compound of the formula (I) is either represented by
Formula (I-(R))
or by
Formula (I-(S))
wherein in the compounds of the general formula (I-(R)) and (I-(S)) the specific residues have the following meaning:
R 1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group and R 2 represents a methyl group, a difluoromethyl group or a trifluoromethyl group.
The compound of the formula (I) may be represented by a mixture of the compounds of the general formulae (I-(S)) and (I-(R)). However, preferably the enantiomer ratio R form/S form of the compound of the general formula (I) is 80/20 or more, more preferably, the enantiomer ratio R form/S form of the compound of the general formula is 90/10 to 10000/1, much more preferably the enantiomer ratio R form/S form of the compound of the general formula (I) is 95/5 to 10000/1, most preferably the enantiomer ratio R form/S form of the compound of the general formula (I) is 98/1 to 1000/1.
Taking the preferred definitions of the substituents R 1 and R 2 mentioned above into consideration, the compound of the general formula (I) is selected from one of the following compounds
Preferably, the compound of the general formula (I) is selected from compound ((I-1(S)), (I-1(R)), ((I-2(S)), (I-2(R)), and ((I-5(S)), (I-5(R)).
More preferably, the compound of the general formula (I) is selected from compound ((I-1(S)) or (I-1(R)).
The compounds of the formula (I) are mixed with at least one biological control agent, in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes botanical extracts and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites that exhibit activity against phytopathogenic fungi and pests.
Preferably, the compounds of the formula (I) are mixed with one biological control agent, in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes botanical extracts and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites that exhibit activity against phytopathogenic fungi and pests.
Accordingly, in the present invention the biological control agents comprise bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes botanical extracts and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites.
Mutants of the bacterial, fungal or protozoan strains having all the identifying characteristics of the respective strain shall be included within the definition of the biological control agent,
The products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites are characterized that they exhibit activity against phytopathogenic fungi and pests.
Accordingly, in the present invention biological control agents consist of bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes botanical extracts and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites.
Accordingly, in the present invention biological control agents are in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes botanical extracts and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites.
Accordingly, in the present invention biological control agents include:
(1) bacteria,
(2) fungi or yeasts,
(3) protozoas,
(4) viruses,
(5) entomopathogenic nematode,
(6) products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites and
(7) botanical extracts
Biological control agents which are summarized under the term “bacteria” include but are not limited to spore-forming, root-colonizing bacteria, or bacteria useful as bioinsecticide, biofungicide or bionematicide. Examples of such bacteria to be used or employed according to the invention include but are not limited to: (1.1) Agrobacterium radiobacter, (1.2) Bacillus acidocaldarius, (1.3) Bacillus acidoterrestris, (1.4) Bacillus agri, (1.5) Bacillus aizawai, (1.6) Bacillus albolactis, (1.7) Bacillus alcalophilus, (1.8) Bacillus alvei, (1.9) Bacillus aminoglucosidicus, (1.10) Bacillus aminovorans, (1.11) Bacillus amylolyticus (also known as Paenibacillus amylolyticus ), (1.12) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, in particular strain IN937a, (1.13) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, in particular strain FZB42 (product known as RhizoVital®), (1.14) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain B3, (1.15) Bacillus aneurinolyticus, (1.16) Bacillus atrophaeus, (1.17) Bacillus azotoformans, (1.18) Bacillus badius, (1.19) Bacillus cereus, in particular spores of Bacillus cereus strain CNCM I-1562 (cf. U.S. Pat. No. 6,406,690), (1.20) Bacillus chitinosporus, in particular strain AQ746 (Accession No. NRRL B-21618), (1.21) Bacillus circulans (1.22) Bacillus coagulans, (1.23) Bacillus fastidiosus, (1.24) Bacillus firmus, in particular strain I-1582 (products known as Bionem, VOTIVO), (1.25) Bacillus kurstaki, (1.26) Bacillus lacticola, (1.27) Bacillus lactimorbus, (1.28) Bacillus lactis, (1.29) Bacillus laterosporus (also known as Brevibacillus laterosporus ), (1.30) Bacillus lautus, (1.31) Bacillus lentimorbus, (1.32) Bacillus lentus, (1.33) Bacillus licheniformis, (1.34) Bacillus maroccanus, (1.35) Bacillus megaterium (products known as BioArc), (1.36) Bacillus metiens, (1.37) Bacillus mycoides, in particular strain AQ726 (Accession No. NRRL B21664), (1.38) Bacillus mycoides isolate J (BmJ), (1.39) Bacillus natto, (1.40) Bacillus nematocida, (1.41) Bacillus nigrificans, (1.42) Bacillus nigrum, (1.43) Bacillus pantothenticus, (1.44) Bacillus popillae (products known as Cronox), (1.45) Bacillus psychrosaccharolyticus, (1.46) Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain GB34 (products known as Yield Shield)), (1.47) Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain QST2808 (Accession No. NRRL B-30087, products known as Sonata QST 2808®), (1.48) Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain AQ717 (Accession No. NRRL B21662), (1.49) Bacillus siamensis, (1.50) Bacillus smithii, (1.51) Bacillus sphaericus (products known as VectoLexs®), (1.52) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain GB03 (products known as Kodiak®), (1.53) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST713/AQ713 (Accession No. NRRL B-21661, products known as Serenade QST 713®, Serenade Soil, Serenade Max), (1.54) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain AQ743 (Accession No. NRRL B-21665), (1.55) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain AQ 153 (ATCC accession No. 55614), (1.56) Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens strain FZB24 (products known as Taegro®), (1.57) Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (products known as VectoBac®), (1.58) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai strain ABTS-1857 (products known as XenTari®), (1.59) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain HD-1 (products known as Dipel® ES), (1.60) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain BMP 123, (1.61) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis strain NB 176 (products known as Novodor® FC), (1.62) Bacillus thuringiensis var. aegyptii (products known as Agerin), (1.63) Bacillus thuringiensis var. colmeri (products known as TianBaoBTc), (1.64) Bacillus thuringiensis var. darmstadiensis (products known as Baciturin, Kolepterin), (1.65) Bacillus thuringiensis var. dendrolimus (products known as Dendrobacillin), (1.66) Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae (products known as Enterobactin), (1.67) Bacillus thuringiensis var. japonensis (products known as Buihunter), (1.68) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Morrisoni, (1.69) Bacillus thuringiensis var. san diego, (1.70) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis strain MPPL002, (1.71) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis (products known as Bikol), (1.72) Bacillus thuringiensis var. 7216 (products known as Amactic, Pethian), (1.73) Bacillus thuringiensis var. T36 (products known as Cahat), (1.74) Bacillus thuringiensis strain BD #32 (Accession No. NRRL B-21530), (1.75) Bacillus thuringiensis strain AQ52 (Accession No. NRRL B-21619), (1.76) Bacillus uniflagellatus, (1.77) Bradyrhizobium japonicum (products known as SoySelect), (1.78) Bacillus sp. strain AQ175 (ATCC Accession No. 55608), (1.79) Bacillus sp. strain AQ177 (ATCC Accession No. 55609), (1.80) Bacillus sp. strain AQ178 (ATCC Accession No. 53522), (1.81) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain SS86-3, (1.82) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain SS86-4, (1.83) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain SS86-5, (1.84) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain 2904, (1.85) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 64, (1.86) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 1111, (1.87) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 1645, (1.88) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 1647 (1.89) Chromobacterium subtsugae, in particular strain PRAA4-1T (products known as Gandevo), (1.90) Delftia acidovorans, in particular strain RAY209 (products known as BioBoost®), (1.91) Lactobacillus acidophilus (products known as Fruitsan), (1.92) Lysobacter antibioticus, in particular strain 13-1 (cf. Biological Control 2008, 45, 288-296), (1.93) Lysobacter enzymogenes, in particular strain C3 (cf. J Nematol. 2006 June; 38(2): 233-239), (1.94) Paenibacillus alvei, in particular strains III3DT-1A ( Bacillus genetic stock center, November 2001), (1.95) Paenibacillus alvei, in particular strain III2E ( Bacillus genetic stock center, November 2001), (1.96) Paenibacillus alvei, in particular strain 46C3 ( Bacillus genetic stock center, November 2001), (1.97) Paenibacillus alvei, in particular strain 2771 ( Bacillus genetic stock center, November 2001), (1.98) Paenibacillus polymyxa, (1.99) Paenibacillus popilliae, (1.100) Pantoea agglomerans, (1.101) Pasteuria penetrans (products known as Pasteuria wettable powder), (1.102) Pasteuria usgae (products known as Econem™) (1.103) Pectobacterium carotovorum (products known as BioKeeper), (1.104) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (products known as Guiticid), (1.105) Pseudomonas aureofaciens (products known as Agate-25K), (1.106) Pseudomonas cepacia, in particular strain M54, (1.107) Pseudomonas cepacia, in particular strain J82, (1.108) Pseudomonas chlororaphis, in particular strain MA 342 (products known as Cedomon), (1.109) Pseudomonas fluorescens (products known as Sudozone), (1.110) Pseudomonas proradix (products known as Proradix®), (1.111) Pseudomonas putida (products known as Nematsid, (1.112) Pseudomonas resinovorans (products known as Solanacure), (1.113) Pseudomonas syringae (products known as Biosave), (1.114) Rhodococcus globerulus strain AQ719 (Accession No. NRRL B21663) (1.115) Serratia entomophila (products known as Invade™), (1.116) Serratia marcescens, in particular strain SRM (MTCC8708), (1.117) Serratia marcescens, in particular strain R35, (1.118) Streptomyces candidus (products known as BioAid™), (1.119) Streptomyces colombiensis (products known as Mycoside), (1.120) Streptomyces galbus, in particular strain K61 (products known as Mycostop®, cf. Crop Protection 2006, 25, 468-475), (1.121) Streptomyces galbus, in particular strain QST 6047, Accession No. NRRL 30232, (1.122) Streptomyces goshikiensis (products known as Safegro), (1.123) Streptomyces griseoviridis (products known as Mycostop®, cf. Microbial db of Canada), (1.124) Streptomyces lavendulae (products known as Phytolavin-300), (1.125) Streptomyces lydicus, in particular strain WYCD108 (products known as ActinovateSP), (1.126) Streptomyces lydicus, in particular strain WYEC108 (products known as Actino-iron), (1.127) Streptomyces prasinus (cf. “Prasinons A and B: potent insecticides from Streptomyces prasinus ” Applied Microbiology 1973 November), (1.128) Streptomyces rimosus (products known as Rhitovit), (1.129) Streptomyces saraceticus (products known as Clanda), (1.130) Streptomyces venezuelae, (1.131) Streptomyces sp. NRRL B-30145 (1.132) Xanthomonas campestris, (1.133) Xenorhabdus luminescens, (1.134) Xenorhabdus nematophila, (1.135) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST30002/AQ30002 (Accession No. NRRL B-50421, cf. WO 2012/087980) and (1.136) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST30004/AQ30004 (Accession No. NRRL B-50455, cf. WO 2012/087980).
Mutants of the bacterial, strains having all the identifying characteristics of the respective strain shall be included within the definition of the biological control agent being bacteria,
Biological control agents which are summarized under the term “fungi” or “yeasts” include but are not limited to: (2.1) Ampelomyces quisqualis, in particular strain AQ 10 (product known as AQ 10®), (2.2) Aureobasidium pullulans, in particular blastospores of strain DSM14940, (2.3) Aureobasidium pullulans, in particular blastospores of strain DSM 14941 or mixtures thereof (product known as Blossom Protect®), (2.4) Aschersonia aleyrodes, (2.5) Aspergillus flavus, in particular strain NRRL 21882 (products known as Afla-Guard®), (2.6) Arthrobotrys superba (Corda 1839), (2.7) Beauveria bassiana, in particular strain ATCC 74040 (products known as Naturalis®), (2.8) Beauveria bassiana, in particular strain GHA (products known as Mycotrol, BotaniGard), (2.9) Beauveria brongniartii (products known as Beaupro), (2.10) Candida oleophila, in particular strain O (products known as Nexy®, Aspire), (2.11) Chaetomium cupreum (products known as Ketocin), (2.12) Cladosporium cladosporioides, in particular strain H39, (2.13) Conidiobolus obscurus, (2.14) Coniothyrium minitans, in particular strain CON/M/91-8 (products known as Contans®), (2.15) Dilophosphora alopecuri (products known as Twist Fungus®), (2.16) Entomophthora virulenta (products known as Vektor), (2.17) Fusarium oxysporum, in particular strain Fo47 (products known as Fusaclean), (2.18) Gliocladium catenulatum, in particular strain J1446 (products known as Prestop® or Primastop), (2.19) Hirsutella thompsonii (products known as Mycohit or ABTEC), (2.20) Lagenidium giganteum (products known as Laginex® by AgraQuest, Inc.), (2.21) Lecanicillium lecanii, in particular conidia of strain KV01 (products known as Mycotal®, Vertalec®), (2.22) Metarhizium anisopliae, in particular strain F52 (products known as BIO 1020 or Met52), (2.23) Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (products known as Green Muscle), (2.24) Metarhizium flavoviride, (2.25) Metschnikovia fructicola, in particular the strain NRRL Y-30752 (product known as Shemer®), (2.26) Microsphaeropsis ochracea (products known as Microx®), (2.27) Mucor haemelis (product known as BioAvard), (2.28) Muscodor albus, in particular strain QST 20799 (products known as Arabesque™ or Andante™), (2.29) Muscodor albus, in particular strain 620 (Accession No. NRRL 30547), (2.30) Muscodor roseus strain A3-5 (Accession No. NRRL 30548), (2.31) Myrothecium verrucaria, in particular strain AARC-0255 (products known as DiTera™), (2.32) Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain SA86101, (2.33) Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain GU87401, (2.34) Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain SR86151, (2.35) Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain CG128, (2.36) Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain VA9101 (products known as Kongo®), (2.37) Ophiostoma piliferum, in particular strain D97 (products known as Sylvanex), (2.38) Paecilomyces fitmosoreus, in particular strain apopka 97 (products known as PreFeRal), (2.39) Paecilomyces lilacinus, in particular spores of Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251 (products known as BioAct®, cf. Crop Protection 2008, 27, 352-361), (2.40) Paecilomyces variotii, in particular strain Q-09 (products known as Nemaquim), (2.41) Pandora delphacis, (2.42) Penicillium bilaii, in particular strain ATCC22348 (products known as JumpStart®, PB-50, Provide), (2.43) Penicillium vermiculatum (products known as Vermiculen), (2.44) Phlebiopsis gigantea (products known as Rotstop), (2.45) Pichia anomala, in particular strain WRL-076, (2.46) Pochonia chlamydosporia, (2.47) Pseudozyma flocculosa, in particular strain PF-A22 UL (products known as Sporodex® L), (2.48) Pythium oligatulrum, in particular strain DV74 (products known as Polyversum), (2.49) Sporothrix insectorum (products known as Sporothrix ), (2.50) Talaromyces flavus, (2.51) Trichoderma album (products known as Bio-Zeid), (2.52) Trichoderma asperellum (products known as BIO-TAM™), (2.53) Trichoderma asperellum in particular strain ICC 012 (products known as Bioten®), (2.54) Trichoderma atroviride, in particular strain CNCM I-1237,(2.55) Trichoderma gamsii (products known as BIO-TAM™), (2.56) Trichoderma gamsii, in particular mycelial fragments, conidia & chlamydospores of strain ICC080 (products known as Bioderma), (2.57) Trichoderma harmatum, (2.58) Trichoderma harzianum, in particular Trichoderma harzianum T39 (products known as Trichodex®), (2.59) Trichoderma koningii (products known as Trikot-S Plus), (2.60) Trichoderma lignorum (products known as Mycobac), (2.61) Trichoderma polysporum, in particular strain IMI 206039, (2.62) Trichoderma virens (products known as SoilGard), (2.63) Tsukanturella paurometabola (products known as HeberNem®), (2.64) Ulocladium oudemansii (products known as Botry-Zen), (2.65) Verticillium albo - atrum, in particular strain WCS850, (2.66) Verticillium chlamydosporium (products known as Varsha), (2.67) Verticillium dahliae (products known as Dutch Trig), and (2.68) Zoophtora radican.
Mutants of the fungal strains having all the identifying characteristics of the respective strain shall be included within the definition of the biological control agent being a fungus or yeast,
Biological control agents which are summarized under the term “protozoas” include but are not limited to: (3.1) Nosema locustae (products known as NoloBait), (3.2) Thelohania solenopsis and (3.3) Vairimorpha spp. Mutants of the protozoan strains having all the identifying characteristics of the respective strain shall be included within the definition of the biological control agent being protozoans,
Biological control agents which are summarized under the term “viruses” include but are not limited to: (4.1) Adoxophyes orana (summer fruit tortrix) granulosis virus (GV), (product known as BIOFA-Capex®), (4.2) Agrotis segetum (turnip moth) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), (4.3) Anticarsia gemmatalis (Woolly pyrol moth) mNPV (products known as Polygen), (4.4) Autographa californica (Alfalfa Looper) mNPV (products known as VPN80 from Agricola El Sol), (4.5) Biston suppressaria (tea looper) NPV, (4.6) Bombyx mori (silkworm) NPV, (4.7) Cryptophlebia leucotreta (false codling moth) GV (products known as Cryptex), (4.8) Cydia pomonella (Codling moth) granulosis virus (GV) (product known as Madex Plus), (4.9) Dendrolimus punctatus (Masson pine moth) CPV, (4.10) Helicoverpa armigera NPV (product known as AgBiTech-ViVUS Max), (4.11) Helicoverpa (previously Heliothis ) zea (corn earworm) NPV (products known as Elcar), (4.12) Leucoma salicis (satin moth) NPV, (4.13) Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) NPV (products known as Gypcheck), (4.14) Neodiprion abietis (balsam-fir sawfly) NPV (products known as Abietiv), (4.15) Neodiprion lecontei (red-headed pinesawfly) NPV (products known as Lecontvirus), (4.16) Neodiprion sertifer (Pine sawfly) NPV (products known as Neocheck-S), (4.17) Orgyia pseudotsugata (Douglas-fir tussock moth) NPV (products known as Virtuss), (4.18) Phthorimaea operculella (tobacco leaf miner) GV (products known as Matapol), (4.19) Pieris rapae (small white) GV, (4.20) Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) GV (products known as Plutec), (4.21) Spodoptera albula (gray-streaked armyworm moth) mNPV (products known as VPN 82), (4.22) Spodoptera exempta (true armyworm) mNPV (products known as Spodec), (4.23) Spodoptera exigua (sugarbeet armyworm) mNPV (products known as Spexit from Andermatt Biocontrol), (4.24) Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) mNPV (products known as Baculovirus VPN), (4.25) Spodoptera littoralis (tobacco cutworm) NPV (products known as Spodoptrin from NPP Calliope France), and (4.26) Spodoptera litura (oriental leafworm moth) NPV (products known as Littovir).
Biological control agents which are summarized under the term “entomopathogenic nematodes” include but are not limited to: (5.1) Abbreviata caucasica, (5.2) Acuaria spp., (5.3) Agamermis decaudata, (5.4) Allantonema spp., (5.5) Amphimermis spp., (5.6) Beddingia (= Deladenus ) siridicola, (5.7) Bovienema spp., (5.8) Cameronia spp., (5.9) Chitwoodiella ovofilamenta, (5.10) Contortylenchus spp., (5.11) Culicimermis spp., (5.12) Diplotriaena spp., (5.13) Empidomermis spp., (5.14) Filipjevimermis leipsandra, (5.15) Gastromermis spp., (5.16) Gongylonema spp., (5.17) Gynopoecilia pseudovipara, (5.18) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (products known as B-Green), (5.19) Heterorhabditis baujardi, (5.20) Heterorhabditis heliothidis (products known as Nematon), (5.21) Heterorhabditis indica, (5.22) Heterorhabditis marelatus, (5.23) Heterorhabditis megidis, (5.24) Heterorhabditis zealandica, (5.25) Hexamermis spp., (5.26) Hydromermis spp., (5.27) Isomermis spp., (5.28) Limnomermis spp., (5.29) Maupasina weissi, (5.30) Mermis nigrescens, (5.31) Mesomermis spp., (5.32) Neomesomermis spp., (5.33) Neoparasitylenchus rugulosi, (5.34) Octomyomermis spp., (5.35) Parasitaphelenchus spp., (5.36) Parasitorhabditis spp., (5.37) Parasitylenchus spp., (5.38) Perutilimermis culicis, (5.39) Phasmarhabditis hennaphrodita, (5.40) Physaloptera spp., (5.41) Protrellatus spp., (5.42) Pterygodermatites spp., (5.43) Romanomermis spp., (5.44) Seuratum cadarachense, (5.45) Sphaerulariopsis spp., (5.46) Spirura guianensis, (5.47) Steinernema carpocapsae (products known as Biocontrol), (5.48) Steinernema feltiae (products known as Nemasys®), (5.49) Steinernema glaseri (products known as Biotopia), (5.50) Steinernema kraussei (products known as Larvesure), (5.51) Steinernema riobrave (products known as Biovector), (5.52) Steinernema scapterisci (products known as Nematac S), (5.53) Steinernema scarabaei, (5.54) Steinernema scarabaei, (5.55) Strelkovimermis peterseni, (5.56) Subulura spp., (5.57) Sulphuretylenchus elongatus, and (5.58) Tetrameres spp.
Biological control agents which are summarized under the term “ proteins or secondary metabolites” include but are not limited to: (6.1) Harpin (isolated by Erwinia amylovora, products known as Harp-N-Tek™, Messenger®, Employ™, ProAct™)
Biological control agents which are summarized under the term “botanical extracts” include but are not limited to: (7.1) Thymol, extracted e. g. from thyme ( thymus vulgaris ), (7.2) Neem tree ( Azadirachta indica ) oil, and therein Azadirachtin, (7.3) Pyrethrum, an extract made from the dried flower heads of different species of the genus Tanacetum, and therein Pyrethrins (the active components of the extract), (7.4) extract of Cassia nigricans, (7.5) wood extract of Quassia amara (bitterwood), (7.6) Rotenon, an extract from the roots and stems of several tropical and subtropical plant species, especially those belonging to the genera Lonchocarpus and Derris, (7.7) extract of Allium sativum (garlic), (7.8) Quillaja extract, made from the concentrated purified extract of the outer cambium layer of the Quillaja Saponaria Molina tree, (7.9) Sabadilla ( Sabadilla=Schoenocaulon officinale ) seeds, in particular Veratrin (extracted from the seeds), (7.10) Ryania, an extract made from the ground stems of Ryania speciosa, in particular Ryanodine (the active component of the extract), (7.11) extract of Viscum album (mistletoe), (7.12) extract of Tanacetum vulgare (tansy), (7.13) extract of Artemisia absinthium (wormwood), (7.14) extract of Urtica dioica (stinging nettle), (7.15) extract of Symphytum officinale (common comfrey), (7.16) extract of Tropaeulum majus (monks cress), (7.17) leaves and bark of Quercus (oak tree) (7.18) Yellow mustard powder, (7.19) oil of the seeds of Chenopodium anthelminticum (wormseed goosefoot), (7.20) dried leaves of Dryopteris filix - mas (male fern), (7.21) bark of Celastrus angulatus (Chinese bittersweet), (7.22) extract of Equisetum arvense (field horsetail), (7.23) Chitin (7.24) natural extracts or simulated blend of Chenopodium ambrosioides (products known as Requiem), (7.25) Saponins of Chenopodium quinoa (products known as Heads Up).
Particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of bacteria consisting of (1.12) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, in particular strain IN937a, (1.13) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, in particular strain FZB42 (product known as RhizoVital®), (1.16) Bacillus atrophaeus, (1.19) Bacillus cereus, in particular spores of Bacillus cereus strain CNCM I-1562 (cf. U.S. Pat. No. 6,406,690), (1.20) Bacillus chitinosporus, in particular strain AQ746 (Accession No. NRRL B-21618, (1.21) Bacillus circulans, (1.22) Bacillus coagulan, (1.24) Bacillus firmus, in particular strain I-1582 (products known as Bionem, VOTIVO), (1.37) Bacillus mycoides, in particular strain AQ726 (Accession No. NRRL B21664), (1.38) Bacillus mycoides isolate J (BmJ), (1.44) Bacillus popillae (products known as Cronox), (1.46) Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain GB34 (products known as Yield Shield), (1.47) Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain QST2808 (Accession No. NRRL B-30087, products known as Sonata QST 2808®), (1.48) Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain AQ717 (Accession No. NRRL B21662), (1.51) Bacillus sphaericus (products known as VectoLexs®), (1.52) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain GB03 (products known as Kodiak®), (1.53) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST713/AQ713 (Accession No. NRRL B-21661, products known as Serenade QST 713®, Serenade Soil, Serenade Max), (1.54) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain AQ743 (Accession No. NRRL B-21665), (1.55) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain AQ 153 (ATCC accession No. 55614), (1.56) Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens strain FZB24 (products known as Taegro®), (1.57) Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (products known as VectoBac®), (1.58) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai strain ABTS-1857 (products known as XenTari®), (1.59) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain HD-1 (products known as Dipel® ES), (1.60) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain BMP 123, (1.61) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis strain NB 176 (products known as Novodor® FC), (1.62) Bacillus thuringiensis var. aegyptii (products known as Agerin), (1.63) Bacillus thuringiensis var. colmeri (products known as TianBaoBTc), (1.64) Bacillus thuringiensis var. darmstadiensis (products known as Baciturin, Kolepterin), (1.65) Bacillus thuringiensis var. dendrolimus (products known as Dendrobacillin), (1.66) Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae (products known as Enterobactin), (1.67) Bacillus thuringiensis var. japonensis (products known as Buihunter), (1.71) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis (products known as Bikol), (1.72) Bacillus thuringiensis var. 7216 (products known as Amactic, Pethian), (1.73) Bacillus thuringiensis var. T36 (products known as Cahat), (1.76) Bacillus uniflagellatus, (1.77) Bradyrhizobium japonicum (products known as SoySelect), (1.78) Bacillus sp. strain AQ175 (ATCC Accession No. 55608), (1.79) Bacillus sp. strain AQ177 (ATCC Accession No. 55609), (1.80) Bacillus sp. strain AQ178 (ATCC Accession No. 53522), (1.81) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain SS86-3, (1.82) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain SS86-4, (1.83) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain SS86-5, (1.84) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain 2904, (1.85) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 64, (1.86) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 1111, (1.87) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 1645, (1.88) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 1647 (1.89) Chromobacterium subtsugae, in particular strain PRAA4-1T (products known as Gandevo), (1.90) Delftia acidovorans, in particular strain RAY209 (products known as BioBoost®), (1.91) Lactobacillus acidophilus (products known as Fruitsan), (1.92) Lysobacter antibioticus, in particular strain 13-1 (cf. Biological Control 2008, 45, 288-296), (1.101) Pasteuria penetrans (products known as Pasteuria wettable powder), (1.102) Pasteuria usgae (products known as Econem™), (1.103) Pectobacterium carotovorum (products known as BioKeeper), (1.104) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (products known as Guiticid), (1.105) Pseudomonas aureofaciens (products known as Agate-25K), (1.108) Pseudomonas chlororaphis, in particular strain MA 342 (products known as Cedomon), (1.109) Pseudomonas fluorescens (products known as Sudozone), (1.110) Pseudomonas proradix (products known as Proradix), (1.111) Pseudomonas putida (products known as Nematsid, (1.112) Pseudomonas resinovorans (products known as Solanacure), (1.113) Pseudomonas syringae (products known as Biosave), (1.114) Rhodococcus globerulus strain AQ719 (Accession No. NRRL B21663), (1.115) Serratia entomophila (products known as Invade™), (1.118) Streptomyces candidus (products known as BioAid™), (1.119) Streptomyces colombiensis (products known as Mycoside), (1.120) Streptomyces galbus, in particular strain K61 (products known as Mycostop®, cf. Crop Protection 2006, 25, 468-475), (1.121) Streptomyces galbus, in particular strain QST 6047, Accession No. NRRL 30232, (1.122) Streptomyces goshikiensis (products known as Safegro), (1.123) Streptomyces griseoviridis (products known as Mycostop®, cf. Microbial db of Canada), (1.124) Streptomyces lavendulae (products known as Phytolavin-300), (1.125) Streptomyces lydicus, in particular strain WYCD108 (products known as ActinovateSP), (1.126) Streptomyces lydicus, in particular strain WYEC108 (products known as Actino-iron), (1.128) Streptomyces rimosus (products known as Rhitovit), (1.129) Streptomyces saraceticus (products known as Clanda), (1.135) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST30002/AQ30002 (Accession No. NRRL B-50421, cf. WO 2012/087980) and (1.136) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST30004/AQ30004 (Accession No. NRRL B-50455, cf. WO 2012/087980).
Particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of fungi or yeasts consisting of (2.1) Ampelomyces quisqualis, in particular strain AQ 10 (product known as AQ 10®), (2.3) Aureobasidium pullulans, in particular blastospores of strain DSM 14941 or mixtures thereof (product known as Blossom Protect®), (2.5) Aspergillus flavus, in particular strain NRRL 21882 (products known as Afla-Guard®), (2.7) Beauveria bassiana, in particular strain ATCC 74040 (products known as Naturalis), (2.8) Beauveria bassiana, in particular strain GHA (products known as Mycotrol, BotaniGard), (2.9) Beauveria brongniartii (products known as Beaupro), (2.10) Candida oleophila, in particular strain O (products known as Nexy®, Aspire), (2.11) Chaetomium cupreum (products known as Ketocin), (2.14) Coniothyrium minitans, in particular strain CON/M/91-8 (products known as Contans®), (2.15) Dilophosphora alopecuri (products known as Twist Fungus®), (2.16) Entomophthora virulenta (products known as Vektor), (2.17) Fusarium oxysporum, in particular strain Fo47 (products known as Fusaclean), (2.18) Gliocladium catenulatum, in particular strain J1446 (products known as Prestop® or Primastop), (2.19) Hirsutella thompsonii (products known as Mycohit or ABTEC), (2.20) Lagenidium giganteum (products known as Laginex® by AgraQuest, Inc.), (2.21) Lecanicillium lecanii, in particular conidia of strain KV01 (products known as Mycotal®, Vertalec®), (2.22) Metarhizium anisopliae, in particular strain F52 (products known as BIO 1020 or Met52), (2.23) Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (products known as Green Muscle), (2.25) Metschnikovia fructicola, in particular the strain NRRL Y-30752 (product known as Shemer®), (2.26) Microsphaeropsis ochracea (products known as) Microx®, (2.27) Mucor haemelis (product known as BioAvard), (2.28) Muscodor albus, in particular strain QST 20799 (products known as Arabesque™ or Andante™), (2.29) Muscodor albus, in particular strain 620 (Accession No. NRRL 30547), (2.30) Muscodor roseus strain A3-5 (Accession No. NRRL 30548), (2.31) Myrothecium verrucaria, in particular strain AARC-0255 (products known as DiTera™), (2.32) Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain SA86101, (2.33) Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain GU87401, (2.34) Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain SR86151, (2.35) Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain CG128, (2.36) Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain VA9101 (products known as Kongo®), (2.37) Ophiostoma piliferum, in particular strain D97 (products known as Sylvanex), (2.38) Paecilomyces fumosoreus, in particular strain apopka 97 (products known as PreFeRal), (2.39) Paecilomyces lilacinus, in particular spores of Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251 (products known as BioAct®, cf. Crop Protection 2008, 27, 352-361), (2.40) Paecilomyces variotii, in particular strain Q-09 (products known as Nemaquim), (2.42) Penicillium bilaii, in particular strain ATCC22348 (products known as JumpStart®, PB-50, Provide), (2.43) Penicillium vermiculatum (products known as Vermiculen), (2.44) Phlebiopsis gigantea (products known as Rotstop), (2.47) Pseudozyma flocculosa, in particular strain PF-A22 UL (products known as Sporodex® L), (2.48) Pythium oligandrum, in particular strain DV74 (products known as Polyversum), (2.49) Sporothrix insectorum (products known as Sporothrix ), (2.51) Trichoderma album (products known as Bio-Zeid), (2.52) Trichoderma asperellum (products known as BIO-TAM™), (2.53) Trichoderma asperellum in particular strain ICC 012 (products known as Bioten®), (2.54) Trichoderma atroviride, in particular strain CNCM I-1237, (2.55) Trichoderma gamsii (products known as BIO-TAM™), (2.56) Trichoderma gamsii, in particular mycelial fragments, conidia & chlamydospores of strain ICC080 (products known as Bioderma), (2.58) Trichoderma harzianum, in particular Trichoderma harzianum T39 (products known as Trichodex®), (2.59) Trichoderma koningii (products known as Trikot-S Plus), (2.60) Trichoderma lignorum (products known as Mycobac), (2.62) Trichoderma virens (products known as SoilGard), (2.63) Tsukamurella paurometabola (products known as HeberNem®), (2.64) Ulocladium oudemansii (products known as Botry-Zen), (2.66) Verticillium chlamydosporium (products known as Varsha) and (2.67) Verticillium dahliae (products known as Dutch Trig).
Particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of protozoas consisting of (3.1) Nosema locustae (products known as NoloBait).
Particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of viruses consisting of (4.1) Adoxophyes orana (summer fruit tortrix) granulosis virus (GV), (product known as BIOFA-Capex®), (4.3) Anticarsia gemmatalis (Woolly pyrol moth) mNPV (products known as Polygen), (4.4) Autographa californica (Alfalfa Looper) mNPV (products known as VPN80 from Agricola El Sol), (4.7) Cryptophlebia leucotreta (false codling moth) GV (products known as Cryptex), (4.8) Cydia pomonella (Codling moth) granulosis virus (GV) (product known as Madex Plus), (4.10) Helicoverpa armigera NPV (product known as AgBiTech-ViVUS Max), (4.11) Helicoverpa (previously Heliothis ) zea (corn earworm) NPV (products known as Elcar), (4.13) Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) NPV (products known as Gypcheck), (4.14) Neodiprion abietis (balsam-fir sawfly) NPV (products known as Abietiv), (4.15) Neodiprion lecontei (red-headed pinesawfly) NPV (products known as Lecontvirus), (4.16) Neodiprion sertifer (Pine sawfly) NPV (products known as Neocheck-S), (4.17) Orgyia pseudotsugata (Douglas-fir tussock moth) NPV (products known as Virtuss), (4.18) Phthorimaea operculella (tobacco leaf miner) GV (products known as Matapol), (4.20) Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) GV (products known as Plutec), (4.21) Spodoptera albula (gray-streaked armyworm moth) mNPV (products known as VPN 82), (4.22) Spodoptera exempta (true armyworm) mNPV (products known as Spodec), (4.23) Spodoptera exigua (sugarbeet armyworm) mNPV (products known as Spexit from Andermatt Biocontrol), (4.24) Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) mNPV (products known as Baculovirus VPN), (4.25) Spodoptera littoralis (tobacco cutworm) NPV (products known as Spodoptrin from NPP Calliope France), and (4.26) Spodoptera litura (oriental leafworm moth) NPV (products known as Littovir).
Particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of entomopathogenic nematodes consisting of (5.18) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (products known as B-Green), (5.20) Heterorhabditis heliothidis (products known as Nematon), (5.47) Steinernema carpocapsae (products known as Biocontrol), (5.48) Steinernema feltiae (products known as Nemasys®), (5.49) Steinernema glaseri (products known as Biotopia), (4.50) Steinernema kraussei (products known as Larvesure), (5.51) Steinernema riobrave (products known as Biovector), and (5.52) Steinernema scapterisci (products known as Nematac S).
Particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of proteins and secondary metabolites consisting of (6.1) Harpin (isolated by Erwinia amylovora, products known as Harp-N-Tek™, Messenger®, Employ™, ProAct™)
Particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of botanical extracts consisting of (7.24) natural extracts or simulated blend of Chenopodium ambrosioides (products known as Requiem), (7.25) Saponins of Chenopodium quinoa (products known as Heads Up).
More particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of bacteria consisting of (1.12) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, in particular strain IN937a, (1.13) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, in particular strain FZB42 (product known as RhizoVital®), (1.16) Bacillus atrophaeus, (1.19) Bacillus cereus, in particular spores of Bacillus cereus strain CNCM I-1562 (cf. U.S. Pat. No. 6,406,690), (1.20) Bacillus chitinosporus, in particular strain AQ746 (Accession No. NRRL B-21618), (1.21) Bacillus circulans, (1.22) Bacillus coagulans, (1.24) Bacillus firmus, in particular strain I-1582 (products known as Bionem, VOTIVO), (1.37) Bacillus mycoides, in particular strain AQ726 (Accession No. NRRL B21664), (1.38) Bacillus mycoides isolate J (BmJ), (1.44) Bacillus popillae (products known as Cronox), (1.46) Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain GB34 (products known as Yield Shield), (1.47) Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain QST2808 (Accession No. NRRL B-30087, products known as Sonata QST 2808®), (1.48) Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain AQ717 (Accession No. NRRL B21662), (1.51) Bacillus sphaericus (products known as VectoLexs®), (1.52) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain GB03 (products known as Kodiak®), (1.53) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST713/AQ713 (Accession No. NRRL B-21661, products known as Serenade QST 713®, Serenade Soil, Serenade Max), (1.54) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain AQ743 (Accession No. NRRL B-21665), (1.55) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain AQ 153 (ATCC accession No. 55614), (1.56) Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens strain FZB24 (products known as) Taegro®), (1.57) Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (products known as VectoBac®), (1.58) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai strain ABTS-1857 (products known as XenTari®) (1.59) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain HD-1 (products known as Dipel® ES), (1.60) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain BMP 123, (1.61) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis strain NB 176 (products known as Novodor® FC), (1.62) Bacillus thuringiensis var. aegyptii (products known as Agerin), (1.63) Bacillus thuringiensis var. colmeri (products known as TianBaoBTc), (1.64) Bacillus thuringiensis var. darmstadiensis (products known as Baciturin, Kolepterin), (1.65) Bacillus thuringiensis var. dendrolimus (products known as Dendrobacillin), (1.66) Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae (products known as Enterobactin), (1.67) Bacillus thuringiensis var. japonensis (products known as Buihunter), (1.71) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis (products known as Bikol), (1.72) Bacillus thuringiensis var. 7216 (products known as Amactic, Pethian), (1.73) Bacillus thuringiensis var. T36 (products known as Cahat), (1.78) Bacillus sp. strain AQ175 (ATCC Accession No. 55608), (1.79) Bacillus sp. strain AQ177 (ATCC Accession No. 55609), (1.80) Bacillus sp. strain AQ178 (ATCC Accession No. 53522), (1.81) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain SS86-3, (1.82) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain SS86-4, (1.83) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain SS86-5, (1.84) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain 2904, (1.85) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 64, (1.86) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 1111, (1.87) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 1645, (1.88) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 1647, (1.89) Chromobacterium subtsugae, in particular strain PRAA4-1T (products known as Gandevo), (1.90) Delftia acidovorans, in particular strain RAY209 (products known as BioBoost®), (1.91) Lactobacillus acidophilus (products known as Fruitsan), (1.92) Lysobacter antibioticus, in particular strain 13-1 (cf. Biological Control 2008, 45, 288-296), (1.103) Pectobacterium carotovorum (products known as BioKeeper), (1.114) Rhodococcus globerulus strain AQ719 (Accession No. NRRL B21663), (1.121) Streptomyces galbus, in particular strain QST 6047, Accession No. NRRL 30232 and (1.123) Streptomyces griseoviridis (products known as Mycostop®, cf. Microbial db of Canada)
More particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of fungi or yeasts consisting of (2.7) Beauveria bassiana, in particular strain ATCC 74040 (products known as Naturalis®) (2.8) Beauveria bassiana, in particular strain GHA (products known as Mycotrol, BotaniGard), (2.9) Beauveria brongniartii (products known as Beaupro), (2.19) Hirsutella thompsonii (products known as Mycohit or ABTEC), (2.20) Lagenidium giganteum (products known as Laginex® by AgraQuest, Inc.), (2.29) Muscodor albus, in particular strain 620 (Accession No. NRRL 30547), (2.30) Muscodor roseus strain A3-5 (Accession No. NRRL 30548), (2.31) Myrothecium verrucaria, in particular strain AARC-0255 (products known as DiTera™), (2.42) Penicillium bilaii, in particular strain ATCC22348 (products known as JumpStart®, PB-50, Provide), (2.52) Trichoderma asperellum (products known as BIO-TAM™), (2.53) Trichoderma asperellum in particular strain ICC 012 (products known as) Bioten®) (2.54) Trichoderma atroviride, in particular strain CNCM I-1237, (2.55) Trichoderma gamsii (products known as BIO-TAM™) and (2.63) Tsukamurella paurometabola (products known as HeberNem®).
More particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of viruses consisting of (4.3) Anticarsia gemmatalis (Woolly pyrol moth) mNPV (products known as Polygen), (4.8) Cydia pomonella (Codling moth) granulosis virus (GV) (product known as Madex Plus), (4.10) Helicoverpa armigera NPV (product known as AgBiTech-ViVUS Max), (4.11) Helicoverpa (previously Heliothis ) zea (corn earworm) NPV (products known as Elcar), (4.13) Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) NPV (products known as Gypcheck), (4.18) Phthorimaea operculella (tobacco leaf miner) GV (products known as Matapol), (4.23) Spodoptera exigua (sugarbeet armyworm) mNPV (products known as Spexit from Andermatt Biocontrol) and (4.26) Spodoptera litura (oriental leafworm moth) NPV (products known as Littovir).
Most particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of bacteria consisting of (1.24) Bacillus firmus, in particular strain I-1582 (products known as Bionem, VOTIVO), (1.47) Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain QST2808 (Accession No. NRRL B-30087, products known as Sonata QST 2808®), (1.52) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain GB03 (products known as Kodiak®), (1.53) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST713/AQ713 (Accession No. NRRL B-21661, products known as Serenade QST 713®, Serenade Soil, Serenade Max), (1.121) Streptomyces galbus, in particular strain QST 6047, Accession No. NRRL 30232, (1.135) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST30002/AQ30002 (Accession No. NRRL B-50421, cf. WO 2012/087980) and (1.136) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST30004/AQ30004 (Accession No. NRRL B-50455, cf. WO 2012/087980).
Most particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of fungi or yeasts consisting of (2.20) Lagenidium giganteum (products known as Laginex® by AgraQuest, Inc.), (2.52) Trichoderma asperellum (products known as BIO-TAM™) and, (2.55) Trichoderma gamsii (products known as BIO-TAM™).
Most particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of botanical extracts consisting of (7.24) natural extracts or simulated blend of Chenopodium ambrosioides (products known as Requiem).
The compounds of the formula (I) and the biological control agent (II) as defined above of the mixture or composition according to the present invention can be combined in any specific ratio between these two mandatory components. In the mixtures or compositions according to the invention the compounds of the general formula (I) and the biological control agent (II) as defined above are present in a synergistically effective weight ratio of (I):(II) in a range of 1000:1 to 1:1000, preferably in a weight ratio of 500:1 to 1:500, most preferably in a weight ratio of 100:1 to 1:100. Further ratios of (I):(II) which can be used according to the present invention with increasing preferences the order given are: 800:1 to 1:800, 700:1 to 1:700, 750:1 to 1:750, 600:1 to 1:600, 400:1 to 1:400, 300:1 to 1:300, 250:1 to 1:250, 200:1 to 1:200, 95:1 to 1:95, 90:1 to 1:90, 85:1 to 1:85, 80:1 to 1:80, 75:1 to 1:75, 70:1 to 1:70, 65:1 to 1:65, 60:1 to 1:60, 55:1 to 1:55, 45:1 to 1:45, 40:1 to 1:40, 35:1 to 1:35, 30:1 to 1:30, 25:1 to 1:25, 20:1 to 1:20, 15:1 to 1:15, 10:1 to 1:10, 5:1 to 1:5, 4:1 to 1:4, 3:1 to 1:3, 2:1 to 1:2.
Following combinations exemplify specific embodiments of the mixture according to the present invention:
(I-1(S))+(1.1), (I-1(S))+(1.2), (I-1(S))+(1.3), (I-1(S))+(1.4), (I-1(S))+(1.5), (I-1(S))+(1.6), (I-1(S))+(1.7), (I-1(S))+(1.8), (I-1(S))+(1.9), (I-1(S))+(1.10), (I-1(S))+(1.11), (I-1(S))+(1.12), (I-1(S))+(1.13), (I-1(S))+(1.14), (I-1(S))+(1.15), (I-1(S))+(1.16), (I-1(S))+(1.17), (I-1(S))+(1.18), (I-1(S))+(1.19), (I-1(S))+(1.20), (I-1(S))+(1.21), (I-1(S))+(1.22), (I-1(S))+(1.23), (I-1(S))+(1.24), (I-1(S))+(1.25), (I-1(S))+(1.26), (I-1(S))+(1.27), (I-1(S))+(1.28), (I-1(S))+(1.29), (I-1(S))+(1.30), (I-1(S))+(1.31), (I-1(S))+(1.32), (I-1(S))+(1.33), (I-1(S))+(1.34), (I-1(S))+(1.35), (I-1(S))+(1.36), (I-1(S))+(1.37), (I-1(S))+(1.38), (I-1(S))+(1.39), (I-1(S))+(1.40), (I-1(S))+(1.41), (I-1(S))+(1.42), (I-1(S))+(1.43), (I-1(S))+(1.44), (I-1(S))+(1.45), (I-1(S))+(1.46), (I-1(S))+(1.47), (I-1(S))+(1.48), (I-1(S))+(1.49), (I-1(S))+(1.50), (I-1(S))+(1.51), (I-1(S))+(1.52), (I-1(S))+(1.53), (I-1(S))+(1.54), (I-1(S))+(1.55), (I-1(S))+(1.56), (I-1(S))+(1.57), (I-1(S))+(1.58), (I-1(S))+(1.59), (I-1(S))+(1.60), (I-1(S))+(1.61), (I-1(S))+(1.62), (I-1(S))+(1.63), (I-1(S))+(1.64), (I-1(S))+(1.65), (I-1(S))+(1.66), (I-1(S))+(1.67), (I-1(S))+(1.68), (I-1(S))+(1.69), (I-1(S))+(1.70), (I-1(S))+(1.71), (I-1(S))+(1.72), (I-1(S))+(1.73), (I-1(S))+(1.74), (I-1(S))+(1.75), (I-1(S))+(1.76), (I-1(S))+(1.77), (I-1(S))+(1.78), (I-1(S))+(1.79), (I-1(S))+(1.80), (I-1(S))+(1.81), (I-1(S))+(1.82), (I-1(S))+(1.83), (I-1(S))+(1.84), (I-1(S))+(1.85), (I-1(5))+(1.86), (I-1(S))+(1.87), (I-1(S))+(1.88), (I-1(S))+(1.89), (I-1(S))+(1.90), (I-1(S))+(1.91), (I-1(S))+(1.92), (I-1(S))+(1.93), (I-1(S))+(1.94), (I-1(S))+(1.95), (I-1(S))+(1.96), (I-1(S))+(1.97), (I-1(S))+(1.98), (I-1(5))+(1.99), (I-1(S))+(1.100), (I-1(S))+(1.101), (I-1(S))+(1.102), (I-1(S))+(1.103), (I-1(S))+(1.104), (I-1(5))+(1.105), (I-1(S))+(1.106), (I-1(S))+(1.107), (I-1(S))+(1.108), (I-1(S))+(1.109), (I-1(S))+(1.110), (I-1(5))+(1.111), (I-1(S))+(1.112), (I-1(S))+(1.113), (I-1(S))+(1.114), (I-1(S))+(1.115), (I-1(S))+(1.116), (I-1(5))+(1.117), (I-1(S))+(1.118), (I-1(S))+(1.119), (I-1(S))+(1.120), (I-1(S))+(1.121), (I-1(S))+(1.122), (I-1(5))+(1.123), (I-1(S))+(1.124), (I-1(S))+(1.125), (I-1(S))+(1.126), (I-1(S))+(1.127), (I-1(S))+(1.128), (I-1(5))+(1.129), (I-1(S))+(1.130), (I-1(S))+(1.131), (I-1(S))+(1.132), (I-1(S))+(1.133), (I-1(S))+(1.134), (I-1(5))+(1.135), (I-1(S))+(1.136), (I-1(S))+(2.1), (I-1(S))+(2.2), (I-1(S))+(2.3), (I-1(S))+(2.4), (I-1(S))+(2.5), (I-1(S))+(2.6), (I-1(S))+(2.7), (I-1(S))+(2.8), (I-1(S))+(2.9), (I-1(S))+(2.10), (I-1(S))+(2.11), (I-1(S))+(2.12), (I-1(S))+(2.13), (I-1(S))+(2.14), (I-1(S))+(2.15), (I-1(S))+(2.16), (I-1(S))+(2.17), (I-1(S))+(2.18), (I-1(S))+(2.19), (I-1(S))+(2.20), (I-1(S))+(2.21), (I-1(S))+(2.22), (I-1(S))+(2.23), (I-1(S))+(2.24), (I-1(S))+(2.25), (I-1(S))+(2.26), (I-1(S))+(2.27), (I-1(S))+(2.28), (I-1(S))+(2.29), (I-1(S))+(2.30), (I-1(S))+(2.31), (I-1(5))+(2.32), (I-1(S))+(2.33), (I-1(S))+(2.34), (I-1(S))+(2.35), (I-1(S))+(2.36), (I-1(S))+(2.37), (I-1(S))+(2.38), (I-1(S))+(2.39), (I-1(S))+(2.40), (I-1(S))+(2.41), (I-1(S))+(2.42), (I-1(S))+(2.43), (I-1(S))+(2.44), (I-1(5))+(2.45), (I-1(S))+(2.46), (I-1(S))+(2.47), (I-1(S))+(2.48), (I-1(S))+(2.49), (I-1(S))+(2.50), (I-1(S))+(2.51), (I-1(S))+(2.52), (I-1(S))+(2.53), (I-1(S))+(2.54), (I-1(S))+(2.55), (I-1(S))+(2.56), (I-1(S))+(2.57), (I-1(5))+(2.58), (I-1(S))+(2.59), (I-1(S))+(2.60), (I-1(S))+(2.61), (I-1(S))+(2.62), (I-1(S))+(2.63), (I-1(S))+(2.64), (I-1(S))+(2.65), (I-1(S))+(2.66), (I-1(S))+(2.67), (I-1(S))+(2.68), (I-1(S))+(3.1), (I-1(S))+(3.2), (I-1(5))+(3.3), (I-1(S))+(4.1), (I-1(S))+(4.2), (I-1(S))+(4.3), (I-1(S))+(4.4), (I-1(S))+(4.5), (I-1(S))+(4.6), (I- 1(5))+(4.7), (I-1(S))+(4.8), (I-1(S))+(4.9), (I-1(S))+(4.10), (I-1(S))+(4.11), (I-1(S))+(4.12), (I-1(S))+(4.13), (I-1(S))+(4.14), (I-1(S))+(4.15), (I-1(S))+(4.16), (I-1(S))+(4.17), (I-1(S))+(4.18), (I-1(S))+(4.19), (I-1(5))+(4.20), (I-1(S))+(4.21), (I-1(S))+(4.22), (I-1(S))+(4.23), (I-1(S))+(4.24), (I-1(S))+(4.25), (I-1(S))+(4.26), (I-1(S))+(5.1), (I-1(S))+(5.2), (I-1(S))+(5.3), (I-1(S))+(5.4), (I-1(S))+(5.5), (I-1(S))+(5.6), (I-1(S))+(5.7), (I-1(S))+(5.8), (I-1(S))+(5.9), (I-1(S))+(5.10), (I-1(S))+(5.11), (I-1(S))+(5.12), (I-1(S))+(5.13), (I-1(S))+(5.14), (I-1(S))+(5.15), (I-1(S))+(5.16), (I-1(S))+(5.17), (I-1(S))+(5.18), (I-1(S))+(5.19), (I-1(S))+(5.20), (I-1(S))+(5.21), (I-1(S))+(5.22), (I-1(S))+(5.23), (I-1(S))+(5.24), (I-1(S))+(5.25), (I-1(S))+(5.26), (I-1(S))+(5.27), (I-1(S))+(5.28), (I-1(S))+(5.29), (I-1(S))+(5.30), (I-1(S))+(5.31), (I-1(S))+(5.32), (I-1(S))+(5.33), (I-1(S))+(5.34), (I-1(S))+(5.35), (I-1(S))+(5.36), (I-1(S))+(5.37), (I-1(S))+(5.38), (I-1(S))+(5.39), (I-1(S))+(5.40), (I-1(S))+(5.41), (I-1(S))+(5.42), (I-1(S))+(5.43), (I-1(S))+(5.44), (I-1(S))+(5.45), (I-1(S))+(5.46), (I-1(S))+(5.47), (I-1(S))+(5.48), (I-1(S))+(5.49), (I-1(S))+(5.50), (I-1(S))+(5.51), (I-1(S))+(5.52), (I-1(S))+(5.53), (I-1(S))+(5.54), (I-1(S))+(5.55), (I-1(S))+(5.56), (I-1(S))+(5.57), (I-1(S))+(5.58), (I-1(S))+(6.1), (I-1(S))+(7.1), (I-1(S))+(7.2), (I-1(S))+(7.3), (I-1(S))+(7.4), (I-1(S))+(7.5), (I-1(S))+(7.6), (I-1(S))+(7.7), (I-1(S))+(7.8), (I-1(S))+(7.9), (I-1(S))+(7.10), (I-1(S))+(7.11), (I-1(S))+(7.12), (I-1(S))+(7.13), (I-1(S))+(7.14), (I-1(S))+(7.15), (I-1(S))+(7.16), (I-1(S))+(7.17), (I-1(S))+(7.18), (I-1(S))+(7.19), (I-1(S))+(7.20), (I-1(S))+(7.21), (I-1(S))+(7.22), (I-1(S))+(7.23), (I-1(S))+(7.24), (I-1(S))+(7.25),
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(I-5(R))+(5.1), (I-5(R))+(5.2), (I-5(R))+(5.3), (I-5(R))+(5.4), (I-5(R))+(5.5), (I-5(R))+(5.6), (I-5(R))+(5.7), (I-5(R))+(5.8), (I-5(R))+(5.9), (I-5(R))+(5.10), (I-5(R))+(5.11), (I-5(R))+(5.12), (I-5(R))+(5.13), (I-5(R))+(5.14), (I-5(R))+(5.15), (I-5(R))+(5.16), (I-5(R))+(5.17), (I-5(R))+(5.18), (I-5(R))+(5.19), (I-5(R))+(5.20), (I-5(R))+(5.21), (I-5(R))+(5.22), (I-5(R))+(5.23), (I-5(R))+(5.24), (I-5(R))+(5.25), (I-5(R))+(5.26), (I-5(R))+(5.27), (I-5(R))+(5.28), (I-5(R))+(5.29), (I-5(R))+(5.30), (I-5(R))+(5.31), (I-5(R))+(5.32), (I-5(R))+(5.33), (I-5(R))+(5.34), (I-5(R))+(5.35), (I-5(R))+(5.36), (I-5(R))+(5.37), (I-5(R))+(5.38), (I-5(R))+(5.39), (I-5(R))+(5.40), (I-5(R))+(5.41), (I-5(R))+(5.42), (I-5(R))+(5.43), (I-5(R))+(5.44), (I-5(R))+(5.45), (I-5(R))+(5.46), (I-5(R))+(5.47), (I-5(R))+(5.48), (I-5(R))+(5.49), (I-5(R))+(5.50), (I-5(R))+(5.51), (I-5(R))+(5.52), (I-5(R))+(5.53), (I-5(R))+(5.54), (I-5(R))+(5.55), (I-5(R))+(5.56), (I-5(R))+(5.57), (I-5(R))+(5.58), (I-5(R))+(6.1), (I-5(R))+(7.1), (I-5(R))+(7.2), (I-5(R))+(7.3), (I-5(R))+(7.4), (I-5(R))+(7.5), (I-5(R))+(7.6), (I-5(R))+(7.7), (I-5(R))+(7.8), (I-5(R))+(7.9), (I-5(R))+(7.10), (I-5(R))+(7.11), (I-5(R))+(7.12), (I-5(R))+(7.13), (I-5(R))+(7.14), (I-5(R))+(7.15), (I-5(R))+(7.16), (I-5(R))+(7.17), (I-5(R))+(7.18), (I-5(R))+(7.19), (I-5(R))+(7.20), (I-5(R))+(7.21), (I-5(R))+(7.22), (I-5(R))+(7.23), (I-5(R))+(7.24), (I-5(R))+(7.25),
The above mentioned mixtures or compositions may be used alone or in combination with other active ingredients such as A) fungicides and/or B) insecticides including but are not limited to:
A) Fungicides
The active ingredients specified herein by their “common name” are known and described, for example, in the Pesticide Manual or can be searched in the internet (e.g. http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides).
1) Inhibitors of the ergosterol biosynthesis, for example (1.1) aldimorph, (1.2) azaconazole, (1.3) bitertanol, (1.4) bromuconazole, (1.5) cyproconazole, (1.6) diclobutrazole, (1.7) difenoconazole, (1.8) diniconazole, (1.9) diniconazole-M, (1.10) dodemorph, (1.11) dodemorph acetate, (1.12) epoxiconazole, (1.13) etaconazole, (1.14) fenarimol, (1.15) fenbuconazole, (1.16) fenhexamid, (1.17) fenpropidin, (1.18) fenpropimorph, (1.19) fluquinconazole, (1.20) flurprimidol, (1.21) flusilazole, (1.22) flutriafol, (1.23) furconazole, (1.24) furconazole-cis, (1.25) hexaconazole, (1.26) imazalil, (1.27) imazalil sulfate, (1.28) imibenconazole, (1.29) ipconazole, (1.30) metconazole, (1.31) myclobutanil, (1.32) naftifine, (1.33) nuarimol, (1.34) oxpoconazole, (1.35) paclobutrazol, (1.36) pefurazoate, (1.37) penconazole, (1.38) piperalin, (1.39) prochloraz, (1.40) propiconazole, (1.41) prothioconazole, (1.42) pyributicarb, (1.43) pyrifenox, (1.44) quinconazole, (1.45) simeconazole, (1.46) spiroxamine, (1.47) tebuconazole, (1.48) terbinafine, (1.49) tetraconazole, (1.50) triadimefon, (1.51) triadimenol, (1.52) tridemorph, (1.53) triflumizole, (1.54) triforine, (1.55) triticonazole, (1.56) uniconazole, (1.57) uniconazole-p, (1.58) viniconazole, (1.59) voriconazole, (1.60) 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)cycloheptanol, (1.61) methyl 1-(2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate, (1.62) N′-{5-(difluoromethyl)-2-methyl-4-[3-(trimethylsilyl)propoxy]phenyl}-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (1.63) N-ethyl-N-methyl-N′-{2-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4-[3-(trimethylsilyl)propoxy]phenyl}imidoformamide, (1.64) O-[1-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl]1H-imidazole-1-carbothioate, (1.65) Pyrisoxazole.
2) Inhibitors of the respiratory chain at complex I or II, for example (2.1) bixafen, (2.2) boscalid, (2.3) carboxin, (2.4) diflumetorim, (2.5) fenfuram, (2.6) fluopyram, (2.7) flutolanil, (2.8) fluxapyroxad, (2.9) furametpyr, (2.10) furmecyclox, (2.11) isopyrazam (mixture of syn-epimeric racemate 1RS,4SR,9RS and anti-epimeric racemate 1RS,4SR,9SR), (2.12) isopyrazam (anti-epimeric racemate 1RS,4SR,9SR), (2.13) isopyrazam (anti-epimeric enantiomer 1R,4S,9S), (2.14) isopyrazam (anti-epimeric enantiomer 1S,4R,9R), (2.15) isopyrazam (syn epimeric racemate 1RS,4SR,9RS), (2.16) isopyrazam (syn-epimeric enantiomer 1R,4S,9R), (2.17) isopyrazam (synepimeric enantiomer 1S,4R,9S), (2.18) mepronil, (2.19) oxycarboxin, (2.20) penflufen, (2.21) penthiopyrad, (2.22) sedaxane, (2.23) thifluzamide, (2.24) 1-methyl-N-[2-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.25) 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[2-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.26) 3-(difluoromethyl)-N-[4-fluoro-2-(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropoxy)phenyl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.27) N-[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxypropan-2-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.28) 5,8-difluoro-N-[2-(2-fluoro-4-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenyl)ethyl]quinazolin-4-amine, (2.29) benzovindiflupyr, (2.30) N-[(1S,4R)-9-(dichloromethylene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methanonaphthalen-5-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.31) N-[(1R,4S)-9-(dichloromethylene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methanonaphthalen-5-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.32) 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.33) 1,3,5-trimethyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.34) 1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.35) 1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.36) 1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-N-[(3S)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.37) 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3S)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.38) 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.39) 1,3,5-trimethyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.40) 1,3,5-trimethyl-N-[(3S)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.41) benodanil, (2.42) 2-chloro-N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)pyridine-3-carboxamide, (2.43) N-[1-(4-isopropoxy-2-methylphenyl)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl]-3-methylthiophene-2-carboxamide.
3) Inhibitors of the respiratory chain at complex III, for example (3.1) ametoctradin, (3.2) amisulbrom, (3.3) azoxystrobin, (3.4) cyazofamid, (3.5) coumethoxystrobin, (3.6) coumoxystrobin, (3.7) dimoxystrobin, (3.8) enoxastrobin, (3.9) famoxadone, (3.10) fenamidone, (3.11) flufenoxystrobin, (3.12) fluoxastrobin, (3.13) kresoxim-methyl, (3.14) metominostrobin, (3.15) orysastrobin, (3.16) picoxystrobin, (3.17) pyraclostrobin, (3.18) pyrametostrobin, (3.19) pyraoxystrobin, (3.20) pyribencarb, (3.21) triclopyricarb, (3.22) trifloxystrobin, (3.23) (2E)-2-(2-{[6-(3-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-5-fluoropyrimidin-4-yl]oxy}phenyl)-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methylacetamide, (3.24) (2E)-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methyl-2-(2-{]({(1E)-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene}amino)oxy]methyl}phenyl)acetamide, (3.25) (2E)-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methyl-2-{2-[(E)-({1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethoxy}imino)methyl]phenyl}acetamide, (3.26) (2E)-2-{2-[({[(1E)-1-(3-{[(E)-1-fluoro-2-phenylvinyl]oxy}phenyl)ethylidene]amino}oxy)methyl]phenyl}-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methylacetamide, (3.27) Fenaminostrobin, (3.28) 5-methoxy-2-methyl-4-(2-{[({(1E)-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene}amino)oxy]methyl}phenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one, (3.29) methyl (2E)-2-{2-[({cyclopropyl[(4-methoxyphenyl)imino]methyl}sulfanyl)methyl]phenyl}-3-methoxyacrylate, (3.30) N-(3-ethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl)-3-formamido-2-hydroxybenzamide, (3.31) 2-{2-[(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}-2-methoxy-N-methylacetamide, (3.32) 2-{2-[(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}-2-methoxy-N-methylacetamide.
4) Inhibitors of the mitosis and cell division, for example (4.1) benomyl, (4.2) carbendazim, (4.3) chlorfenazole, (4.4) diethofencarb, (4.5) ethaboxam, (4.6) fluopicolide, (4.7) fuberidazole, (4.8) pencycuron, (4.9) thiabendazole, (4.10) thiophanate-methyl, (4.11) thiophanate, (4.12) zoxamide, (4.13) 5-chloro-7-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-6-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine, (4.14) 3-chloro-5-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-methyl-4-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)pyridazine.
5) Compounds capable to have a multisite action, for example (5.1) bordeaux mixture, (5.2) captafol, (5.3) captan, (5.4) chlorothalonil, (5.5) copper hydroxide, (5.6) copper naphthenate, (5.7) copper oxide, (5.8) copper oxychloride, (5.9) copper (2+) sulfate, (5.10) dichlofluanid, (5.11) dithianon, (5.12) dodine, (5.13) dodine free base, (5.14) ferbam, (5.15) fluorofolpet, (5.16) folpet, (5.17) guazatine, (5.18) guazatine acetate, (5.19) iminoctadine, (5.20) iminoctadine albesilate, (5.21) iminoctadine triacetate, (5.22) mancopper, (5.23) mancozeb, (5.24) maneb, (5.25) metiram, (5.26) metiram zinc, (5.27) oxine-copper, (5.28) propamidine, (5.29) propineb, (5.30) sulfur and sulfur preparations including calcium polysulfide, (5.31) thiram, (5.32) tolylfluanid, (5.33) zineb, (5.34) ziram, (5.35) anilazine
6) Compounds capable to induce a host defense, for example (6.1) acibenzolar-S-methyl, (6.2) isotianil, (6.3) probenazole, (6.4) tiadinil, (6.5) laminarin.
7) Inhibitors of the amino acid and/or protein biosynthesis, for example (7.1) andoprim, (7.2) blasticidin-S, (7.3) cyprodinil, (7.4) kasugamycin, (7.5) kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate, (7.6) mepanipyrim, (7.7) pyrimethanil, (7.8) 3-(5-fluoro-3,3,4,4-tetramethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline, (7.9) oxytetracycline, (7.10) streptomycin.
8) Inhibitors of the ATP production, for example (8.1) fentin acetate, (8.2) fentin chloride, (8.3) fentin hydroxide, (8.4) silthiofam.
9) Inhibitors of the cell wall synthesis, for example (9.1) benthiavalicarb, (9.2) dimethomorph, (9.3) flumorph, (9.4) iprovalicarb, (9.5) mandipropamid, (9.6) polyoxins, (9.7) polyoxorim, (9.8) validamycin A, (9.9) valifenalate, (9.10) polyoxin B.
10) Inhibitors of the lipid and membrane synthesis, for example (10.1) biphenyl, (10.2) chloroneb, (10.3) dicloran, (10.4) edifenphos, (10.5) etridiazole, (10.6) iodocarb, (10.7) iprobenfos, (10.8) isoprothiolane, (10.9) propamocarb, (10.10) propamocarb hydrochloride, (10.11) prothiocarb, (10.12) pyrazophos, (10.13) quintozene, (10.14) tecnazene, (10.15) tolclofos-methyl.
11) Inhibitors of the melanin biosynthesis, for example (11.1) carpropamid, (11.2) diclocymet, (11.3) fenoxanil, (11.4) phthalide, (11.5) pyroquilon, (11.6) tricyclazole, (11.7) 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl{3-methyl-1-[(4-methylbenzoyl)amino]butan-2-yl}carbamate.
12) Inhibitors of the nucleic acid synthesis, for example (12.1) benalaxyl, (12.2) benalaxyl-M (kiralaxyl), (12.3) bupirimate, (12.4) clozylacon, (12.5) dimethirimol, (12.6) ethirimol, (12.7) furalaxyl, (12.8) hymexazol, (12.9) metalaxyl, (12.10) metalaxyl-M (mefenoxam), (12.11) ofurace, (12.12) oxadixyl, (12.13) oxolinic acid, (12.14) octhilinone.
13) Inhibitors of the signal transduction, for example (13.1) chlozolinate, (13.2) fenpiclonil, (13.3) fludioxonil, (13.4) iprodione, (13.5) procymidone, (13.6) quinoxyfen, (13.7) vinclozolin, (13.8) proquinazid 14) Compounds capable to act as an uncoupler, for example (14.1) binapacryl, (14.2) dinocap, (14.3) ferimzone, (14.4) fluazinam, (14.5) meptyldinocap.
15) Further compounds, for example (15.1) benthiazole, (15.2) bethoxazin, (15.3) capsimycin, (15.4) carvone, (15.5) chinomethionat, (15.6) pyriofenone (chlazafenone), (15.7) cufraneb, (15.8) cyflufenamid, (15.9) cymoxanil, (15.10) cyprosulfamide, (15.11) dazomet, (15.12) debacarb, (15.13) dichlorophen, (15.14) diclomezine, (15.15) difenzoquat, (15.16) difenzoquat metilsulfate, (15.17) diphenylamine, (15.18) ecomate, (15.19) fenpyrazamine, (15.20) flumetover, (15.21) fluoroimide, (15.22) flusulfamide, (15.23) flutianil, (15.24) fosetyl-aluminium, (15.25) fosetyl-calcium, (15.26) fosetyl-sodium, (15.27) hexachlorobenzene, (15.28) irumamycin, (15.29) methasulfocarb, (15.30) methyl isothiocyanate, (15.31) metrafenone, (15.32) mildiomycin, (15.33) natamycin, (15.34) nickel dimethyldithiocarbamate, (15.35) nitrothal-isopropyl, (15.37) oxamocarb, (15.38) oxyfenthiin, (15.39) pentachlorophenol and salts, (15.40) phenothrin, (15.41) phosphorous acid and its salts, (15.42) propamocarb-fosetylate, (15.43) propanosine-sodium, (15.44) pyrimorph, (15.45) (2E)-3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-3-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-1-(morpholin-4-yl)prop-2-en-1-one, (15.46) (2Z)-3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-3-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-1-(morpholin-4-yl)prop-2-en-1-one, (15.47) pyrrolnitrine, (15.48) tebufloquin, (15.49) tecloftalam, (15.50) tolnifanide, (15.51) triazoxide, (15.52) trichlamide, (15.53) zarilamid, (15.54) (3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[({3-[(isobutyryloxy)methoxy]-4-methoxypyridin-2-yl}carbonyl)amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-1,5-dioxonan-7-yl 2-methylpropanoate, (15.55) 1-(4-{4-[(5R)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethanone, (15.56) 1-(4-{4-[(5S)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl- 3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethanone, (15.57) 1-(4-{4-[5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethanone, (15.58) 1-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl 1H-imidazole-1-carboxylate, (15.59) 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)pyridine, (15.60) 2,3-dibutyl-6-chlorothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one, (15.61) 2,6-dimethyl-1H,5H-[1,4]dithiino[2,3-c:5,6-c′]dipyrrole-1,3,5,7(2H,6H)-tetrone, (15.62) 2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-(4-{4-[(5R)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)ethanone, (15.63) 2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-(4-{4-[(5S)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)ethanone, (15.64) 2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-{4-[4-(5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]piperidin-1-yl}ethanone, (15.65) 2-butoxy-6-iodo-3-propyl-4H-chromen-4-one, (15.66) 2-chloro-5-[2-chloro-1-(2,6-difluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl]pyridine, (15.67) 2-phenylphenol and salts, (15.68) 3-(4,4,5-trifluoro-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline, (15.69) 3,4,5-trichloropyridine-2,6-dicarbonitrile, (15.70) 3-chloro-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-methylpyridazine, (15.71) 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-3,6-dimethylpyridazine, (15.72) 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol, (15.73) 5-chloro-N′-phenyl-N′-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)thiophene-2-sulfonohydrazide, (15.74) 5-fluoro-2-[(4-fluorobenzyl)oxy]pyrimidin-4-amine, (15.75) 5-fluoro-2-[(4-methylbenzyl)oxy]pyrimidin-4-amine, (15.76) 5-methyl-6-octyl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amine, (15.77) ethyl (2Z)-3-amino-2-cyano-3-phenylacrylate, (15.78) N′-(4-{[3-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]oxy}-2,5-dimethylphenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (15.79) N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-[3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]propanamide, (15.80) N-[(4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl]-3-[3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]propanamide, (15.81) N-[(5-bromo-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-2,4-dichloronicotinamide, (15.82) N-[1-(5-bromo-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-2,4-dichloronicotinamide, (15.83) N-[1-(5-bromo-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-2-fluoro-4-iodonicotinamide, (15.84) N-{(E)-[(cyclopropylmethoxy)imino][6-(difluoromethoxy)-2,3-difluorophenyl]methyl}-2-phenylacetamide, (15.85) N-{(Z)-[(cyclopropylmethoxy)imino][6-(difluoromethoxy)-2,3-difluorophenyl]methyl}-2-phenylacetamide, (15.86) N′-{4-[(3-tert-butyl-4-cyano-1,2-thiazol-5-yl)oxy]-2-chloro-5-methylphenyl}-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (15.87) N-methyl-2-(1-{[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-N-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide, (15.88) N-methyl-2-(1-{[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-N-[(1R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide, (15.89) N-methyl-2-(1-{[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-N-[(1S)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide, (15.90) pentyl{6-[({[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(phenyl)methylene]amino}oxy)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}carbamate, (15.91) phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, (15.92) quinolin-8-ol, (15.93) quinolin-8-ol sulfate (2:1), (15.94) tert-butyl{6-[({[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(phenyl)methylene]amino}oxy)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}carbamate, (15.95) 1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-N-[2′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.96) N-(4′-chlorobiphenyl-2-yl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.97) N-(2′,4′-dichlorobiphenyl-2-yl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.98) 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.99) N-(2′,5′-difluorobiphenyl-2-yl)-1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.100) 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[4′-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.101) 5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-N-[4′-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.102) 2-chloro-N-[4′-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]nicotinamide, (15.103) 3-(difluoromethyl)-N-[4′-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.104) N-[4′-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.105) 3-(difluoromethyl)-N-(4′-ethynylbiphenyl-2-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.106) N-(4′-ethynylbiphenyl-2-yl)-5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.107) 2-chloro-N-(4′-ethynylbiphenyl-2-yl)nicotinamide, (15.108) 2-chloro-N-[4′-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]nicotinamide, (15.109) 4-(difluoromethyl)-2-methyl-N-[4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide, (15.110) 5-fluoro-N-[4′-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.111) 2-chloro-N-[4′-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]nicotinamide, (15.112) 3-(difluoromethyl)-N-[4′-(3-methoxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.113) 5-fluoro-N-[4′-(3-methoxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.114) 2-chloro-N-[4′-(3-methoxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]nicotinamide, (15.115) (5-bromo-2-methoxy-4-methylpyridin-3-yl)(2,3,4-trimethoxy-6-methylphenyl)methanone, (15.116) N-[2-(4-{[3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-yn-1-yl]oxy}-3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N2-(methylsulfonyl)valinamide, (15.117) 4-oxo-4-[(2-phenylethyl)amino]butanoic acid, (15.118) but-3-yn-1-yl{6-[({[(Z)-(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(phenyl)methylene]amino}oxy)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}carbamate, (15.119) 4-amino-5-fluoropyrimidin-2-ol (mesomeric form: 4-amino-5-fluoropyrimidin-2(1H)-one), (15.120) propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, (15.121) 1,3-dimethyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.122) 1,3-dimethyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.123) 1,3-dimethyl-N-[(3S)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.124) [3-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,2-oxazol-4-yl](pyridin-3-yl)methanol, (15.125) (S)-[3-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,2-oxazol-4-yl](pyridin-3-yl)methanol, (15.126) (R)-[3-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,2-oxazol-4-yl](pyridin-3-yl)methanol, (15.127) 2-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.128) 1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl thiocyanate, (15.129) 5-(allylsulfanyl)-1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole, (15.130) 2-[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.131) 2-{[rel(2R,3S)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.132) 2-{[rel(2R,3R)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.133) 1-{[rel(2R,3S)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl thiocyanate, (15.134) 1-{[rel(2R,3R)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl thiocyanate, (15.135) 5-(allylsulfanyl)-1-{[rel(2R,3S)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole, (15.136) 5-(allylsulfanyl)-1-{[rel(2R,3R)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole, (15.137) 2-[(2S,4S,5S)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.138) 2-[(2R,4S,5S)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.139) 2-[(2R,4R,5R)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.140) 2-[(2S,4R,5R)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.141) 2-[(2S,4S,5R)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.142) 2-[(2R,4S,5R)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.143) 2-[(2R,4R,5S)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.144) 2-[(2S,4R,5S)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.145) 2-fluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)benzamide, (15.146) 2-(6-benzylpyridin-2-yl)quinazoline, (15.147) 2-[6-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methylpyridin-2-yl]quinazoline, (15.148) 3-(4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline, (15.149) Abscisic acid.
All named mixing partners of the classes (1) to (15) can, if their functional groups enable this, optionally form salts with suitable bases or acids.
B) Insecticides
The active ingredients specified herein by their “common name” are known and described, for example, in the Pesticide Manual (“The Pesticide Manual”, 14th Ed., British Crop Protection Council 2006) or can be searched in the internet (e.g. http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides).
1) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, for example
carbamates, e.g. Alanycarb (II-1-1), Aldicarb (II-1-2), Bendiocarb (II-1-3), Benfuracarb (II-1-4), Butocarboxim (II-1-5), Butoxycarboxim (II-1-6), Carbaryl (II-1-7), Carbofuran (II-1-8), Carbosulfan (II-1-9), Ethiofencarb (II-1-10), Fenobucarb (II-1-11), Formetanate (II-1-12), Furathiocarb (II-1-13), Isoprocarb (II-1-14), Methiocarb (II-1-15), Methomyl (II-1-16), Metolcarb (II-1-17), Oxamyl (II-1-18), Pirimicarb (II-1-19), Propoxur (II-1-20), Thiodicarb (II-1-21), Thiofanox (II-1-22), Triazamate (II-1-23), Trimethacarb (II-1-24), XMC (II-1-25), and Xylylcarb (II-1-26); or
organophosphates, e.g. Acephate (II-1-27), Azamethiphos (II-1-28), Azinphos-ethyl (II-1-29), Azinphos-methyl (II-1-30), Cadusafos (II-1-31), Chlorethoxyfos (II-1-32), Chlorfenvinphos (II-1-33), Chlormephos (II-1-34), Chlorpyrifos (II-1-35), Chlorpyrifos-methyl (II-1-36), Coumaphos (II-1-37), Cyanophos (II-1-38), Demeton-S-methyl (II-1-39), Diazinon (II-1-40), Dichlorvos/DDVP (II-1-41), Dicrotophos (II-1-42), Dimethoate (II-1-43), Dimethylvinphos (II-1-44), Disulfoton (II-1-45), EPN (II-1-46), Ethion (II-1-47), Ethoprophos (II-1-48), Famphur (II-1-49), Fenamiphos (II-1-50), Fenitrothion (II-1-51), Fenthion (II-1-52), Fosthiazate (II-1-53), Heptenophos (II-1-54), Imicyafos (II-1-55), Isofenphos (II-1-56), Isopropyl O-(methoxyaminothio-phosphoryl) salicylate (II-1-57), Isoxathion (II-1-58), Malathion (II-1-59), Mecarbam (II-1-60), Methamidophos (II-1-61), Methidathion (II-1-62), Mevinphos (II-1-63), Monocrotophos (II-1-64), Naled (II-1-65), Omethoate (II-1-66), Oxydemeton-methyl (II-1-67), Parathion (II-1-68), Parathion-methyl (II-1-69), Phenthoate (II-1-70), Phorate (II-1-71), Phosalone (II-1-72), Phosmet (II-1-73), Phosphamidon (II-1-74), Phoxim (II-1-75), Pirimiphos-methyl (II-1-76), Profenofos (II-1-77), Propetamphos (II-1-78), Prothiofos (II-1-79), Pyraclofos (II-1-80), Pyridaphenthion (II-1-81), Quinalphos (II-1-82), Sulfotep (II-1-83), Tebupirimfos (II-1-84), Temephos (II-1-85), Terbufos (II-1-86), Tetrachlorvinphos (II-1-87), Thiometon (II-1-88), Triazophos (II-1-89), Trichlorfon (II-1-90), and Vamidothion (II-1-91).
2) GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists, for example
cyclodiene organochlorines, e.g. Chlordane (II-2-1) and Endosulfan (II-2-2); or
phenylpyrazoles (fiproles), e.g. Ethiprole (II-2-3) and Fipronil (II-2-4).
3) Sodium channel modulators/voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers, for example
pyrethroids, e.g. Acrinathrin (II-3-1), Allethrin (II-3-2), d-cis-trans Allethrin (II-3-3), d-trans Allethrin (II-3-4), Bifenthrin (II-3-5), Bioallethrin (II-3-6), Bioallethrin S-cyclopentenyl isomer (II-3-7), Bioresmethrin (II-3-8), Cycloprothrin (II-3-9), Cyfluthrin (II-3-10), beta-Cyfluthrin (II-3-11), Cyhalothrin (II-3-12), lambda-Cyhalothrin (II-3-13), gamma-Cyhalothrin (II-3-14), Cypermethrin (II-3-15), alpha-Cypermethrin (II-3-16), beta-Cypermethrin (II-3-17), theta-Cypermethrin (II-3-18), zeta-Cypermethrin (II-3-19), Cyphenothrin [(1R)-trans isomers] (II-3-20), Deltamethrin (II-3-21), Empenthrin [(EZ)-(1R) isomers) (II-3-22), Esfenvalerate (II-3-23), Etofenprox (II-3-24), Fenpropathrin (II-3-25), Fenvalerate (II-3-26), Flucythrinate (II-3-27), Flumethrin (II-3-28), tau-Fluvalinate (II-3-29), Halfenprox (II-3-30), Imiprothrin (II-3-31), Kadethrin (II-3-32), Permethrin (II-3-33), Phenothrin [(1R)-trans isomer) (II-3-34), Prallethrin (II-3-35), Pyrethrine (pyrethrum) (II-3-36), Resmethrin (II-3-37), Silafluofen (II-3-38), Tefluthrin (II-3-39), Tetramethrin (II-3-40), Tetramethrin [(1R) isomers)] (II-3-41), Tralomethrin (II-3-42), and Transfluthrin (II-3-43); or
DDT (II-3-44); or Methoxychlor (II-3-45).
4) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists, for example
neonicotinoids, e.g. Acetamiprid (II-4-1), Clothianidin (II-4-2), Dinotefuran (II-4-3), Imidacloprid (II-4-4), Nitenpyram (II-4-5), Thiacloprid (II-4-6), and Thiamethoxam (II-4-7); or
Nicotine (II-4-8); or
Sulfoxaflor (II-4-9).
5) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric activators, for example
spinosyns, e.g. Spinetoram (II-5-1) and Spinosad (II-5-2).
6) Chloride channel activators, for example
avermectins/milbemycins, e.g. Abamectin (II-6-1), Emamectin benzoate (II-6-2), Lepimectin (II-6-3), and Milbemectin (II-6-4).
7) Juvenile hormone mimics, for example
juvenile hormone analogues, e.g. Hydroprene (II-7-1), Kinoprene (II-7-2), and Methoprene (II-7-3); or
Fenoxycarb (II-7-4); or Pyriproxyfen (II-7-5).
8) Miscellaneous non-specific (multi-site) inhibitors, for example
alkyl halides, e.g. Methyl bromide (II-8-1) and other alkyl halides; or
Chloropicrin (II-8-2); or Sulfuryl fluoride (II-8-3); or Borax (II-8-4); or Tartar emetic (II-8-5).
9) Selective homopteran feeding blockers, e.g. Pymetrozine (II-9-1); or Flonicamid (II-9-2).
10) Mite growth inhibitors, e.g. Clofentezine (II-10-1), Hexythiazox (II-10-2), and Diflovidazin (II-10-3); or
Etoxazole (II-10-4).
12) Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase, for example Diafenthiuron (II-12-1); or
organotin miticides, e.g. Azocyclotin (II-12-2), Cyhexatin (II-12-3), and Fenbutatin oxide (II-12-4); or
Propargite (II-12-5); or Tetradifon (II-12-6).
13) Uncouplers of oxidative phoshorylation via disruption of the proton gradient, for example Chlorfenapyr (II-13-1), DNOC (II-13-2), and Sulfluramid (II-13-3).
14) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel blockers, for example Bensultap (II-14-1), Cartap hydrochloride (II-14-2), Thiocyclam (II-14-3), and Thiosultap-sodium (II-14-4).
15) Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 0, for example Bistrifluron (II-15-1), Chlorfluazuron (II-15-2), Diflubenzuron (II-15-3), Flucycloxuron (II-15-4), Flufenoxuron (II-15-5), Hexaflumuron (II-15-6), Lufenuron (II-15-7), Novaluron (II-15-8), Noviflumuron (II-15-9), Teflubenzuron (II-15-10), and Triflumuron (II-15-11).
16) Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 1, for example Buprofezin (II-16-1).
17) Moulting disruptors, for example Cyromazine (II-17-1).
18) Ecdysone receptor agonists, for example Chromafenozide (II-18-1), Halofenozide (II-18-2), Methoxyfenozide (II-18-3), and Tebufenozide (II-18-4).
19) Octopamine receptor agonists, for example Amitraz (II-19-1).
20) Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors, for example Hydramethylnon (II-20-1); or Acequinocyl (II-20-2); or Fluacrypyrim (II-20-3).
21) Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors, for example
METI acaricides, e.g. Fenazaquin (II-21-1), Fenpyroximate (II-21-2), Pyrimidifen (II-21-3), Pyridaben (II-21-4), Tebufenpyrad (II-21-5), and Tolfenpyrad (II-21-6); or
Rotenone (Denis) (II-21-7).
22) Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers, e.g. Indoxacarb (II-22-1); or Metaflumizone (II-22-2).
23) Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase, for example
tetronic and tetramic acid derivatives, e.g. Spirodiclofen (II-23-1), Spiromesifen (II-23-2), and Spirotetramat (II-23-3).
24) Mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitors, for example
phosphines, e.g. Aluminium phosphide (II-24-1), Calcium phosphide (II-24-2), Phosphine (II-24-3), and Zinc phosphide (II-24-4); or
Cyanide (II-24-5).
25) Mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors, for example beta-ketonitrile derivatives, e.g. Cyenopyrafen (II-25-1) and Cyflumetofen (II-25-2).
28) Ryanodine receptor modulators, for example
diamides, e.g. Chlorantraniliprole (II-28-1), Cyantraniliprole (II-28-2), and Flubendiamide (II-28-3).
Further active ingredients with unknown or uncertain mode of action, for example Amidoflumet (II-29-1), Azadirachtin (II-29-2), Benclothiaz (II-29-3), Benzoximate (II-29-4), Bifenazate (II-29-5), Bromopropylate (II-29-6), Chinomethionat (II-29-7), Cryolite (II-29-8), Dicofol (II-29-9), Diflovidazin (II-29-10), Fluensulfone (II-29-11), Flufenerim (II-29-12), Flufiprole (II-29-13), Fluopyram (II-29-14), Fufenozide (II-29-15), Imidaclothiz (II-29-16), Iprodione (II-29-17), Meperfluthrin (II-29-18), Pyridalyl (II-29-19), Pyrifluquinazon (II-29-20), Tetramethylfluthrin (II-29-21), and iodomethane (II-29-22); furthermore one of the following known active compounds: 3-bromo-N-{2-bromo-4-chloro-6-[(1-cyclopropylethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (II-29-24) (known from WO2005/077934), 4-{[(6-bromopyridin-3-yl)methyl](2-fluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (II-29-25) (known from WO2007/115644), 4-{[(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)methyl](2,2-difluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (II-29-26) (known from WO2007/115644), 4-{[(2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl](2-fluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (II-27-29) (known from WO2007/115644), 4-{[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](2-fluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (II-29-28) (known from WO2007/115644), Flupyradifurone (II-29-29), 4-{[(6-chlor-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)methyl](methyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (II-29-30) (known from WO2007/115643), 4-{[(5,6-dichloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](2-fluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (II-29-31) (known from WO2007/115646), 4-{[(6-chloro-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)methyl](cyclopropyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (II-29-32) (known from WO2007/115643), 4-{[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](cyclopropyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (II-29-33) (known from EP-A-0 539 588), 4-{[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](methyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (II-29-34) (known from EP-A-0 539 588), {[1-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)ethyl](methyl)oxido-λ 4 -sulfanylidene}cyanamide (II-29-35) (known from WO2007/149134) and its diastereomers {[(1R)-1-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)ethyl](methyl)oxido-λ 4 -sulfanylidene}cyanamide (A) (II-29-36), and {[(1S)-1-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)ethyl](methyl)oxido-λ 4 -sulfanylidene}cyanamide (B) (II-29-37) (also known from WO2007/149134) as well as diastereomers [(R)-methyl(oxido){(1R)-1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-λ 4 -sulfanylidene]cyanamide (A1) (II-29-38), and [(S)-methyl(oxido){(1S)-1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-λ 4 -sulfanylidene]cyanamide (A2) (II-29-39), referred to as group of diastereomers A (known from WO2010/074747, WO2010/074751), [(R)-methyl(oxido){(1S)-1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-λ 4 -sulfanylidene]cyanamide (B1) (II-29-40), and [(S)-methyl(oxido){(1R)-1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-λ 4 -sulfanylidene]cyanamide (B2) (II-29-41), referred to as group of diastereomers B (also known from WO2010/074747, WO2010/074751), and 11-(4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-12-hydroxy-1,4-dioxa-9-azadispiro[4.2.4.2]tetradec-11-en-10-one (II-29-42) (known from WO2006/089633), 3-(4′-fluoro-2,4-dimethylbiphenyl-3-yl)-4-hydroxy-8-oxa-1-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-2-one (II-29-43) (known from WO2008/067911), 1-{2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-[(2,2,2-trifluorethyl)sulfinyl]phenyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine (II-29-44) (known from WO2006/043635), Afidopyropen (II-29-45) (known from WO2008/066153), 2-cyano-3-(difluoromethoxy)-N,N-dimethylbenzenesulfonamide (II-29-46) (known from WO2006/056433), 2-cyano-3-(difluoromethoxy)-N-methylbenzenesulfonamide (II-29-47) (known from WO2006/100288), 2-cyano-3-(difluoromethoxy)-N-ethylbenzenesulfonamide (II-29-48) (known from WO2005/035486), 4-(difluoromethoxy)-N-ethyl-N-methyl-1,2-benzothiazol-3-amine 1,1-dioxide (II-29-49) (known from WO2007/057407), N-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)-2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-amine (II-29-50) (known from WO2008/104503), {1′-[(2E)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]-5-fluorospiro[indole-3,4′-piperidin]-1(2H)-yl}(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)methanone (II-29-51) (known from WO2003/106457), 3-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-4-hydroxy-8-methoxy-1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-2-one (II-29-52) (known from WO2009/049851), 3-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-8-methoxy-2-oxo-1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-4-yl ethyl carbonate (II-29-53) (known from WO2009/049851), 4-(but-2-yn-1-yloxy)-6-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-5-fluoropyrimidine (II-29-54) (known from WO2004/099160), (2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentyl)(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)malononitrile (II-29-55) (known from WO2005/063094), (2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentyl)(3,3,4,4,4-pentafluorobutyl)malononitrile (II-29-56) (known from WO2005/063094), 8-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-3-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridazin-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (II-29-57) (known from WO2007/040280), Flometoquin (II-29-58), PF1364 (CAS-Reg. No. 1204776-60-2) (II-29-59) (known from JP2010/018586), 5-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)benzonitrile (II-29-60) (known from WO2007/075459), 5-[5-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)benzonitrile (II-29-61) (known from WO2007/075459), 4-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-2-methyl-N-[2-oxo-2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amino]ethyl}benzamide (II-29-62) (known from WO2005/085216), 4-{[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](cyclopropyl)amino}-1,3-oxazol-2(5H)-one (II-29-63), 4-{[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](2,2-difluoroethyl)amino}-1,3-oxazol-2(5H)-one (II-29-64), 4-{[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](ethyl)amino}-1,3-oxazol-2(5H)-one (II-29-65), 4-{[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](methyl)amino}-1,3-oxazol-2(5H)-one (II-29-66) (all known from WO2010/005692), Pyflubumide (II-29-67) (known from WO2002/096882), methyl 2-[2-({[3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]carbonyl}amino)-5-chloro-3-methylbenzoyl]-2-methylhydrazinecarboxylate (II-29-68) (known from WO2005/085216), methyl 2-[2-({[3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]carbonyl}amino)-5-cyano-3-methylbenzoyl]-2-ethylhydrazinecarboxylate (II-29-69) (known from WO2005/085216), methyl 2-[2-({[3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]carbonyl}amino)-5-cyano-3-methylbenzoyl]-2-methylhydrazinecarboxylate (II-29-70) (known from WO2005/085216), methyl 2-[3,5-dibromo-2-({[3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]carbonyl}amino)benzoyl]-1,2-diethylhydrazinecarboxylate (II-29-71) (known from WO2005/085216), methyl 2-[3,5-dibromo-2-({[3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]carbonyl}amino)benzoyl]-2-ethylhydrazinecarboxylate (II-29-72) (known from WO2005/085216), (5RS,7RS,5RS,7SR)-1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-7-methyl-8-nitro-5-propoxyimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine (II-29-73) (known from WO2007/101369), 2-{6-[2-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol-5-yl]pyridin-2-yl}pyrimidine (II-29-74) (known from WO2010/006713), 2-{6-[2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol-5-yl]pyridin-2-yl}pyrimidine (II-29-75) (known from WO2010/006713), 1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (II-29-76) (known from WO2010/069502), 1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (II-29-77) (known from WO2010/069502), N-[2-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)-4-cyano-6-methylphenyl]-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-3-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (II-29-78) (known from WO2010/069502), N-[2-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)-4-cyano-6-methylphenyl]-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-3-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (II-29-79) (known from WO2010/069502), (1E)-N-[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-N′-cyano-N-(2,2-difluoroethyl)ethanimidamide (II-29-80) (known from WO2008/009360), N-[2-(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-4-chloro-6-methylphenyl]-3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (II-29-81) (known from CN102057925), methyl 2-[3,5-dibromo-2-({[3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]carbonyl}amino)benzoyl]-2-ethyl-1-methylhydrazinecarboxylate (II-29-82) (known from WO2011/049233), Heptafluthrin (II-29-83), Pyriminostrobin (II-29-84), Flufenoxystrobin (II-29-85), and 3-chloro-N 2 -(2-cyanopropan-2-yl)-N 1 -[4-(1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropan-2-yl)-2-methylphenyl]phthalamide (II-29-86) (known from WO2012/034472).
Although the mixture according to the present invention may be a composition itself, the final used composition is usually prepared by mixing the compounds of the formula (I) with the biological control agent as defined above and an inert carrier, and if necessary, by adding a surfactant and/or another auxiliary for formulation, such as an extender, and by formulating the mixture into oil formulation, emulsifiable concentrate, flowable formulation, wettable powder, water dispersible granules, powder, granules, or the like. The formulation, which is used alone or by adding another inert component, can be used as a pesticide.
Specific further components of this final composition are described later.
The treatment of plants or plant parts can be carried out in two or more steps:
a) with a compound of general formula (I), and b) at least one biological control agent
wherein the two components are applied separately to the crop at the same or different plant growth stages including post harvest treatment. The application of a) and b) is not limited to a special order or number of applications.
The “composition” can be prepared by formulating the compounds of the formula (I) and at least one biological control agent, in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes botanical extracts and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites as described in the above, and then making the formulations or their diluents.
For the sake of clearness, a mixture means a physical combination of the compounds of the formula (I) and at least one biological control agent as defined above, whereas a composition means a combination of the mixture together with further additives, such as surfactants, solvents, carriers, pigments, antifoams, thickeners and extenders, in a form as suitable for agrochemical application.
Accordingly, the present invention also relates compositions for controlling harmful microorganisms, especially harmful fungi and bacteria, comprising an effective and non-phytotoxic amount of the inventive mixtures. These are preferably fungicidal compositions which comprise agriculturally suitable auxiliaries, solvents, carriers, surfactants or extenders.
In the context of the present invention, “control of harmful microorganisms” means a reduction in infestation by harmful microorganisms, compared with the untreated plant measured as fungicidal efficacy, preferably a reduction by 25-50%, compared with the untreated plant (100%), more preferably a reduction by 40-79%, compared with the untreated plant (100%); even more preferably, the infection by harmful microorganisms is entirely suppressed (by 70-100%). The control may be curative, i.e. for treatment of already infected plants, or protective, for protection of plants which have not yet been infected.
Accordingly, the present invention also relates compositions for controlling pests, especially harmful insects, mites, arachnids and nematodes, comprising an effective and non-phytotoxic amount of the inventive mixtures or compositions. These are preferably pesticidal compositions which comprise agriculturally suitable auxiliaries, solvents, carriers, surfactants or extenders.
In the context of the present invention, “control of pests” means a reduction in infestation by harmful pests, compared with the untreated plant measured as pesticidal efficacy, preferably a reduction by 25-50%, compared with the untreated plant (100%), more preferably a reduction by 40-79%, compared with the untreated plant (100%); even more preferably, the infection by pests is entirely suppressed (by 70-100%). The control may be curative, i.e. for treatment of already infected plants, or protective, for protection of plants which have not yet been infected.
The present invention also relates to a method for controlling pests, comprising contacting said pests or their habitat with the above-described composition.
An “effective but non-phytotoxic amount” means an amount of the inventive composition which is sufficient to control the fungal disease of the plant in a satisfactory manner or to eradicate the fungal disease completely, and which, at the same time, does not cause any significant symptoms of phytotoxicity. In general, this application rate may vary within a relatively wide range. It depends on several factors, for example on the fungus to be controlled, the plant, the climatic conditions and the ingredients of the inventive compositions.
The present invention also relates to a method for controlling pests, comprising contacting said pests or their habitat with the above-described composition.
The present invention relates further to a method for treating seeds, comprising contacting said seeds with the above-described composition.
Finally, the present invention also relates to seed treated with the above-mentioned composition
Formulations
Suitable organic solvents include all polar and non-polar organic solvents usually employed for formulation purposes. Preferable the solvents are selected from ketones, e.g. methyl-isobutyl-ketone and cyclohexanone, amides, e.g. dimethyl formamide and alkanecarboxylic acid amides, e.g. N,N-dimethyl decaneamide and N,N-dimethyl octanamide, furthermore cyclic solvents, e.g. N-methyl-pyrrolidone, N-octyl-pyrrolidone, N-dodecyl-pyrrolidone, N-octyl-caprolactame, N-dodecyl-caprolactame and butyrolactone, furthermore strong polar solvents, e.g. dimethylsulfoxide, and aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. xylol, Solvesso™, mineral oils, e.g. white spirit, petroleum, alkyl benzenes and spindle oil, also esters, e.g. propyleneglycol-monomethylether acetate, adipic acid dibutylester, acetic acid hexylester, acetic acid heptylester, citric acid tri-n-butylester and phthalic acid di-n-butylester, and also alcohols, e.g. benzyl alcohol and 1-methoxy-2-propanol.
According to the invention, a carrier is a natural or synthetic, organic or inorganic substance with which the active ingredients are mixed or combined for better applicability, in particular for application to plants or plant parts or seed. The carrier, which may be solid or liquid, is generally inert and should be suitable for use in agriculture.
Useful solid or liquid carriers include: for example ammonium salts and natural rock dusts, such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth, and synthetic rock dusts, such as finely divided silica, alumina and natural or synthetic silicates, resins, waxes, solid fertilizers, water, alcohols, especially butanol, organic solvents, mineral and vegetable oils, and derivatives thereof. Mixtures of such carriers can likewise be used.
Suitable solid filler and carrier include inorganic particles, e.g. carbonates, silikates, sulphates and oxides with an average particle size of between 0.005 and 20 μm, preferably of between 0.02 to 10 μm, for example ammonium sulphate, ammonium phosphate, urea, calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, magnesium oxide, aluminium oxide, silicium dioxide, so-called fine-particle silica, silica gels, natural or synthetic silicates, and alumosilicates and plant products like cereal flour, wood powder/sawdust and cellulose powder.
Useful solid carriers for granules include: for example crushed and fractionated natural rocks such as calcite, marble, pumice, sepiolite, dolomite, and synthetic granules of inorganic and organic meals, and also granules of organic material such as sawdust, coconut shells, maize cobs and tobacco stalks.
Useful liquefied gaseous extenders or carriers are those liquids which are gaseous at standard temperature and under standard pressure, for example aerosol propellants such as halohydrocarbons, and also butane, propane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
In the formulations, it is possible to use tackifiers such as carboxymethylcellulose, and natural and synthetic polymers in the form of powders, granules or latices, such as gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate, or else natural phospholipids, such as cephalins and lecithins, and synthetic phospholipids. Further additives may be mineral and vegetable oils.
If the extender used is water, it is also possible to employ, for example, organic solvents as auxiliary solvents. Useful liquid solvents are essentially: aromatics such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatics and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or dichloromethane, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane or paraffins, for example mineral oil fractions, mineral and vegetable oils, alcohols such as butanol or glycol and their ethers and esters, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, strongly polar solvents such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulphoxide, and also water.
The inventive compositions may additionally comprise further components, for example surfactants. Useful surfactants are emulsifiers and/or foam formers, dispersants or wetting agents having ionic or nonionic properties, or mixtures of these surfactants. Examples of these are salts of polyacrylic acid, salts of lignosulphonic acid, salts of phenolsulphonic acid or naphthalenesulphonic acid, polycondensates of ethylene oxide with fatty alcohols or with fatty acids or with fatty amines, substituted phenols (preferably alkylphenols or arylphenols), salts of sulphosuccinic esters, taurine derivatives (preferably alkyl taurates), phosphoric esters of polyethoxylated alcohols or phenols, fatty esters of polyols, and derivatives of the compounds containing sulphates, sulphonates and phosphates, for example alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, alkylsulphonates, alkylsulphates, arylsulphonates, protein hydrolysates, lignosulphite waste liquors and methylcellulose. The presence of a surfactant is necessary if one of the active ingredients and/or one of the inert carriers is insoluble in water and when application is effected in water. The proportion of surfactants is between 5 and 40 percent by weight of the inventive composition.
Suitable surfactants (adjuvants, emulsifiers, dispersants, protective colloids, wetting agent and adhesive) include all common ionic and non-ionic substances, for example ethoxylated nonylphenols, polyalkylene glycolether of linear or branched alcohols, reaction products of alkyl phenols with ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide, reaction products of fatty acid amines with ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide, furthermore fattic acid esters, alkyl sulfonates, alkyl sulphates, alkyl ethersulphates, alkyl etherphosphates, arylsulphate, ethoxylated arylalkylphenols, e.g. tristyryl-phenol-ethoxylates, furthermore ethoxylated and propoxylated arylalkylphenols like sulphated or phosphated arylalkylphenol-ethoxylates and -ethoxy- and -propoxylates. Further examples are natural and synthetic, water soluble polymers, e.g. lignosulphonates, gelatine, gum arabic, phospholipides, starch, hydrophobic modified starch and cellulose derivatives, in particular cellulose ester and cellulose ether, further polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid and co-polymerisates of (meth)acrylic acid and (meth)acrylic acid esters, and further co-polymerisates of methacrylic acid and methacrylic acid esters which are neutralized with alkalimetal hydroxide and also condensation products of optionally substituted naphthalene sulfonic acid salts with formaldehyde.
It is possible to use dyes such as inorganic pigments, for example iron oxide, titanium oxide and Prussian Blue, and organic dyes such as alizarin dyes, azo dyes and metal phthalocyanine dyes, and trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
Antifoams which may be present in the formulations include e.g. silicone emulsions, longchain alcohols, fatty acids and their salts as well as fluoroorganic substances and mixtures thereof.
Examples of thickeners are polysaccharides, e.g. xanthan gum or veegum, silicates, e.g. attapulgite, bentonite as well as fine-particle silica.
If appropriate, it is also possible for other additional components to be present, for example protective colloids, binders, adhesives, thickeners, thixotropic substances, penetrants, stabilizers, sequestrants, complexing agents. In general, the active ingredients can be combined with any solid or liquid additive commonly used for formulation purposes.
The inventive mixtures or compositions can be used as such or, depending on their particular physical and/or chemical properties, in the form of their formulations or the use forms prepared therefrom, such as aerosols, capsule suspensions, cold-fogging concentrates, warm-fogging concentrates, encapsulated granules, fine granules, flowable concentrates for the treatment of seed, ready-to-use solutions, dustable powders, emulsifiable concentrates, oil-in-water emulsions, water-in-oil emulsions, macrogranules, microgranules, oil-dispersible powders, oil-miscible flowable concentrates, oil-miscible liquids, gas (under pressure), gas generating product, foams, pastes, pesticide coated seed, suspension concentrates, suspoemulsion concentrates, soluble concentrates, suspensions, wettable powders, soluble powders, dusts and granules, water-soluble and water-dispersible granules or tablets, water-soluble and water-dispersible powders for the treatment of seed, wettable powders, natural products and synthetic substances impregnated with active ingredient, and also microencapsulations in polymeric substances and in coating materials for seed, and also ULV cold-fogging and warm-fogging formulations.
The inventive compositions include not only formulations which are already ready for use and can be applied with a suitable apparatus to the plant or the seed, but also commercial concentrates which have to be diluted with water prior to use. Customary applications are for example dilution in water and subsequent spraying of the resulting spray liquor, application after dilution in oil, direct application without dilution, seed treatment or soil application of granules.
The inventive mixtures, compositions and formulations generally contain between 0.05 and 99% by weight, 0.01 and 98% by weight, preferably between 0.1 and 95% by weight, more preferably between 0.5 and 90% of active ingredient, most preferably between 10 and 70% by weight. For special applications, e.g. for protection of wood and derived timber products the inventive mixtures, compositions and formulations generally contain between 0.0001 and 95% by weight, preferably 0.001 to 60% by weight of active ingredient.
The contents of active ingredient in the application forms prepared from the formulations may vary in a broad range. The concentration of the active ingredients in the application forms is generally between 0.000001 to 95% by weight, preferably between 0.0001 and 2% by weight.
The formulations mentioned can be prepared in a manner known per se, for example by mixing the active ingredients with at least one customary extender, solvent or diluent, adjuvant, emulsifier, dispersant, and/or binder or fixative, wetting agent, water repellent, if appropriate desiccants and UV stabilizers and, if appropriate, dyes and pigments, antifoams, preservatives, inorganic and organic thickeners, adhesives, gibberellins and also further processing auxiliaries and also water. Depending on the formulation type to be prepared further processing steps are necessary, e.g. wet grinding, dry grinding and granulation.
The inventive mixtures or compositions may be present as such or in their (commercial) formulations and in the use forms prepared from these formulations as a mixture with other (known) active ingredients, such as insecticides, attractants, sterilants, bactericides, acaricides, nematicides, fungicides, growth regulators, herbicides, fertilizers, safeners and/or semiochemicals.
The inventive treatment of the plants and plant parts with the mixtures or compositions is effected directly or by action on their surroundings, habitat or storage space by the customary treatment methods, for example by dipping, spraying, atomizing, irrigating, evaporating, dusting, fogging, broadcasting, foaming, painting, spreading-on, watering (drenching), drip irrigating and, in the case of propagation material, especially in the case of seeds, also by dry seed treatment, wet seed treatment, slurry treatment, incrustation, coating with one or more coats, etc. It is also possible to deploy the mixtures or compositions by the ultra-low volume method or to inject the mixtures or compositions preparation or the mixtures or compositions itself into the soil.
Plant/Crop Protection
The inventive mixtures or compositions have potent microbicidal activity and can be used for control of harmful microorganisms, such as phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria, in crop protection and in the protection of materials.
The invention also relates to a method for controlling harmful microorganisms, characterized in that the inventive mixtures or compositions are applied to the phytopathogenic fungi, phytopathogenic bacteria and/or their habitat.
Fungicides can be used in crop protection for control of phytopathogenic fungi. They are characterized by an outstanding efficacy against a broad spectrum of phytopathogenic fungi, including soilborne pathogens, which are in particular members of the classes Plasmodiophoromycetes, Peronosporomycetes (Syn. Oomycetes), Chytridiomycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes (Syn. Fungi imperfecti). Some fungicides are systemically active and can be used in plant protection as foliar, seed dressing or soil fungicide. Furthermore, they are suitable for combating fungi, which inter alia infest wood or roots of plant.
Bactericides can be used in crop protection for control of Pseudomonadaceae, Rhizobiaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Corynebacteriaceae and Streptomycetaceae.
Non-limiting examples of pathogens of fungal diseases which can be treated in accordance with the invention include:
diseases caused by powdery mildew pathogens, for example Blumeria species, for example Blumeria graminis; Podosphaera species, for example Podosphaera leucotricha; Sphaerotheca species, for example Sphaerotheca fuliginea; Uncinula species, for example Uncinula necator;
diseases caused by rust disease pathogens, for example Gymnosporangium species, for example Gymnosporangium sabinae; Hemileia species, for example Hemileia vastatrix; Phakopsora species, for example Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Phakopsora meibomiae; Puccinia species, for example Puccinia recondite, P. triticina, P. graminis or P. striiformis; Uromyces species, for example Uromyces appendiculatus;
diseases caused by pathogens from the group of the Oomycetes, for example Albugo species, for example Algubo candida; Bremia species, for example Bremia lactucae; Peronospora species, for example Peronospora pisi or P. brassicae; Phytophthora species, for example Phytophthora infestans; Plasmopara species, for example Plasmopara viticola; Pseudoperonospora species, for example Pseudoperonospora humuli or Pseudoperonospora cubensis; Pythium species, for example Pythium ultimum;
leaf blotch diseases and leaf wilt diseases caused, for example, by Alternaria species, for example Alternaria solani; Cercospora species, for example Cercospora beticola; Cladiosporium species, for example Cladiosporium cucumerinum; Cochliobolus species, for example Cochliobolus sativus (conidia form: Drechslera, Syn: Helminthosporium ), Cochliobolus miyabeanus; Colletotrichum species, for example Colletotrichum lindemuthanium; Cycloconium species, for example Cycloconium oleaginum; Diaporthe species, for example Diaporthe citri; Elsinoe species, for example Elsinoe fawcettii; Gloeosporium species, for example Gloeosporium laeticolor; Glomerella species, for example Glomerella cingulata; Guignardia species, for example Guignardia bidwelli; Leptosphaeria species, for example Leptosphaeria maculans, Leptosphaeria nodorum; Magnaporthe species, for example Magnaporthe grisea; Microdochium species, for example Microdochium nivale; Mycosphaerella species, for example Mycosphaerella graminicola, M. arachidicola and M. fijiensis; Phaeosphaeria species, for example Phaeosphaeria nodorum; Pyrenophora species, for example Pyrenophora teres, Pyrenophora tritici repentis; Ramularia species, for example Ramularia collo - cygni, Ramularia areola; Rhynchosporium species, for example Rhynchosporium secalis; Septoria species, for example Septoria apii, Septoria lycopersii; Typhula species, for example Typhula incarnate; Venturia species, for example Venturia inaequalis;
root and stem diseases caused, for example, by Corticium species, for example Corticium graminearum; Fusarium species, for example Fusarium oxysporum; Gaeumannomyces species, for example Gaeumannomyces graminis; Rhizoctonia species, such as, for example Rhizoctonia solani; Sarocladium diseases caused for example by Sarocladium oryzae; Sclerotium diseases caused for example by Sclerotium oryzae; Tapesia species, for example Tapesia acuformis; Thielaviopsis species, for example Thielaviopsis basicola;
ear and panicle diseases (including corn cobs) caused, for example, by Alternaria species, for example Alternaria spp.; Aspergillus species, for example Aspergillus flavus; Cladosporium species, for example Cladosporium cladosporioides; Claviceps species, for example Claviceps purpurea; Fusarium species, for example Fusarium culmorum; Gibberella species, for example Gibberella zeae; Monographella species, for example Monographella nivalis; Septoria species, for example Septoria nodorum;
diseases caused by smut fungi, for example Sphacelotheca species, for example Sphacelotheca reiliana; Tilletia species, for example Tilletia caries, T. controversa; Urocystis species, for example Urocystis occulta; Ustilago species, for example Ustilago nuda, U. nuda tritici;
fruit rot caused, for example, by Aspergillus species, for example Aspergillus flavus; Botrytis species, for example Botrytis cinerea; Penicillium species, for example Penicillium expansum and P. purpurogenum; Sclerotinia species, for example Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; Verticilium species, for example Verticilium alboatrum;
seed and soilborne decay, mould, wilt, rot and damping-off diseases caused, for example, by Alternaria species, caused for example by Alternaria brassicicola; Aphanomyces species, caused for example by Aphanomyces euteiches; Ascochyta species, caused for example by Ascochyta lentis; Aspergillus species, caused for example by Aspergillus flavus; Cladosporium species, caused for example by Cladosporium herbarum; Cochliobolus species, caused for example by Cochliobolus sativus; (Conidiaform: Drechslera , Bipolaris Syn: Helminthosporium ); Colletotrichum species, caused for example by Colletotrichum coccodes; Fusarium species, caused for example by Fusarium culmorum; Gibberella species, caused for example by Gibberella zeae; Macrophomina species, caused for example by Macrophomina phaseolina; Monographella species, caused for example by Monographella nivalis; Penicillium species, caused for example by Penicillium expansum; Phoma species, caused for example by Phoma lingam; Phomopsis species, caused for example by Phomopsis sojae; Phytophthora species, caused for example by Phytophthora cactorum; Pyrenophora species, caused for example by Pyrenophora graminea; Pyricularia species, caused for example by Pyricularia oryzae; Pythium species, caused for example by Pythium ultimum; Rhizoctonia species, caused for example by Rhizoctonia solani; Rhizopus species, caused for example by Rhizopus oryzae; Sclerotium species, caused for example by Sclerotium rolfsii; Septoria species, caused for example by Septoria nodorum; Typhula species, caused for example by Typhula incarnate; Verticillium species, caused for example by Verticillium dahliae;
cancers, galls and witches' broom caused, for example, by Nectria species, for example Nectria galligena;
wilt diseases caused, for example, by Monilinia species, for example Monilinia laxa;
leaf blister or leaf curl diseases caused, for example, by Exobasidium species, for example Exobasidium vexans;
Taphrina species, for example Taphrina deformans;
decline diseases of wooden plants caused, for example, by Esca disease, caused for example by Phaemoniella clamydospora, Phaeoacremonium aleophilum and Fomitiporia mediterranea; Eutypa dyeback, caused for example by Eutypa lata; Ganoderma diseases caused for example by Ganoderma boninense; Rigidoporus diseases caused for example by Rigidoporus lignosus;
diseases of flowers and seeds caused, for example, by Botrytis species, for example Botrytis cinerea;
diseases of plant tubers caused, for example, by Rhizoctonia species, for example Rhizoctonia solani; Helminthosporium species, for example Helminthosporium solani;
Club root caused, for example, by Plasmodiophora species, for example Plamodiophora brassicae;
diseases caused by bacterial pathogens, for example Xanthomonas species, for example Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae; Pseudomonas species, for example Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans; Erwinia species, for example Erwinia amylovora.
The following diseases of soya beans can be controlled with preference:
Fungal diseases on leaves, stems, pods and seeds caused, for example, by Alternaria leaf spot ( Alternaria spec. atrans tenuissima ), Anthracnose ( Colletotrichum gloeosporoides dematium var. truncatum ), brown spot ( Septoria glycines ), cercospora leaf spot and blight ( Cercospora kikuchii ), choanephora leaf blight ( Choanephora infundibulifera trispora (Syn.)), dactuliophora leaf spot ( Dactuliophora glycines ), downy mildew ( Peronospora manshurica ), drechslera blight ( Drechslera glycini ), frogeye leaf spot ( Cercospora sojina ), leptosphaerulina leaf spot ( Leptosphaerulina trifolii ), phyllostica leaf spot ( Phyllosticta sojaecola ), pod and stem blight ( Phomopsis sojae ), powdery mildew ( Microsphaera diffusa ), pyrenochaeta leaf spot ( Pyrenochaeta glycines ), rhizoctonia aerial, foliage, and web blight ( Rhizoctonia solani ), rust ( Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Phakopsora meibomiae ), scab ( Sphaceloma glycines ), stemphylium leaf blight ( Stemphylium botryosum ), target spot ( Corynespora cassiicola ).
Fungal diseases on roots and the stem base caused, for example, by black root rot ( Calonectria crotalariae ), charcoal rot ( Macrophomina phaseolina ), fusarium blight or wilt, root rot, and pod and collar rot ( Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium orthoceras, Fusarium semitectum, Fusarium equiseti ), mycoleptodiscus root rot ( Mycoleptodiscus terrestris ), neocosmospora ( Neocosmospora vasinfecta ), pod and stem blight ( Diaporthe phaseolorum ), stem canker ( Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora ), phytophthora rot ( Phytophthora megasperma ), brown stem rot ( Phialophora gregata ), pythium rot ( Pythium aphanidennatum, Pythium irregulare, Pythium debaryanum, Pythium myriotylum, Pythium ultimum ), rhizoctonia root rot, stem decay, and damping-off ( Rhizoctonia solani ), sclerotinia stem decay ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ), sclerotinia southern blight ( Sclerotinia rolfsii ), thielaviopsis root rot ( Thielaviopsis basicola ).
The inventive fungicidal mixtures or compositions can be used for curative or protective/preventive control of phytopathogenic fungi. The invention therefore also relates to curative and protective methods for controlling phytopathogenic fungi by the use of the inventive mixtures or compositions, which are applied to the seed, the plant or plant parts, the fruit or the soil in which the plants grow.
The fact that the mixtures or compositions are well tolerated by plants at the concentrations required for controlling plant diseases allows the treatment of above-ground parts of plants, of propagation stock and seeds, and of the soil.
The mixtures or compositions according to the invention, in combination with good plant tolerance and favourable toxicity to warm-blooded animals and being tolerated well by the environment, are suitable for protecting plants and plant organs, for increasing harvest yields, for improving the quality of the harvested material and for controlling pests, in particular insects, arachnids, helminths, nematodes and molluscs, which are encountered in agriculture, in horticulture, in animal husbandry, in forests, in gardens and leisure facilities, in protection of stored products and of materials, and in the hygiene sector. They can be preferably employed as plant protection agents. They are active against normally sensitive and resistant species and against all or some stages of development. The abovementioned pests include:
pests from the phylum Arthropoda, especially from the class Arachnida, for example, Acarus spp., Aceria sheldoni, Aculops spp., Aculus spp., Amblyomma spp., Amphitetranychus viennensis, Argas spp., Boophilus spp., Brevipalpus spp., Bryobia graminum, Bryobia praetiosa, Centruroides spp., Chorioptes spp., Dermanyssus gallinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermacentor spp., Eotetranychus spp., Epitrimerus pyri, Eutetranychus spp., Eriophyes spp., Glycyphagus domesticus, Halotydeus destructor, Hemitarsonemus spp., Hyalomma spp., Ixodes spp., Latrodectus spp., Loxosceles spp., Metatetranychus spp., Neutrombicula autumnalis, Nuphersa spp., Oligonychus spp., Ornithodorus spp., Ornithonyssus spp., Panonychus spp., Phyllocoptruta oleivora, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Psoroptes spp., Rhipicephalus spp., Rhizoglyphus spp., Sarcoptes spp., Scorpio maurus, Steneotarsonemus spp., Steneotarsonemus spinki, Tarsonemus spp., Tetranychus spp., Trombicula alfreddugesi, Vaejovis spp., Vasates lycopersici;
from the class Chilopoda, for example, Geophilus spp., Scutigera spp.;
from the order or the class Collembola, for example, Onychiurus armatus;
from the class Diplopoda, for example, Blaniulus guttulatus;
from the class Insecta, e.g. from the order Blattodea, for example, Blattella asahinai, Blattella germanica, Blatta orientalis, Leucophaea maderae, Panchlora spp., Parcoblatta spp., Periplaneta spp., Supella longipalpa;
from the order Coleoptera, for example, Acalymma vittatum, Acanthoscelides obtectus, Adoretus spp., Agelastica alni, Agriotes spp., Alphitobius diaperinus, Amphimallon solstitialis, Anobium punctatum, Anoplophora spp., Anthonomus spp., Anthrenus spp., Apion spp., Apogonia spp., Atomaria spp., Attagenus spp., Bruchidius obtectus, Bruchus spp., Cassida spp., Cerotoma trifurcata, Ceutorrhynchus spp., Chaetocnema spp., Cleonus mendicus, Conoderus spp., Cosmopolites spp., Costelytra zealandica, Ctenicera spp., Curculio spp., Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Cryptorhynchus lapathi, Cylindrocopturus spp., Dermestes spp., Diabrotica spp., Dichocrocis spp., Dicladispa armigera, Diloboderus spp., Epilachna spp., Epitrix spp., Faustinus spp., Gibbium psylloides, Gnathocerus cornutus, Hellula undalis, Heteronychus arator, Heteronyx spp., Hylamorpha elegans, Hylotrupes bajulus, Hypera postica, Hypomeces squamosus, Hypothenemus spp., Lachnosterna consanguinea, Lasioderma serricorne, Latheticus oryzae, Lathridius spp., Lema spp., Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Leucoptera spp., Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, Lixus spp., Luperodes spp., Lyctus spp., Megascelis spp., Melanotus spp., Meligethes aeneus, Melolontha spp., Migdolus spp., Monochamus spp., Naupactus xanthographus, Necrobia spp., Niptus hololeucus, Oryctes rhinoceros, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Oryzaphagus oryzae, Otiorrhynchus spp., Oxycetonia jucunda, Phaedon cochleariae, Phyllophaga spp., Phyllophaga helleri, Phyllotreta spp., Popillia japonica, Premnotrypes spp., Prostephanus truncatus, Psylliodes spp., Ptinus spp., Rhizobius ventralis, Rhizopertha dominica, Sitophilus spp., Sitophilus oryzae, Sphenophorus spp., Stegobium paniceum, Sternechus spp., Symphyletes spp., Tanymecus spp., Tenebrio molitor, Tenebrioides mauretanicus, Tribolium spp., Trogoderma spp., Tychius spp., Xylotrechus spp., Zabrus spp.;
from the order Diptera, for example, Aedes spp., Agromyza spp., Anastrepha spp., Anopheles spp., Asphondylia spp., Bactrocera spp., Bibio hortulanus, Calliphora erythrocephala, Calliphora vicina, Ceratitis capitata, Chironomus spp., Chrysomyia spp., Chrysops spp., Chrysozona pluvialis, Cochliomyia spp., Contarinia spp., Cordylobia anthropophaga, Cricotopus sylvestris, Culex spp., Culicoides spp., Culiseta spp., Cuterebra spp., Dacus oleae, Dasyneura spp., Delftia spp., Dermatobia hominis, Drosophila spp., Echinocnemus spp., Fannia spp., Gasterophilus spp., Glossina spp., Haematopota spp., Hydrellia spp., Hydrellia griseola, Hylemya spp., Hippobosca spp., Hypoderma spp., Liriomyza spp., Lucilia spp., Lutzomyia spp., Mansonia spp., Musca spp., Oestrus spp., Oscinella frit, Paratanytarsus spp., Paralauterborniella subcincta, Pegomyia spp., Phlebotomus spp., Phorbia spp., Phormia spp., Piophila casei, Prodiplosis spp., Psila rosae, Rhagoletis spp., Sarcophaga spp., Simulium spp., Stomoxys spp., Tabanus spp., Tetanops spp., Tipula spp.;
from the order Heteroptera, for example, Anasa tristis, Antestiopsis spp., Boisea spp., Blissus spp., Calocoris spp., Campylomma livida, Cavelerius spp., Cimex spp., Collaria spp., Creontiades dilutus, Dasynus piperis, Dichelops furcatus, Diconocoris hewetti, Dysdercus spp., Euschistus spp., Eurygaster spp., Heliopeltis spp., Horcias nobilellus, Leptocorisa spp., Leptocorisa varicornis, Leptoglossus phyllopus, Lygus spp., Macropes excavatus, Miridae, Monalonion atratum, Nezara spp., Oebalus spp., Pentomidae, Piesma quadrata, Piezodorus spp., Psallus spp., Pseudacysta persea, Rhodnius spp., Sahlbergella singularis, Scaptocoris castanea, Scotinophora spp., Stephanitis nashi, Tibraca spp., Triatoma spp.;
from the order Homoptera, for example, Acizzia acaciaebaileyanae, Acizzia dodonaeae, Acizzia uncatoides, Acrida turrita, Acyrthosipon spp., Acrogonia spp., Aeneolamia spp., Agonoscena spp., Aleyrodes proletella, Aleurolobus barodensis, Aleurothrixus floccosus, Allocaridara malayensis, Amrasca spp., Anuraphis cardui, Aonidiella spp., Aphanostigma piri, Aphis spp., Arboridia apicalis, Arytainilla spp., Aspidiella spp., Aspidiotus spp., Atanus spp., Aulacorthum solani, Bemisia tabaci, Blastopsylla occidentalis, Boreioglycaspis melaleucae, Brachycaudus helichrysi, Brachycolus spp., Brevicoryne brassicae, Cacopsylla spp., Calligypona marginata, Carneocephala fulgida, Ceratovacuna lanigera, Cercopidae, Ceroplastes spp., Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, Chionaspis tegalensis, Chlorita onukii, Chondracris rosea, Chromaphis juglandicola, Chrysomphalus ficus, Cicadulina mbila, Coccomytilus halli, Coccus spp., Cryptomyzus ribis, Cryptoneossa spp., Ctenarytaina spp., Dalbulus spp., Dialeurodes citri, Diaphorina citri, Diaspis spp., Drosicha spp., Dysaphis spp., Dysmicoccus spp., Empoasca spp., Eriosoma spp., Erythroneura spp., Eucalyptolyma spp., Euphyllura spp., Euscelis bilobatus, Ferrisia spp., Geococcus coffeae, Glycaspis spp., Heteropsylla cubana, Heteropsylla spinulosa, Homalodisca coagulata, Hyalopterus arundinis, Icerya spp., Idiocerus spp., Idioscopus spp., Laodelphax striatellus, Lecanium spp., Lepidosaphes spp., Lipaphis erysimi, Macrosiphum spp., Macrosteles facifrons, Mahanarva spp., Melanaphis sacchari, Metcalfiella spp., Metopolophium dirhodum, Monellia costalis, Monelliopsis pecanis, Myzus spp., Nasonovia ribisnigri, Nephotettix spp., Nettigoniclla spectra, Nilaparvata lugens, Oncometopia spp., Orthezia praelonga, Oxya chinensis, Pachypsylla spp., Parabemisia myricae, Paratrioza spp., Parlatoria spp., Pemphigus spp., Peregrinus maidis, Phenacoccus spp., Phloeomyzus passerinii, Phorodon humuli, Phylloxera spp., Pinnaspis aspidistrae, Planococcus spp., Prosopidopsylla flava, Protopulvinaria pyriformis, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Pseudococcus spp., Psyllopsis spp., Psylla spp., Pteromalus spp., Pyrilla spp., Quadraspidiotus spp., Quesada gigas, Rastrococcus spp., Rhopalosiphum spp., Saissetia spp., Scaphoideus titanus, Schizaphis graminum, Selenaspidus articulatus, Sogata spp., Sogatella furcifera, Sogatodes spp., Stictocephala festina, Siphoninus phillyreae, Tenalaphara malayensis, Tetragonocephela spp., Tinocallis caryaefoliae, Tomaspis spp., Toxoptera spp., Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Trioza spp., Typhlocyba spp., Unaspis spp., Viteus vitifolii, Zygina spp.;
from the order Hymenoptera, for example, Acromyrmex spp., Athalia spp., Atta spp., Diprion spp., Hoplocampa spp., Lasius spp., Monomorium pharaonis, Sirex spp., Solenopsis invicta, Tapinoma spp., Urocerus spp., Vespa spp., Xeris spp.;
from the order Isopoda, for example, Armadillidium vulgare, Oniscus asellus, Porcellio scaber;
from the order Isoptera, for example, Coptotermes spp., Cornitermes cumulans, Cryptotermes spp., Incisitermes spp., Microtermes obesi, Odontotermes spp., Reticulitermes spp.;
from the order Lepidoptera, for example, Achroia grisella, Acronicta major, Adoxophyes spp., Aedia leucomelas, Agrotis spp., Alabama spp., Amyelois transitella, Anarsia spp., Anticarsia spp., Argyroploce spp., Barathra brassicae, Borbo cinnara, Bucculatrix thurberiella, Bupalus piniarius, Busseola spp., Cacoecia spp., Caloptilia theivora, Capua reticulana, Carpocapsa pomonella, Carposina niponensis, Cheimatobia brumata, Chilo spp., Choristoneura spp., Clysia ambiguella, Cnaphalocerus spp., Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Cnephasia spp., Conopomorpha spp., Conotrachelus spp., Copitarsia spp., Cydia spp., Dalaca noctuides, Diaphania spp., Diatraea saccharalis, Earias spp., Ecdytolopha aurantium, Elasmopalpus lignosellus, Eldana saccharina, Ephestia spp., Epinotia spp., Epiphyas postvittana, Etiella spp., Eulia spp., Eupoecilia ambiguella, Euproctis spp., Euxoa spp., Feltia spp., Galleria mellonella, Gracillaria spp., Grapholitha spp., Hedylepta spp., Helicoverpa spp., Heliothis spp., Hofmannophila pseudospretella, Homoeosoma spp., Homona spp., Hyponomeuta padella, Kakivoria flavofasciata, Laphygma spp., Laspeyresia molesta, Leucinodes orbonalis, Leucoptera spp., Lithocolletis spp., Lithophane antennata, Lobesia spp., Loxagrotis albicosta, Lymantria spp., Lyonetia spp., Malacosoma neustria, Maruca testulalis, Mamstra brassicae, Melanitis leda, Mocis spp., Monopis obviella, Mythimna separata, Nemapogon cloacellus, Nymphula spp., Oiketicus spp., Oria spp., Orthaga spp., Ostrinia spp., Oulema oryzae, Panolis flammea, Parnara spp., Pectinophora spp., Perileucoptera spp., Phthorimaea spp., Phyllocnistis citrella, Phyllonorycter spp., Pieris spp., Platynota stultana, Plodia interpunctella, Plusia spp., Plutella xylostella, Prays spp., Prodenia spp., Protoparce spp., Pseudaletia spp., Pseudaletia unipuncta, Pseudoplusia includens, Pyrausta nubilalis, Rachiplusia nu, Schoenobius spp., Scirpophaga spp., Scirpophaga innotata, Scotia segetum, Sesamia spp., Sesamia inferens, Sparganothis spp., Spodoptera spp., Spodoptera praefica, Stathmopoda spp., Stomopteryx subsecivella, Synanthedon spp., Tecia solanivora, Thermesia gemmatalis, Tinea cloacella, Tinea pellionella, Tineola bisselliella, Tortrix spp., Trichophaga tapetzella, Trichoplusia spp., Tryporyza incertulas, Tuta absoluta, Virachola spp.;
from the order Orthoptera or Saltatoria, for example, Acheta domesticus, Dichroplus spp., Gryllotalpa spp., Hieroglyphus spp., Locusta spp., Melanoplus spp., Schistocerca gregaria;
from the order Phthiraptera, for example, Damalinia spp., Haematopinus spp., Linognathus spp., Pediculus spp., Ptirus pubis, Trichodectes spp.;
from the order Psocoptera for example Lepinatus spp., Liposcelis spp.;
from the order Siphonaptera, for example, Ceratophyllus spp., Ctenocephalides spp., Pulex irritans, Tunga penetrans, Xenopsylla cheopsis;
from the order Thysanoptera, for example, Anaphothrips obscurus, Baliothrips biformis, Drepanothrips reuteri, Enneothrips flavens, Frankliniella spp., Heliothrips spp., Hercinothrips femoralis, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothrips spp., Taeniothrips cardamomi, Thrips spp.;
from the order Zygentoma (=Thysanura), for example, Ctenolepisma spp., Lepisma saccharina, Lepismodes inquilinus, Thermobia domestica;
from the class Symphyla, for example, Scutigerella spp.;
pests from the phylum Mollusca, especially from the class Bivalvia, for example, Dreissena spp., and from the class Gastropoda, for example, Anion spp., Biomphalaria spp., Bulinus spp., Deroceras spp., Galba spp., Lymnaea spp., Oncomelania spp., Pomacea spp., Succinea spp.;
animal pests from the phylums Plathelminthes and Nematoda, for example, Ancylostoma duodenale, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Acylostoma braziliensis, Ancylostoma spp., Ascaris spp., Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, Bunostomum spp., Chabertia spp., Clonorchis spp., Cooperia spp., Dicrocoelium spp., Dictyocaulus filaria, Diphyllobothrium latum, Dracunculus medinensis, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Enterobius vermicularis, Faciola spp., Haemonchus spp., Heterakis spp., Hymenolepis nana, Hyostrongulus spp., Loa Loa, Nematodirus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Opisthorchis spp., Onchocerca volvulus, Ostertagia spp., Paragonimus spp., Schistosomen spp., Strongyloides fuelleborni, Strongyloides stercoralis, Stronyloides spp., Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella nativa, Trichinella britovi, Trichinella nelsoni, Trichinella pseudopsiralis, Trichostrongulus spp., Trichuris trichuria, Wuchereria bancrofti;
phytoparasitic pests from the phylum Nematoda, for example, Aphelenchoides spp., Bursaphelenchus spp., Ditylenchus spp., Globodera spp., Heterodera spp., Longidorus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., Radopholus spp., Trichodorus spp., Tylenchulus spp., Xiphinema spp., Helicotylenchus spp., Tylenchorhynchus spp., Scutellonema spp., Paratrichodorus spp., Meloinema spp., Paraphelenchus spp., Aglenchus spp., Belonolaimus spp., Nacobbus spp., Rotylenchulus spp., Rotylenchus spp., Neotylenchus spp., Paraphelenchus spp., Dolichodorus spp., Hoplolaimus spp., Punctodera spp., Criconemella spp., Quinisulcius spp., Hemicycliophora spp., Anguina spp., Subanguina spp., Hemicriconemoides spp., Psilenchus spp., Pseudohalenchus spp., Criconemoides spp., Cacopaurus spp.
It is furthermore possible to control organisms from the subphylum Protozoa, especially from the order Coccidia, such as Eimeria spp.
The mixtures or compositions according to the invention, are particular suitable for controlling pests infecting soybean like Acrosternum hilare, Agrotis ipsilon, Calomycterus setarius, Ceratoma trifurcata, Colaspis brunnea, Colaspis crinnicornis, Cyclocephala lurida, Dectes texanus, Delftia platura, Epicauta funebris, Epicauta pennsylvanica, Epicauta spp., Epicauta vittata, Euschistus spp., Feltia ducens, Halticus bractatus, Hypena scabra, Melanoplus bivitatus, Melanoplus differentialis, Melanoplus femurrubrum, Odontota horni, Papaipema nebris, Peridroma saucia, Phyllophaga congrua, Phyllophaga implicita, Phyllophaga rugosa, Popillia japonica, Pseudoplusia includens, Spodoptera ornithogalli, Strigoderma arboricola, Tetranychus urticae, Vanessa cardui.
The mixtures or compositions according to the invention can also be used in the control of vectors. In the sense of the present invention, a vector is an arthropod, in particular an insect or arachnid, capable of transferring pathogens such as, for example, viruses, worms, single-cell organisms and bacteria from a reservoir (plant, animal, human, etc.) to a host. The pathogens may either be transferred mechanically onto a host (for example trachoma by non-biting flies) or transferred by injection into a host (for example malaria parasites by mosquitoes).
Examples of vectors and the diseases or pathogens transferred by them are:
1) mosquitoes
Anopheles: malaria, filariasis;
Culex: Japanese encephalitis, filariasis, other viral diseases, transfer of worms;
Aedes: yellow fever, Dengue fever, filariasis, other viral diseases;
Simuliidae: transfer of worms, in particular Onchocerca volvulus;
2) Lice: skin infections, epidemic typhus; 3) Fleas: plague, murine typhus; 4) Flies: sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis); cholera, other bacterial diseases; 5) Mites: Acariose, epidemic typhus, Rickettsialpox, Tularamia, Saint-Louis encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), Krim-Kongo haematologic fever, epidemic typhus, borreliosis; 6) Ticks: Borelliosis such as Borrelia duttoni, tick-borne encephalitis, Q fever ( Coxiella burnetii ), babesiosis ( Babesia canis canis ).
Examples of vectors in the sense of the present invention are insects such as aphids, flies, leaf hoppers or thrips, capable of transferring plant viruses to plants. Further vectors capable of transferring plant viruses are spider mites, lice, beetles and nematodes.
Further examples of vectors in the sense of the present invention are insects and arachnids such as mosquitoes, in particular of the genera Aedes, Anopheles, for example A. gambiae, A. arabiensis, A. funestus, A. dirus (Malaria), and Culex, lice, fleas, flies, mites and ticks capable of transferring pathogens to animals and/or humans.
A control of vectors is also possible with resistance-breaking compounds/compositions.
Mixtures or compositions of the present invention are suitable for use in the prevention of diseases or of pathogens transferred by vectors. Thus, a further aspect of the present invention is the use of compounds according to the invention for controlling vectors, e.g., in agriculture, in horticulture, in forests, in gardens and leisure facilities as well as in the protection of stored products and materials.
Plants
According to the invention all plants and plant parts can be treated. By plants is meant all plants and plant populations such as desirable and undesirable wild plants, cultivars and plant varieties (whether or not protectable by plant variety or plant breeder's rights). Cultivars and plant varieties can be plants obtained by conventional propagation and breeding methods which can be assisted or supplemented by one or more biotechnological methods such as by use of double haploids, protoplast fusion, random and directed mutagenesis, molecular or genetic markers or by bioengineering and genetic engineering methods. By plant parts is meant all above ground and below ground parts and organs of plants such as shoot, leaf, blossom and root, whereby for example leaves, needles, stems, branches, blossoms, fruiting bodies, fruits and seed as well as roots, corms and rhizomes are listed. Crops and vegetative and generative propagating material, for example cuttings, corms, rhizomes, runners and seeds also belong to plant parts.
The inventive mixtures or compositions s, when they are well tolerated by plants, have favourable homeotherm toxicity and are well tolerated by the environment, are suitable for protecting plants and plant organs, for enhancing harvest yields, for improving the quality of the harvested material. They can preferably be used as crop protection compositions. They are active against normally sensitive and resistant species and against all or some stages of development.
Plants which can be treated in accordance with the invention include the following main crop plants maize, soya bean, alfalfa, cotton, sunflower, Brassica oil seeds such as Brassica napus (e.g. canola, rapeseed), Brassica rapa, B. juncea (e.g. (field) mustard) and Brassica carinata, Arecaceae sp. (e.g. oilpalm, coconut), rice, wheat, sugar beet, sugar cane, oats, rye, barley, millet and sorghum, triticale, flax, nuts, grapes and vine and various fruit and vegetables from various botanic taxa, e.g. Rosaceae sp. (e.g. pome fruits such as apples and pears, but also stone fruits such as apricots, cherries, almonds, plums and peaches, and berry fruits such as strawberries, raspberries, red and black currant and gooseberry), Ribesioidae sp., Juglandaceae sp., Betulaceae sp., Anacardiaceae sp., Fagaceae sp., Moraceae sp., Oleaceae sp. (e.g. olive tree), Actinidaceae sp., Lauraceae sp. (e.g. avocado, cinnamon, camphor), Musaceae sp. (e.g. banana trees and plantations), Rubiaceae sp. (e.g. coffee), Theaceae sp. (e.g. tea), Sterculiceae sp., Rutaceae sp. (e.g. lemons, oranges, mandarins and grapefruit); Solanaceae sp. (e.g. tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, capsicum, aubergines, tobacco), Liliaceae sp., Compositae sp. (e.g. lettuce, artichokes and chicory—including root chicory, endive or common chicory), Umbelliferae sp. (e.g. carrots, parsley, celery and celeriac), Cucurbitaceae sp. (e.g. cucumbers including gherkins, pumpkins, watermelons, calabashes and melons), Alliaceae sp. (e.g. leeks and onions), Cruciferae sp. (e.g. white cabbage, red cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, pak choi, kohlrabi, radishes, horseradish, cress and chinese cabbage), Leguminosae sp. (e.g. peanuts, peas, lentils and beans e.g. common beans and broad beans), Chenopodiaceae sp. (e.g. Swiss chard, fodder beet, spinach, beetroot), Linaceae sp. (e.g. hemp), Cannabeacea sp. (e.g. cannabis), Malvaceae sp. (e.g. okra, cocoa), Papaveraceae (e.g. poppy), Asparagaceae (e.g. asparagus); useful plants and ornamental plants in the garden and woods including turf, lawn, grass and Stevia rebaudiana; and in each case genetically modified types of these plants.
Soybeans are particularly preferred plants.
In particular, the mixtures and compositions according to the invention are suitable for controlling the following plant diseases:
Albugo spp. (white rust) on ornamental plants, vegetable crops (e.g. A. candida ) and sunflowers (e.g. A. tragopogonis ); Alternaria spp. (black spot disease, black blotch) on vegetables, oilseed rape (e.g. A. brassicola or A. brassicae ), sugar beet (e.g. A. tenuis ), fruit, rice, soybeans and also on potatoes (e.g. A. solani or A. alternata ) and tomatoes (e.g. A. solani or A. alternata ) and Alternaria spp. (black head) on wheat; Aphanomyces spp. on sugar beet and vegetables; Ascochyta spp. on cereals and vegetables, e.g. A. tritici ( Ascochyta leaf blight) on wheat and A. hordei on barley; Bipolaris and Drechslera spp. (teleomorph: Cochliobolus spp.), e.g. leaf spot diseases ( D. maydis and B. zeicola ) on corn, e.g. glume blotch ( B. sorokiniana ) on cereals and e.g. B. oryzae on rice and on lawn; Blumeria (old name: Erysiphe ) graminis (powdery mildew) on cereals (e.g. wheat or barley); Botryosphaeria spp. (‘Slack Dead Arm Disease’) on grapevines (e.g. B. obtusa ); Botrytis cinerea (teleomorph: Botryotinia fuceliana: gray mold, gray rot) on soft fruit and pomaceous fruit (inter alia strawberries), vegetables (inter alia lettuce, carrots, celeriac and cabbage), oilseed rape, flowers, grapevines, forest crops and wheat (ear mold); Bremia lactucae (downy mildew) on lettuce; Ceratocystis (syn. Ophiostoma ) spp. (blue stain fungus) on deciduous trees and coniferous trees, e.g. C. ulmi (Dutch elm disease) on elms; Cercospora spp. ( Cereospora leaf spot) on corn (e.g. C. zeae - maydis ), rice, sugar beet (e.g. C. beticola ), sugar cane, vegetables, coffee, soybeans (e.g. C. sojina or C. kikuchil ) and rice; Cladosporium spp. on tomato (e.g. C. fulvum: tomato leaf mold) and cereals, e.g. C. herbarum (ear rot) on wheat; Claviceps purpurea (ergot) on cereals; Cochliobolus (anamorph: Helminthosporium or Bipolaris ) spp. (leaf spot) on corn (e.g. C. carbonum ), cereals (e.g. C. sativus, anamorph: B. sorokiniana: glume blotch) and rice (for example C. miyabeanus, anamorph: H. oryzae ); Colletotrichum (teleomorph: Glomerella ) spp. (anthracnosis) on cotton (e.g. C. gossypii ), corn (e.g. C. graminicola: stem rot and anthracnosis), soft fruit, potatoes (e.g. C. coccodes: wilt disease), beans (e.g. C. lindemuthianum ) and soybeans (e.g. C. truncatum ); Corticium spp., e.g. C. sasakii (sheath blight) on rice; Corynespora cassiicola (leaf spot) on soybeans and ornamental plants; Cycloconium spp., e.g. C. oleaginum on olives; Cylindrocarpon spp. (e.g. fruit tree cancer or black foot disease of grapevine, teleomorph: Nectria or Neonectria spp.) on fruit trees, grapevines (e.g. C. liriodendn; teleomorph: Neonectria liriodendri, black foot disease) and many ornamental trees; Dematophora (teleomorph: Rosellinia ) necatrix (root/stem rot) on soybeans; Diaporthe spp. e.g. D. phaseolorum (stem disease) on soybeans; Drechslera (syn. Helminthosporium, teleomorph: Pyrenophora ) spp. on corn, cereals, such as barley (e.g. D. teres, net blotch) and on wheat (e.g. D. tritici - repentis: DTR leaf spot), rice and lawn; Esca disease (dieback of grapevine, apoplexia) on grapevines, caused by Formitiporia (syn. Phellinus ) punctata, F. mediterranea. Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (old name Phaeoacremonium chlamydosporum ), Phaeoacremonium aleophilum and/or Botryosphaeria obtusa; Elsinoe spp. on pome fruit ( E. pyri ) and soft fruit ( E. veneta: anthracnosis) and also grapevines ( E. ampelina: anthracnosis); Entyloma oryzae (leaf smut) on rice; Epicoccum spp. (black head) on wheat; Erysiphe spp. (powdery mildew) on sugar beet ( E. betae ), vegetables (e.g. E. pisi ), such as cucumber species (e.g. E. cichoracearum ) and cabbage species, such as oilseed rape (e.g. E. cruciferarum ); Eutypa fata ( Eutypa cancer or dieback, anamorph: Cytosporina lata, syn. Libertella blepharis ) on fruit trees, grapevines and many ornamental trees; Exserohilum (syn. Helminthosporium ) spp. on corn (e.g. E. turcicum ); Fusarium (teleomorph: Gibberella ) spp. (wilt disease, root and stem rot) on various plants, such as e.g. F. graminearum or F. culmorum (root rot and silver-top) on cereals (e.g. wheat or barley), F. oxysporum on tomatoes, F. solani on soybeans and F. verticillioides on corn; Gaeumannomyces graminis (takeall) on cereals (e.g. wheat or barley) and corn; Gibberella spp. on cereals (e.g. G. zeae ) and rice (e.g. G. fujikuroi: bakanae disease); Glomerella cingulata on grapevines, pomaceous fruit and other plants and G. gossypii on cotton; grainstaining complex on rice; Guignardia bidwellii (black rot) on grapevines; Gymnosporangium spp. on Rosaceae and juniper, e.g. G. sabinae (pear rust) on pears; Helminthosporium spp. (syn. Drechslera, teleomorph: Cochliobolus ) on corn, cereals and rice; Hemileia spp., e.g. H. vastatrix (coffee leaf rust) on coffee; Isariopsis clavispora (syn. Cladosporium vitis ) on grapevines; Macrophomina phaseolina (syn. phaseoli ) (root/stem rot) on soybeans and cotton; Microdochium (syn. Fusarium ) nivale (pink snow mold) on cereals (e.g. wheat or barley); Microsphaera diffusa (powdery mildew) on soybeans; Monilinia spp., e.g. M. laxa. M. fructicola and M. fructigena (blossom and twig blight) on stone fruit and other Rosaceae; Mycosphaerella spp. on cereals, bananas, soft fruit and peanuts, such as e.g. M. graminicola (anamorph: Septoria tritici, Septoria leaf blotch) on wheat or M. fijiensis (Sigatoka disease) on bananas; Peronospora spp. (downy mildew) on cabbage (e.g. P. brassicae ), oilseed rape (e.g. P. parasitica ), bulbous plants (e.g. P. destructor ), tobacco ( P. tabacina ) and soybeans (e.g. P. manshurica ); Phakopsora pachyrhizi and P. meibomiae (soybean rust) on soybeans; Phialophora spp. e.g. on grapevines (e.g. P. tracheiphila and P. tetraspora ) and soybeans (e.g. P. gregata: stem disease); Phoma lingam (root and stem rot) on oilseed rape and cabbage and P. betae (leaf spot) on sugar beet; Phomopsis spp. on sunflowers, grapevines (e.g. P. viticola: dead-arm disease) and soybeans (e.g. stem canker/stem blight: P. phaseoli, teleomorph: Diaporthe phaseolorum ); Physodenna maydis (brown spot) on corn; Phytophthora spp. (wilt disease, root, leaf, stem and fruit rot) on various plants, such as on bell peppers and cucumber species (e.g. P. capsici ), soybeans (e.g. P. megasperma, syn. P. sojae ), potatoes and tomatoes (e.g. P. infestans. late blight and brown rot) and deciduous trees (e.g. P. ramorum sudden oak death); Plasmodiophora brassicae (club-root) on cabbage, oilseed rape, radish and other plants; Plasmopara spp., e.g. P. viticola (peronospora of grapevines, downy mildew) on grapevines and P. halstedii on sunflowers; Podosphaera spp. (powdery mildew) on Rosaceae, hops, pomaceaus fruit and soft fruit, e.g. P. leucotricha on apple; Polymyxa spp., e.g. on cereals, such as barley and wheat ( P. graminis ) and sugar beet ( P. betae ) and the viral diseases transmitted thereby; Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (eyespot/stem break, teleomorph: Tapesia yallundae ) on cereals. e.g. wheat or barley; Pseudoperonospora (downy mildew) on various plants, e.g. P. cubensis on cucumber species or P. humili on hops; Pseudopezicula tracheiphila (angular leaf scorch, anamorph Phialophora ) on grapevines; Puccinia spp. (rust disease) on various plants, e.g. P. triticina (brown rust of wheat), P. striiformis (yellow rust). P. hordei (dwarf leaf rust), P. graminis (black rust) or P. recondita (brown rust of rye) on cereals, such as e.g. wheat, barley or rye. P. kuehnii on sugar cane and, e.g., on asparagus (e.g. P. asparagi ); Pyrenophora (anamorph: Drechslera ) tritici - repentis (speckled leaf blotch) on wheat or P. teres (net blotch) on barley; Pyricularia spp., e.g. P. oryzae (teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea. rice blast) on rice and P. grisea on lawn and cereals; Pythium spp. (damping-off disease) on lawn, rice, corn, wheat, cotton, oilseed rape, sunflowers, sugar beet, vegetables and other plants (e.g. P. ultimum or P. aphanidennatum ); Ramularia spp., e.g. R. collocygni ( Ramularia leaf and lawn spot/physiological leaf spot) on barley and R. beticola on sugar beet; Rhizoctonia spp. on cotton, rice, potatoes, lawn, corn, oilseed rape, potatoes, sugar beet, vegetables and on various other plants, for example R. solani (root and stern rot) on soybeans, R. solani (sheath blight) on rice or R. cerealis (sharp eyespot) on wheat or barley; Rhizopus stolonifer (soft rot) on strawberries, carrots, cabbage, grapevines and tomato; Rhynchosporium secalis (leaf spot) on barley, rye and triticale; Sarocladium oryzae and S. attenuatum (sheath rot) on rice; Sclerotinia spp. (stem or white rot) on vegetable and field crops, such as oilseed rape, sunflowers (e.g. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ) and soybeans (e.g. S. rolfsii ), Septoria spp. on various plants, e.g. S. glycines (leaf spot) on soybeans, S. tritici ( Septoria leaf blotch) on wheat and S. (syn. Stagonospora ) nodorum (leaf blotch and glume blotch) on cereals; Uncinula (syn. Erysiphe ) necator (powdery mildew, anamorph: Oidium tuckeri ) on grapevines; Setospaeria spp. (leaf spot) on corn (e.g. S. turcicum, syn. Helminthosporium turcicum) and lawn; Sphacelotheca spp. (head smut) on corn, (e.g. S. reiliana: kernel smut), millet and sugar cane; Sphaerotheca fuliginea (powdery mildew) on cucumber species; Spongospora subterranea (powdery scab) on potatoes and the viral diseases transmitted thereby; Stagonospora spp. on cereals, e.g. S. nodorum (leaf blotch and glume blotch, teleomorph: Leptosphaeria [syn. Phaeosphaeria] nodorum ) on wheat; Synchytrium endobioticum on potatoes (potato wart disease); Taphrina spp., e.g. T. deformans (curly-leaf disease) on peach and T. pruni (plum-pocket disease) on pi ums; Thielaviopsis spp. (black root rot) on tobacco, pome fruit, vegetable crops, soybeans and cotton, e.g. T. basicola (syn. Chalara elegans ); Tilletia spp. (bunt or stinking smut) on cereals, such as e.g. T. tritici (syn. T. caries, wheat bunt) and T. controversa (dwarf bunt) on wheat; Typhula incarnate (gray snow mold) on barley or wheat; Urocystis spp., e.g. U. occulta (flag smut) on rye; Uromyces spp. (rust) on vegetable plants, such as beans (e.g. U. appendiculatus, syn. U. phaseoll ) and sugar beet (e.g. U. betae ); Ustilago spp. (loose smut) on cereals (e.g. U. nuda and U. avaenae ), corn (e.g. U. maydis: corn smut) and sugar cane; Venturia spp. (scab) on apples (e.g. V. inaequalis) and pears and Verticillium spp. (leaf and shoot wilt) on various plants, such as fruit trees and ornamental trees, grapevines, soft fruit, vegetable and field crops, such as e.g. V. dahliae on strawberries, oilseed rape, potatoes and tomatoes.
The mixtures and compositions according to the present inventions are in particular preferred for controlling the following plant diseases: Soybean diseases: Cercospora kikuchii, Elsinoe glycines, Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae, Septaria glycines, Cercospora sojina, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Phytophthora sojae, Rhizoctonia solani, Corynespora casiicola, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.
Plant Growth Regulation
In some cases, the inventive mixtures or compositions can, at particular concentrations or application rates, also be used as herbicides, safeners, growth regulators or agents to improve plant properties, or as microbicides, for example as fungicides, antimycotics, bactericides, viricides (including compositions against viroids) or as compositions against MLO (Mycoplasma-like organisms) and RLO (Rickettsia-like organisms). The active ingredients of the inventive mixture or composition intervene in the metabolism of the plants and can therefore also be used as growth regulators.
Plant growth regulators may exert various effects on plants. The effect of the substances depends essentially on the time of application in relation to the developmental stage of the plant, and also on the amounts of active ingredient applied to the plants or their environment and on the type of application. In each case, growth regulators should have a particular desired effect on the crop plants.
Plant growth-regulating compounds can be used, for example, to inhibit the vegetative growth of the plants. Such inhibition of growth is of economic interest, for example, in the case of grasses, since it is thus possible to reduce the frequency of grass cutting in ornamental gardens, parks and sport facilities, on roadsides, at airports or in fruit crops. Also of significance is the inhibition of the growth of herbaceous and woody plants on roadsides and in the vicinity of pipelines or overhead cables, or quite generally in areas where vigorous plant growth is unwanted.
Also important is the use of growth regulators for inhibition of the longitudinal growth of cereal. This reduces or completely eliminates the risk of lodging of the plants prior to harvest. In addition, growth regulators in the case of cereals can strengthen the culm, which also counteracts lodging. The employment of growth regulators for shortening and strengthening culms allows the deployment of higher fertilizer volumes to increase the yield, without any risk of lodging of the cereal crop.
In many crop plants, inhibition of vegetative growth allows denser planting, and it is thus possible to achieve higher yields based on the soil surface. Another advantage of the smaller plants obtained in this way is that the crop is easier to cultivate and harvest.
Inhibition of the vegetative plant growth may also lead to enhanced yields because the nutrients and assimilates are of more benefit to flower and fruit formation than to the vegetative parts of the plants.
Frequently, growth regulators can also be used to promote vegetative growth. This is of great benefit when harvesting the vegetative plant parts. However, promoting vegetative growth may also promote generative growth in that more assimilates are formed, resulting in more or larger fruits.
In some cases, yield increases may be achieved by manipulating the metabolism of the plant, without any detectable changes in vegetative growth. In addition, growth regulators can be used to alter the composition of the plants, which in turn may result in an improvement in quality of the harvested products. For example, it is possible to increase the sugar content in sugar beet, sugar cane, pineapples and in citrus fruit, or to increase the protein content in soya or cereals. It is also possible, for example, to use growth regulators to inhibit the degradation of desirable ingredients, for example sugar in sugar beet or sugar cane, before or after harvest. It is also possible to positively influence the production or the elimination of secondary plant ingredients. One example is the stimulation of the flow of latex in rubber trees.
Under the influence of growth regulators, parthenocarpic fruits may be formed. In addition, it is possible to influence the sex of the flowers. It is also possible to produce sterile pollen, which is of great importance in the breeding and production of hybrid seed.
Use of growth regulators can control the branching of the plants. On the one hand, by breaking apical dominance, it is possible to promote the development of side shoots, which may be highly desirable particularly in the cultivation of ornamental plants, also in combination with an inhibition of growth. On the other hand, however, it is also possible to inhibit the growth of the side shoots. This effect is of particular interest, for example, in the cultivation of tobacco or in the cultivation of tomatoes.
Under the influence of growth regulators, the amount of leaves on the plants can be controlled such that defoliation of the plants is achieved at a desired time. Such defoliation plays a major role in the mechanical harvesting of cotton, but is also of interest for facilitating harvesting in other crops, for example in viticulture. Defoliation of the plants can also be undertaken to lower the transpiration of the plants before they are transplanted.
Growth regulators can likewise be used to regulate fruit dehiscence. On the one hand, it is possible to prevent premature fruit dehiscence. On the other hand, it is also possible to promote fruit dehiscence or even flower abortion to achieve a desired mass (“thinning”), in order to eliminate alternation. Alternation is understood to mean the characteristic of some fruit species, for endogenous reasons, to deliver very different yields from year to year Finally, it is possible to use growth regulators at the time of harvest to reduce the forces required to detach the fruits, in order to allow mechanical harvesting or to facilitate manual harvesting.
Growth regulators can also be used to achieve faster or else delayed ripening of the harvested material before or after harvest. This is particularly advantageous as it allows optimal adjustment to the requirements of the market. Moreover, growth regulators in some cases can improve the fruit colour. In addition, growth regulators can also be used to concentrate maturation within a certain period of time. This establishes the prerequisites for complete mechanical or manual harvesting in a single operation, for example in the case of tobacco, tomatoes or coffee.
By using growth regulators, it is additionally possible to influence the resting of seed or buds of the plants, such that plants such as pineapple or ornamental plants in nurseries, for example, germinate, sprout or flower at a time when they are normally not inclined to do so. In areas where there is a risk of frost, it may be desirable to delay budding or germination of seeds with the aid of growth regulators, in order to avoid damage resulting from late frosts.
Finally, growth regulators can induce resistance of the plants to frost, drought or high salinity of the soil. This allows the cultivation of plants in regions which are normally unsuitable for this purpose.
Resistance Induction/Plant Health and Other Effects
The mixtures or compositions according to the invention also exhibit a potent strengthening effect in plants. Accordingly, they can be used for mobilizing the defenses of the plant against attack by undesirable microorganisms.
Plant-strengthening (resistance-inducing) substances are to be understood as meaning, in the present context, those substances which are capable of stimulating the defense system of plants in such a way that the treated plants, when subsequently inoculated with undesirable microorganisms, develop a high degree of resistance to these microorganisms.
The active compounds according to the invention are also suitable for increasing the yield of crops. In addition, they show reduced toxicity and are well tolerated by plants.
Further, in context with the present invention plant physiology effects comprise the following:
Abiotic stress tolerance, comprising temperature tolerance, drought tolerance and recovery after drought stress, water use efficiency (correlating to reduced water consumption), flood tolerance, ozone stress and UV tolerance, tolerance towards chemicals like heavy metals, salts, pesticides (safener) etc.
Biotic stress tolerance, comprising increased fungal resistance and increased resistance against nematodes, viruses and bacteria. In context with the present invention, biotic stress tolerance preferably comprises increased fungal resistance and increased resistance against nematodes
Increased plant vigor, comprising plant health/plant quality and seed vigor, reduced stand failure, improved appearance, increased recovery, improved greening effect and improved photosynthetic efficiency.
Effects on plant hormones and/or functional enzymes.
Effects on growth regulators (promoters), comprising earlier germination, better emergence, more developed root system and/or improved root growth, increased ability of tillering, more productive tillers, earlier flowering, increased plant height and/or biomass, shorting of stems, improvements in shoot growth, number of kernels/ear, number of ears/m 2 , number of stolons and/or number of flowers, enhanced harvest index, bigger leaves, less dead basal leaves, improved phyllotaxy, earlier maturation/earlier fruit finish, homogenous riping, increased duration of grain filling, better fruit finish, bigger fruit/vegetable size, sprouting resistance and reduced lodging.
Increased yield, referring to total biomass per hectare, yield per hectare, kernel/fruit weight, seed size and/or hectolitre weight as well as to increased product quality, comprising:
improved processability relating to size distribution (kernel, fruit, etc.), homogenous riping, grain moisture, better milling, better vinification, better brewing, increased juice yield, harvestability, digestibility, sedimentation value, falling number, pod stability, storage stability, improved fiber length/strength/uniformity, increase of milk and/or meet quality of silage fed animals, adaption to cooking and frying;
further comprising improved marketability relating to improved fruit/grain quality, size distribution (kernel, fruit, etc.), increased storage/shelf-life, firmness/softness, taste (aroma, texture, etc.), grade (size, shape, number of berries, etc.), number of berries/fruits per bunch, crispness, freshness, coverage with wax, frequency of physiological disorders, colour, etc.;
further comprising increased desired ingredients such as e.g. protein content, fatty acids, oil content, oil quality, aminoacid composition, sugar content, acid content (pH), sugar/acid ratio (Brix), polyphenols, starch content, nutritional quality, gluten content/index, energy content, taste, etc.;
and further comprising decreased undesired ingredients such as e.g. less mycotoxines, less aflatoxines, geosmin level, phenolic aromas, lacchase, polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases, nitrate content etc.
Sustainable agriculture, comprising nutrient use efficiency, especially nitrogen (N)-use efficiency, phosphours (P)-use efficiency, water use efficiency, improved transpiration, respiration and/or CO 2 assimilation rate, better nodulation, improved Ca-metabolism etc.
Delayed senescence, comprising improvement of plant physiology which is manifested, for example, in a longer grain filling phase, leading to higher yield, a longer duration of green leaf colouration of the plant and thus comprising colour (greening), water content, dryness etc. Accordingly, in the context of the present invention, it has been found that the specific inventive application of the active compound combination makes it possible to prolong the green leaf area duration, which delays the maturation (senescence) of the plant. The main advantage to the farmer is a longer grain filling phase leading to higher yield. There is also an advantage to the farmer on the basis of greater flexibility in the harvesting time.
Therein “sedimentation value” is a measure for protein quality and describes according to Zeleny (Zeleny value) the degree of sedimentation of flour suspended in a lactic acid solution during a standard time interval. This is taken as a measure of the baking quality. Swelling of the gluten fraction of flour in lactic acid solution affects the rate of sedimentation of a flour suspension. Both a higher gluten content and a better gluten quality give rise to slower sedimentation and higher Zeleny test values. The sedimentation value of flour depends on the wheat protein composition and is mostly correlated to the protein content, the wheat hardness, and the volume of pan and hearth loaves. A stronger correlation between loaf volume and Zeleny sedimentation volume compared to SDS sedimentation volume could be due to the protein content influencing both the volume and Zeleny value ( Czech. J. Food Sci. Vol. 21, No. 3: 91-96, 2000).
Further the “falling number” as mentioned herein is a measure for the baking quality of cereals, especially of wheat. The falling number test indicates that sprout damage may have occurred. It means that changes to the physical properties of the starch portion of the wheat kernel has already happened. Therein, the falling number instrument analyzes viscosity by measuring the resistance of a flour and water paste to a falling plunger. The time (in seconds) for this to happen is known as the falling number. The falling number results are recorded as an index of enzyme activity in a wheat or flour sample and results are expressed in time as seconds. A high falling number (for example, above 300 seconds) indicates minimal enzyme activity and sound quality wheat or flour. A low falling number (for example, below 250 seconds) indicates substantial enzyme activity and sprout-damaged wheat or flour.
The term “more developed root system”/“improved root growth” refers to longer root system, deeper root growth, faster root growth, higher root dry/fresh weight, higher root volume, larger root surface area, bigger root diameter, higher root stability, more root branching, higher number of root hairs, and/or more root tips and can be measured by analyzing the root architecture with suitable methodologies and Image analysis programmes (e.g. WinRhizo).
The term “crop water use efficiency” refers technically to the mass of agriculture produce per unit water consumed and economically to the value of product(s) produced per unit water volume consumed and can e.g. be measured in terms of yield per ha, biomass of the plants, thousand-kernel mass, and the number of ears per m2.
The term “nitrogen-use efficiency” refers technically to the mass of agriculture produce per unit nitrogen consumed and economically to the value of product(s) produced per unit nitrogen consumed, reflecting uptake and utilization efficiency.
Improvement in greening/improved colour and improved photosynthetic efficiency as well as the delay of senescence can be measured with well-known techniques such as a HandyPea system (Hansatech). Fv/Fm is a parameter widely used to indicate the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII). This parameter is widely considered to be a selective indication of plant photosynthetic performance with healthy samples typically achieving a maximum Fv/Fm value of approx. 0.85. Values lower than this will be observed if a sample has been exposed to some type of biotic or abiotic stress factor which has reduced the capacity for photochemical quenching of energy within PSII. Fv/Fm is presented as a ratio of variable fluorescence (Fv) over the maximum fluorescence value (Fm). The Performance Index is essentially an indicator of sample vitality. (See e.g. Advanced Techniques in Soil Microbiology, 2007, 11, 319-341; Applied Soil Ecology, 2000, 15, 169-182.)
The improvement in greening/improved colour and improved photosynthetic efficiency as well as the delay of senescence can also be assessed by measurement of the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), measurement of the chlorophyll content, e.g. by the pigment extraction method of Ziegler and Ehle, measurement of the photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm ratio), determination of shoot growth and final root and/or canopy biomass, determination of tiller density as well as of root mortality.
Within the context of the present invention preference is given to improving plant physiology effects which are selected from the group comprising: enhanced root growth/more developed root system, improved greening, improved water use efficiency (correlating to reduced water consumption), improved nutrient use efficiency, comprising especially improved nitrogen (N)-use efficiency, delayed senescence and enhanced yield.
Within the enhancement of yield preference is given as to an improvement in the sedimentation value and the falling number as well as to the improvement of the protein and sugar content especially with plants selected from the group of cereals (preferably wheat).
Preferably the novel use of the fungicidal mixtures or compositions of the present invention relates to a combined use of a) preventively and/or curatively controlling pathogenic fungi, with or without resistance management, and b) at least one of enhanced root growth, improved greening, improved water use efficiency, delayed senescence and enhanced yield. From group b) enhancement of root system, water use efficiency and N-use efficiency is particularly preferred.
Seed Treatment
The invention further comprises a method for treating seed.
The invention further relates to seed which has been treated by one of the methods described in the previous paragraph. The inventive seeds are employed in methods for the protection of seed from harmful microorganisms or pests. In these methods, seed treated with at least one inventive mixture or composition is used.
The inventive mixtures or compositions are also suitable for treating seed. A large part of the damage to crop plants caused by harmful organisms is triggered by the infection of the seed during storage or after sowing, and also during and after germination of the plant. This phase is particularly critical since the roots and shoots of the growing plant are particularly sensitive, and even minor damage may result in the death of the plant. There is therefore a great interest in protecting the seed and the germinating plant by using appropriate compositions.
The control of phytopathogenic fungi by treating the seed of plants has been known for a long time and is the subject of constant improvements. However, the treatment of seed entails a series of problems which cannot always be solved in a satisfactory manner For instance, it is desirable to develop methods for protecting the seed and the germinating plant, which dispense with, or at least significantly reduce, the additional deployment of crop protection compositions after planting or after emergence of the plants. It is also desirable to optimize the amount of the active ingredient used so as to provide the best possible protection for the seed and the germinating plant from attack by phytopathogenic fungi, but without damaging the plant itself by the active ingredient employed. In particular, methods for the treatment of seed should also take account of the intrinsic fungicidal properties of transgenic plants in order to achieve optimal protection of the seed and the germinating plant with a minimum expenditure of crop protection compositions.
The present invention therefore also relates to a method for protection of seed and germinating plants from attack by phytopathogenic fungi and pests by treating the seed with an inventive composition. The invention likewise relates to the use of the inventive compositions for treatment of seed to protect the seed and the germinating plant from phytopathogenic fungi and pests. The invention further relates to seed which has been treated with an inventive composition for protection from phytopathogenic fungi.
The control of phytopathogenic fungi and pests which damage plants post-emergence is effected primarily by treating the soil and the above-ground parts of plants with crop protection compositions. Owing to the concerns regarding a possible influence of the crop protection compositions on the environment and the health of humans and animals, there are efforts to reduce the amount of active ingredients deployed.
One of the advantages of the present invention is that the particular systemic properties of the inventive mixtures or compositions mean that treatment of the seed with these active ingredients and compositions not only protects the seed itself, but also the resulting plants after emergence, from phytopathogenic fungi and pests. In this way, the immediate treatment of the crop at the time of sowing or shortly thereafter can be dispensed with.
It is likewise considered to be advantageous that the inventive mixtures or compositions can especially also be used with transgenic seed, in which case the plant growing from this seed is capable of expressing a protein which acts against pests. By virtue of the treatment of such seed with the inventive mixtures or compositions, merely the expression of the protein, for example an insecticidal protein, can control certain pests. Surprisingly, a further synergistic effect can be observed in this case, which additionally increases the effectiveness for protection against attack by pests.
The inventive compositions are suitable for protecting seed of any plant variety which is used in agriculture, in greenhouses, in forests or in horticulture and viticulture. In particular, this is the seed of cereals (such as wheat, barley, rye, triticale, sorghum/ millet and oats), maize, cotton, soya beans, rice, potatoes, sunflower, bean, coffee, beet (for example sugar beet and fodder beet), peanut, oilseed rape, poppy, olive, coconut, cocoa, sugar cane, tobacco, vegetables (such as tomato, cucumbers, onions and lettuce), turf and ornamentals (see also below). The treatment of the seed of cereals (such as wheat, barley, rye, triticale and oats), maize and rice is of particular significance.
As also described below, the treatment of transgenic seed with the inventive mixtures or compositions is of particular significance. This relates to the seed of plants containing at least one heterologous gene which enables the expression of a polypeptide or protein having insecticidal properties. The heterologous gene in transgenic seed can originate, for example, from microorganisms of the species Bacillus, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Trichoderma, Clavibacter, Glomus or Gliocladium. This heterologous gene preferably originates from Bacillus sp., in which case the gene product is effective against the European maize borer and/or the Western maize rootworm. The heterologous gene more preferably originates from Bacillus thuringiensis.
In the context of the present invention, the inventive mixtures or compositions are applied to the seed alone or in a suitable formulation. Preferably, the seed is treated in a state in which it is sufficiently stable for no damage to occur in the course of treatment. In general, the seed can be treated at any time between harvest and sowing. It is customary to use seed which has been separated from the plant and freed from cobs, shells, stalks, coats, hairs or the flesh of the fruits. For example, it is possible to use seed which has been harvested, cleaned and dried down to a moisture content of less than 15% by weight. Alternatively, it is also possible to use seed which, after drying, for example, has been treated with water and then dried again.
When treating the seed, care must generally be taken that the amount of the inventive composition applied to the seed and/or the amount of further additives is selected such that the germination of the seed is not impaired, or that the resulting plant is not damaged. This has to be borne in mind in particular in the case of mixtures or compositions which can have phytotoxic effects at certain application rates.
The inventive mixtures or compositions can be applied directly, i.e. without containing any other components and without having been diluted. In general, it is preferable to apply the compositions to the seed in the form of a suitable formulation. Suitable formulations and methods for seed treatment are known to those skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the following documents: U.S. Pat. No. 4,272,417, U.S. Pat. No. 4,245,432, U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,430, U.S. Pat. No. 5,876,739, US 2003/0176428 A1, WO 2002/080675, WO 2002/028186.
The mixtures or compositions usable in accordance with the invention can be converted to the customary seed dressing formulations, such as solutions, emulsions, suspensions, powders, foams, slurries or other coating compositions for seed, and also ULV formulations.
These formulations are prepared in a known manner, by mixing the active ingredients with customary additives, for example customary extenders and also solvents or diluents, dyes, wetting agents, dispersants, emulsifiers, antifoams, preservatives, secondary thickeners, adhesives, gibberellins and also water.
Useful dyes which may be present in the seed dressing formulations usable in accordance with the invention are all dyes which are customary for such purposes. It is possible to use either pigments, which are sparingly soluble in water, or dyes, which are soluble in water. Examples include the dyes known by the names Rhodamine B, C.I. Pigment Red 112 and C.I. Solvent Red 1.
Useful wetting agents which may be present in the seed dressing formulations usable in accordance with the invention are all substances which promote wetting and which are conventionally used for the formulation of active agrochemical ingredients. Preference is given to using alkyl naphthalenesulphonates, such as diisopropyl or diisobutyl naphthalenesulphonates.
Useful dispersants and/or emulsifiers which may be present in the seed dressing formulations usable in accordance with the invention are all nonionic, anionic and cationic dispersants conventionally used for the formulation of active agrochemical ingredients. Usable with preference are nonionic or anionic dispersants or mixtures of nonionic or anionic dispersants. Suitable nonionic dispersants include especially ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block polymers, alkylphenol polyglycol ethers and tristryrylphenol polyglycol ether, and the phosphated or sulphated derivatives thereof. Suitable anionic dispersants are especially lignosulphonates, polyacrylic acid salts and arylsulphonate/formaldehyde condensates.
Antifoams which may be present in the seed dressing formulations usable in accordance with the invention are all foam-inhibiting substances conventionally used for the formulation of active agrochemical ingredients. Silicone antifoams and magnesium stearate can be used with preference.
Preservatives which may be present in the seed dressing formulations usable in accordance with the invention are all substances usable for such purposes in agrochemical compositions. Examples include dichlorophene and benzyl alcohol hemiformal.
Secondary thickeners which may be present in the seed dressing formulations usable in accordance with the invention are all substances usable for such purposes in agrochemical compositions. Preferred examples include cellulose derivatives, acrylic acid derivatives, xanthan, modified clays and finely divided silica.
Adhesives which may be present in the seed dressing formulations usable in accordance with the invention are all customary binders usable in seed dressing products. Preferred examples include polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol and tylose.
The gibberellins which may be present in the seed dressing formulations usable in accordance with the invention may preferably be gibberellins Λ3 (=gibberellic acid), Λ4 and Λ7; particular preference is given to using gibberellic acid. The gibberellins are known (cf. R. Wegler “Chemie der Pflanzenschutz- und Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel” [Chemistry of the Crop Protection Compositions and Pesticides], vol. 2, Springer Verlag, 1970, p. 401-412).
The seed dressing formulations usable in accordance with the invention can be used, either directly or after previously having been diluted with water, for the treatment of a wide range of different seed, including the seed of transgenic plants. In this case, additional synergistic effects may also occur in interaction with the substances formed by expression.
For treatment of seed with the seed dressing formulations usable in accordance with the invention, or the preparations prepared therefrom by adding water, all mixing units usable customarily for the seed dressing are useful. Specifically, the procedure in the seed dressing is to place the seed into a mixer, to add the particular desired amount of seed dressing formulations, either as such or after prior dilution with water, and to mix everything until the formulation is distributed homogeneously on the seed. If appropriate, this is followed by a drying process.
Mycotoxins
In addition, the inventive treatment can reduce the mycotoxin content in the harvested material and the foods and feeds prepared therefrom. Mycotoxins include particularly, but not exclusively, the following: deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol, 15-Ac-DON, 3-Ac-DON, T2- and HT2-toxin, fumonisins, zearalenon, moniliformin, fusarin, diaceotoxyscirpenol (DAS), beauvericin, enniatin, fusaroproliferin, fusarenol, ochratoxins, patulin, ergot alkaloids and aflatoxins which can be produced, for example, by the following fungi: Fusarium spec., such as F. acuminatum, F. asiaticum, F. avenaceum, F. crookwellense, F. culmorum, F. graminearum ( Gibberella zeae ), F. equiseti, F. fujikoroi, F. musarum, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. poae, F. pseudograminearum, F. sambucinum, F. scirpi, F. semitectum, F. solani, F. sporotrichoides, F. langsethiae, F. subglutinans, F. tricinctum, F. verticillioides etc., and also by Aspergillus spec., such as A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. nomius, A. ochraceus, A. clavatus, A. terreus, A. versicolor, Penicillium spec., such as P. verrucosum, P. viridicatum, P. citrinum, P. expansum, P. claviforme, P. roqueforti, Claviceps spec., such as C. purpurea, C. fusiformis, C. paspali, C. africana, Stachybotrys spec. and others.
Material Protection
The inventive mixtures or compositions or compositions can also be used in the protection of materials, for protection of industrial materials against attack and destruction by harmful microorganisms or pests, for example fungi and insects.
In addition, the inventive mixtures or compositions can be used as antifouling compositions, alone or in combinations with other active ingredients.
Industrial materials in the present context are understood to mean inanimate materials which have been prepared for use in industry. For example, industrial materials which are to be protected by inventive mixtures or compositions from microbial alteration or destruction may be adhesives, glues, paper, wallpaper and board/cardboard, textiles, carpets, leather, wood, fibers and tissues, paints and plastic articles, cooling lubricants and other materials which can be infected with or destroyed by microorganisms. Parts of production plants and buildings, for example cooling-water circuits, cooling and heating systems and ventilation and air-conditioning units, which may be impaired by the proliferation of microorganisms may also be mentioned within the scope of the materials to be protected. Industrial materials within the scope of the present invention preferably include adhesives, sizes, paper and card, leather, wood, paints, cooling lubricants and heat transfer fluids, more preferably wood.
The inventive mixtures or compositions may prevent adverse effects, such as rotting, decay, discoloration, decoloration or formation of mould.
In the case of treatment of wood the mixtures or compositions according to the invention may also be used against fungal diseases liable to grow on or inside timber. The term “timber” means all types of species of wood, and all types of working of this wood intended for construction, for example solid wood, high-density wood, laminated wood, and plywood. The method for treating timber according to the invention mainly consists in contacting a mixture or composition according to the invention; this includes for example direct application, spraying, dipping, injection or any other suitable means.
In addition, the inventive mixtures or compositions can be used to protect objects which come into contact with saltwater or brackish water, especially hulls, screens, nets, buildings, moorings and signaling systems, from fouling.
The inventive method for controlling harmful fungi can also be employed for protecting storage goods. Storage goods are understood to mean natural substances of vegetable or animal origin or processed products thereof which are of natural origin, and for which long-term protection is desired. Storage goods of vegetable origin, for example plants or plant parts, such as stems, leaves, tubers, seeds, fruits, grains, can be protected freshly harvested or after processing by (pre)drying, moistening, comminuting, grinding, pressing or roasting. Storage goods also include timber, both unprocessed, such as construction timber, electricity poles and barriers, or in the form of finished products, such as furniture. Storage goods of animal origin are, for example, hides, leather, furs and hairs. The inventive mixtures or compositions may prevent adverse effects, such as rotting, decay, discoloration, decoloration or formation of mould.
Microorganisms capable of degrading or altering the industrial materials include, for example, bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae and slime organisms. The inventive mixtures or compositions preferably act against fungi, especially moulds, wood-discoloring and wood-destroying fungi (Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes and Zygomycetes), and against slime organisms and algae. Examples include microorganisms of the following genera: Alternaria, such as Alternaria tenuis; Aspergillus, such as Aspergillus niger; Chaetomium, such as Chaetomium globosum; Coniophora, such as Coniophora puetana; Lentinus, such as Lentinus tigrinus; Penicillium, such as Penicillium glaucum; Polyporus, such as Polyporus versicolor; Aureobasidium, such as Aureobasidium pullulans; Sclerophoma, such as Sclerophoma pityophila; Trichoderma, such as Trichoderma viride; Ophiostoma spp., Ceratocystis spp., Humicola spp., Petriella spp., Trichurus spp., Coriolus spp., Gloeophyllum spp., Pleurotus spp., Poria spp., Serpula spp. and Tyromyces spp., Cladosporium spp., Paecilomyces spp. Mucor spp., Escherichia, such as Escherichia coli; Pseudomonas, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Candida spp. and Saccharomyces spp., such as Saccharomyces cerevisae.
Antimycotic Activity
In addition, the inventive mixtures or compositions also have very good antimycotic activity. They have a very broad antimycotic activity spectrum, especially against dermatophytes and yeasts, moulds and diphasic fungi (for example against Candida species, such as C. albicans, C. glabrata ), and Epidermophyton floccosum, Aspergillus species, such as A. niger and A. fumigatus, Trichophyton species, such as T. mentagrophytes, Microsporon species such as M. canis and M. audouinii. The list of these fungi by no means constitutes a restriction of the mycotic spectrum covered, and is merely of illustrative character.
The inventive mixtures or compositions can therefore be used both in medical and in non-medical applications.
Genetically Modified Organisms
As already mentioned above, it is possible to treat all plants and their parts in accordance with the invention. In a preferred embodiment, wild plant species and plant cultivars, or those obtained by conventional biological breeding methods, such as crossing or protoplast fusion, and also parts thereof, are treated. In a further preferred embodiment, transgenic plants and plant cultivars obtained by genetic engineering methods, if appropriate in combination with conventional methods (Genetically Modified Organisms), and parts thereof are treated. The terms “parts” or “parts of plants” or “plant parts” have been explained above. More preferably, plants of the plant cultivars which are commercially available or are in use are treated in accordance with the invention. Plant cultivars are understood to mean plants which have new properties (“traits”) and have been obtained by conventional breeding, by mutagenesis or by recombinant DNA techniques. They can be cultivars, varieties, bio- or genotypes.
The method of treatment according to the invention can be used in the treatment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), e.g. plants or seeds. Genetically modified plants (or transgenic plants) are plants of which a heterologous gene has been stably integrated into genome. The expression “heterologous gene” essentially means a gene which is provided or assembled outside the plant and when introduced in the nuclear, chloroplastic or mitochondrial genome gives the transformed plant new or improved agronomic or other properties by expressing a protein or polypeptide of interest or by downregulating or silencing other gene(s) which are present in the plant (using for example, antisense technology, cosuppression technology, RNA interference-RNAi-technology or microRNA-miRNA-technology). A heterologous gene that is located in the genome is also called a transgene. A transgene that is defined by its particular location in the plant genome is called a transformation or transgenic event.
Depending on the plant species or plant cultivars, their location and growth conditions (soils, climate, vegetation period, diet), the treatment according to the invention may also result in superadditive (“synergistic”) effects. Thus, for example, reduced application rates and/or a widening of the activity spectrum and/or an increase in the activity of the active compounds and compositions which can be used according to the invention, better plant growth, increased tolerance to high or low temperatures, increased tolerance to drought or to water or soil salt content, increased flowering performance, easier harvesting, accelerated maturation, higher harvest yields, bigger fruits, larger plant height, greener leaf color, earlier flowering, higher quality and/or a higher nutritional value of the harvested products, higher sugar concentration within the fruits, better storage stability and/or processability of the harvested products are possible, which exceed the effects which were actually to be expected.
At certain application rates, the mixtures or compositions according to the invention may also have a strengthening effect in plants. Accordingly, they are also suitable for mobilizing the defense system of the plant against attack by harmful microorganisms. This may, if appropriate, be one of the reasons of the enhanced activity of the mixtures or compositions according to the invention, for example against fungi. Plant-strengthening (resistance-inducing) substances are to be understood as meaning, in the present context, those substances or combinations of substances which are capable of stimulating the defense system of plants in such a way that, when subsequently inoculated with harmful microorganisms, the treated plants display a substantial degree of resistance to these microorganisms. In the present case, harmful microorganisms are to be understood as meaning phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses. Thus, the mixtures or compositions according to the invention can be employed for protecting plants against attack by the abovementioned pathogens within a certain period of time after the treatment. The period of time within which protection is effected generally extends from 1 to 10 days, preferably 1 to 7 days, after the treatment of the plants with the active compounds.
Plants and plant cultivars which are preferably to be treated according to the invention include all plants which have genetic material which impart particularly advantageous, useful traits to these plants (whether obtained by breeding and/or biotechnological means).
Plants and plant cultivars which are also preferably to be treated according to the invention are resistant against one or more biotic stresses, i.e. said plants show a better defense against animal and microbial pests, such as against nematodes, insects, mites, phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses and/or viroids.
Examples of nematode or insect resistant plants are described in e.g. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/765,491, 11/765,494, 10/926,819, 10/782,020, 12/032,479, 10/783,417, 10/782,096, 11/657,964, 12/192,904, 11/396,808, 12/166,253, 12/166,239, 12/166,124, 12/166,209, 11/762,886, 12/364,335, 11/763,947, 12/252,453, 12/209,354, 12/491,396, 12/497,221, 12/644,632, 12/646,004, 12/701,058, 12/718,059, 12/721,595, 12/638,591.
Plants and plant cultivars which may also be treated according to the invention are those plants which are resistant to one or more abiotic stresses. Abiotic stress conditions may include, for example, drought, cold temperature exposure, heat exposure, osmotic stress, flooding, increased soil salinity, increased mineral exposure, ozone exposure, high light exposure, limited availability of nitrogen nutrients, limited availability of phosphorus nutrients, shade avoidance.
Plants and plant cultivars which may also be treated according to the invention, are those plants characterized by enhanced yield characteristics. Increased yield in said plants can be the result of, for example, improved plant physiology, growth and development, such as water use efficiency, water retention efficiency, improved nitrogen use, enhanced carbon assimilation, improved photosynthesis, increased germination efficiency and accelerated maturation. Yield can furthermore be affected by improved plant architecture (under stress and non-stress conditions), including but not limited to, early flowering, flowering control for hybrid seed production, seedling vigor, plant size, internode number and distance, root growth, seed size, fruit size, pod size, pod or ear number, seed number per pod or ear, seed mass, enhanced seed filling, reduced seed dispersal, reduced pod dehiscence and lodging resistance. Further yield traits include seed composition, such as carbohydrate content, protein content, oil content and composition, nutritional value, reduction in anti-nutritional compounds, improved processability and better storage stability.
Plants that may be treated according to the invention are hybrid plants that already express the characteristic of heterosis or hybrid vigor which results in generally higher yield, vigor, health and resistance towards biotic and abiotic stresses). Such plants are typically made by crossing an inbred male-sterile parent line (the female parent) with another inbred male-fertile parent line (the male parent). Hybrid seed is typically harvested from the male sterile plants and sold to growers. Male sterile plants can sometimes (e.g. in corn) be produced by detasseling, i.e. the mechanical removal of the male reproductive organs (or males flowers) but, more typically, male sterility is the result of genetic determinants in the plant genome. In that case, and especially when seed is the desired product to be harvested from the hybrid plants it is typically useful to ensure that male fertility in the hybrid plants is fully restored. This can be accomplished by ensuring that the male parents have appropriate fertility restorer genes which are capable of restoring the male fertility in hybrid plants that contain the genetic determinants responsible for male-sterility. Genetic determinants for male sterility may be located in the cytoplasm. Examples of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) were for instance described in Brassica species (WO 92/05251, WO 95/09910, WO 98/27806, WO 05/002324, WO 06/021972 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,229,072). However, genetic determinants for male sterility can also be located in the nuclear genome. Male sterile plants can also be obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering. A particularly useful means of obtaining male-sterile plants is described in WO 89/10396 in which, for example, a ribonuclease such as barnase is selectively expressed in the tapetum cells in the stamens. Fertility can then be restored by expression in the tapetum cells of a ribonuclease inhibitor such as barstar (e.g. WO 91/02069).
Plants or plant cultivars (obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may be treated according to the invention are herbicide-tolerant plants, i.e. plants made tolerant to one or more given herbicides. Such plants can be obtained either by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants containing a mutation imparting such herbicide tolerance.
Herbicide-resistant plants are for example glyphosate-tolerant plants, i.e. plants made tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate or salts thereof. Plants can be made tolerant to glyphosate through different means. For example, glyphosate-tolerant plants can be obtained by transforming the plant with a gene encoding the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). Examples of such EPSPS genes are the AroA gene (mutant CT7) of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium ( Science 1983, 221, 370-371), the CP4 gene of the bacterium Agrobacterium sp. ( Curr. Topics Plant Physiol. 1992, 7, 139-145), the genes encoding a Petunia EPSPS ( Science 1986, 233, 478-481), a Tomato EPSPS ( J. Biol. Chem. 1988, 263, 4280-4289), or an Eleusine EPSPS (WO 01/66704). It can also be a mutated EPSPS as described in for example EP 0837944, WO 00/66746, WO 00/66747 or WO 02/26995. Glyphosate-tolerant plants can also be obtained by expressing a gene that encodes a glyphosate oxido-reductase enzyme as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,760 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,175. Glyphosate-tolerant plants can also be obtained by expressing a gene that encodes a glyphosate acetyl transferase enzyme as described in for example WO 02/036782, WO 03/092360, WO 2005/012515 and WO 2007/024782. Glyphosate-tolerant plants can also be obtained by selecting plants containing naturally-occurring mutations of the above-mentioned genes, as described in for example WO 01/024615 or WO 03/013226. Plants expressing EPSPS genes that confer glyphosate tolerance are described in e.g. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/517,991, 10/739,610, 12/139,408, 12/352,532, 11/312,866, 11/315,678, 12/421,292, 11/400,598, 11/651,752, 11/681,285, 11/605,824, 12/468,205, 11/760,570, 11/762,526, 11/769,327, 11/769,255, 11/943801 or 12/362,774. Plants comprising other genes that confer glyphosate tolerance, such as decarboxylase genes, are described in e.g. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/588,811, 11/185,342, 12/364,724, 11/185,560 or 12/423,926.
Other herbicide resistant plants are for example plants that are made tolerant to herbicides inhibiting the enzyme glutamine synthase, such as bialaphos, phosphinothricin or glufosinate. Such plants can be obtained by expressing an enzyme detoxifying the herbicide or a mutant glutamine synthase enzyme that is resistant to inhibition, e.g. described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/760,602. One such efficient detoxifying enzyme is an enzyme encoding a phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (such as the bar or pat protein from Streptomyces species). Plants expressing an exogenous phosphinothricin acetyltransferase are for example described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,561,236; 5,648,477; 5,646,024; 5,273,894; 5,637,489; 5,276,268; 5,739,082; 5,908,810 and 7,112,665.
Further herbicide-tolerant plants are also plants that are made tolerant to the herbicides inhibiting the enzyme hydroxyphenylpyruvatedioxygenase (HPPD). HPPD is an enzyme that catalyze the reaction in which parahydroxyphenylpyruvate (HPP) is transformed into homogentisate. Plants tolerant to HPPD-inhibitors can be transformed with a gene encoding a naturally-occurring resistant HPPD enzyme, or a gene encoding a mutated or chimeric HPPD enzyme as described in WO 96/38567, WO 99/24585, WO 99/24586, WO 09/144079, WO 02/046387, or U.S. Pat. No. 6,768,044. Tolerance to HPPD-inhibitors can also be obtained by transforming plants with genes encoding certain enzymes enabling the formation of homogentisate despite the inhibition of the native HPPD enzyme by the HPPD-inhibitor. Such plants and genes are described in WO 99/34008 and WO 02/36787. Tolerance of plants to HPPD inhibitors can also be improved by transforming plants with a gene encoding an enzyme having prephenate deshydrogenase (PDH) activity in addition to a gene encoding an HPPD-tolerant enzyme, as described in WO 04/024928. Further, plants can be made more tolerant to HPPD-inhibitor herbicides by adding into their genome a gene encoding an enzyme capable of metabolizing or degrading HPPD inhibitors, such as the CYP450 enzymes shown in WO 2007/103567 and WO 2008/150473.
Still further herbicide resistant plants are plants that are made tolerant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors.
Known ALS-inhibitors include, for example, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, triazolopyrimidines, pryimidinyoxy-(thio)benzoates, and/or sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides. Different mutations in the ALS enzyme (also known as acetohydroxyacid synthase, AHAS) are known to confer tolerance to different herbicides and groups of herbicides, as described for example in Tranel and Wright ( Weed Science 2002, 50, 700-712), but also, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,011, 5,378,824, 5,141,870, and 5,013,659. The production of sulfonylurea-tolerant plants and imidazolinone-tolerant plants is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,011; 5,013,659; 5,141,870; 5,767,361; 5,731,180; 5,304,732; 4,761,373; 5,331,107; 5,928,937; and 5,378,824; and WO 96/33270. Other imidazolinone-tolerant plants are also described in for example WO 2004/040012, WO 2004/106529, WO 2005/020673, WO 2005/093093, WO 2006/007373, WO 2006/015376, WO 2006/024351, and WO 2006/060634. Further sulfonylurea- and imidazolinone-tolerant plants are also described in for example WO 2007/024782 and U.S. Patent Application 61/288,958.
Other plants tolerant to imidazolinone and/or sulfonylurea can be obtained by induced mutagenesis, selection in cell cultures in the presence of the herbicide or mutation breeding as described for example for soybeans in U.S. Pat. No. 5,084,082, for rice in WO 97/41218, for sugar beet in U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,702 and WO 99/057965, for lettuce in U.S. Pat. No. 5,198,599, or for sunflower in WO 01/065922.
Other plants tolerant to imidazolinone and/or sulfonylurea can be obtained by induced mutagenesis, selection in cell cultures in the presence of the herbicide or mutation breeding as described for example for soybeans in U.S. Pat. No. 5,084,082, for rice in WO 97/41218, for sugar beet in U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,702 and WO 99/057965, for lettuce in U.S. Pat. No. 5,198,599, or for sunflower in WO 01/065922.
Plants or plant cultivars (obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated according to the invention are insect-resistant transgenic plants, i.e. plants made resistant to attack by certain target insects. Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants containing a mutation imparting such insect resistance.
An “insect-resistant transgenic plant”, as used herein, includes any plant containing at least one transgene comprising a coding sequence encoding:
1) an insecticidal crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or an insecticidal portion thereof, such as the insecticidal crystal proteins listed by Crickmore et al. (1998, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 62: 807-813), updated by Crickmore et al. (2005) at the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin nomenclature, online at: http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/Home/Neil_Crickmore/Bt/), or insecticidal portions thereof, e.g., proteins of the Cry protein classes Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1B, Cry1C, Cry1D, Cry1F, Cry2Ab, Cry3Aa, or Cry3Bb or insecticidal portions thereof (e.g. EP-A 1 999 141 and WO 2007/107302), or such proteins encoded by synthetic genes as e.g. described in and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/249,016; or 2) a crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or a portion thereof which is insecticidal in the presence of a second other crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or a portion thereof, such as the binary toxin made up of the Cry34 and Cry35 crystal proteins ( Nat. Biotechnol. 2001, 19, 668-72; Applied Environm. Microbiol. 2006, 71, 1765-1774) or the binary toxin made up of the Cry1A or Cry1F proteins and the Cry2Aa or Cry2Ab or Cry2Ae proteins (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/214,022 and EP-A 2 300 618); or 3) a hybrid insecticidal protein comprising parts of different insecticidal crystal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis, such as a hybrid of the proteins of 1) above or a hybrid of the proteins of 2) above, e.g., the Cry1A.105 protein produced by corn event MON89034 (WO 2007/027777); or 4) a protein of any one of 1) to 3) above wherein some, particularly 1 to 10, amino acids have been replaced by another amino acid to obtain a higher insecticidal activity to a target insect species, and/or to expand the range of target insect species affected, and/or because of changes introduced into the encoding DNA during cloning or transformation, such as the Cry3Bb1 protein in corn events MON863 or MON88017, or the Cry3A protein in corn event MIR604; or 5) an insecticidal secreted protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or Bacillus cereus, or an insecticidal portion thereof, such as the vegetative insecticidal (VIP) proteins listed at:
http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/Neil_Crickmore/Bt/vip.html, e.g., proteins from the VIP3Aa protein class; or
6) a secreted protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or Bacillus cereus which is insecticidal in the presence of a second secreted protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or B. cereus, such as the binary toxin made up of the VIP1A and VIP2A proteins (WO 94/21795); or 7) a hybrid insecticidal protein comprising parts from different secreted proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis or Bacillus cereus, such as a hybrid of the proteins in 1) above or a hybrid of the proteins in 2) above; or 8) a protein of any one of 5) to 7) above wherein some, particularly 1 to 10, amino acids have been replaced by another amino acid to obtain a higher insecticidal activity to a target insect species, and/or to expand the range of target insect species affected, and/or because of changes introduced into the encoding DNA during cloning or transformation (while still encoding an insecticidal protein), such as the VIP3Aa protein in cotton event COT 102; or 9) a secreted protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or Bacillus cereus which is insecticidal in the presence of a crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis, such as the binary toxin made up of VIP3 and Cry1A or Cry1F (U.S. Patent Applications 61/126,083 and 61/195,019), or the binary toxin made up of the VIP3 protein and the Cry2Aa or Cry2Ab or Cry2Ae proteins (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/214,022 and EP-A 2 300 618). 10) a protein of 9) above wherein some, particularly 1 to 10, amino acids have been replaced by another amino acid to obtain a higher insecticidal activity to a target insect species, and/or to expand the range of target insect species affected, and/or because of changes introduced into the encoding DNA during cloning or transformation (while still encoding an insecticidal protein)
Of course, an insect-resistant transgenic plant, as used herein, also includes any plant comprising a combination of genes encoding the proteins of any one of the above classes 1 to 10. In one embodiment, an insect-resistant plant contains more than one transgene encoding a protein of any one of the above classes 1 to 10, to expand the range of target insect species affected when using different proteins directed at different target insect species, or to delay insect resistance development to the plants by using different proteins insecticidal to the same target insect species but having a different mode of action, such as binding to different receptor binding sites in the insect.
An “insect-resistant transgenic plant”, as used herein, further includes any plant containing at least one transgene comprising a sequence producing upon expression a double-stranded RNA which upon ingestion by a plant insect pest inhibits the growth of this insect pest, as described e.g. in WO 2007/080126, WO 2006/129204, WO 2007/074405, WO 2007/080127 and WO 2007/035650.
Plants or plant cultivars (obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated according to the invention are tolerant to abiotic stresses. Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants containing a mutation imparting such stress resistance. Particularly useful stress tolerance plants include:
1) plants which contain a transgene capable of reducing the expression and/or the activity of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) gene in the plant cells or plants as described in WO 00/04173, WO 2006/045633, EP-A 1 807 519, or EP-A 2 018 431. 2) plants which contain a stress tolerance enhancing transgene capable of reducing the expression and/or the activity of the PARG encoding genes of the plants or plants cells, as described e.g. in WO 2004/090140. 3) plants which contain a stress tolerance enhancing transgene coding for a plant-functional enzyme of the nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide salvage synthesis pathway including nicotinamidase, nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase, nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenyl transferase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthetase or nicotine amide phosphorybosyltransferase as described e.g. in EP-A 1 794 306, WO 2006/133827, WO 2007/107326, EP-A 1 999 263, or WO 2007/107326.
Plants or plant cultivars (obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated according to the invention show altered quantity, quality and/or storage-stability of the harvested product and/or altered properties of specific ingredients of the harvested product such as:
1) transgenic plants which synthesize a modified starch, which in its physical-chemical characteristics, in particular the amylose content or the amylose/amylopectin ratio, the degree of branching, the average chain length, the side chain distribution, the viscosity behaviour, the gelling strength, the starch grain size and/or the starch grain morphology, is changed in comparison with the synthesised starch in wild type plant cells or plants, so that this is better suited for special applications. Said transgenic plants synthesizing a modified starch are disclosed, for example, in EP-A 0 571 427, WO 95/04826, EP-A 0 719 338, WO 96/15248, WO 96/19581, WO 96/27674, WO 97/11188, WO 97/26362, WO 97/32985, WO 97/42328, WO 97/44472, WO 97/45545, WO 98/27212, WO 98/40503, WO 99/58688, WO 99/58690, WO 99/58654, WO 00/08184, WO 00/08185, WO 00/08175, WO 00/28052, WO 00/77229, WO 01/12782, WO 01/12826, WO 02/101059, WO 03/071860, WO 04/056999, WO 05/030942, WO 2005/030941, WO 2005/095632, WO 2005/095617, WO 2005/095619, WO 2005/095618, WO 2005/123927, WO 2006/018319, WO 2006/103107, WO 2006/108702, WO 2007/009823, WO 00/22140, WO 2006/063862, WO 2006/072603, WO 02/034923, WO 2008/017518, WO 2008/080630, WO 2008/080631, EP 07090007.1, WO 2008/090008, WO 01/14569, WO 02/79410, WO 03/33540, WO 2004/078983, WO 01/19975, WO 95/26407, WO 96/34968, WO 98/20145, WO 99/12950, WO 99/66050, WO 99/53072, U.S. Pat. No. 6,734,341, WO 00/11192, WO 98/22604, WO 98/32326, WO 01/98509, WO 01/98509, WO 2005/002359, U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,790, U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,861, WO 94/04693, WO 94/09144, WO 94/11520, WO 95/35026, WO 97/20936, WO 2010/012796, WO 2010/003701, 2) transgenic plants which synthesize non starch carbohydrate polymers or which synthesize non starch carbohydrate polymers with altered properties in comparison to wild type plants without genetic modification. Examples are plants producing polyfructose, especially of the inulin and levan-type, as disclosed in EP-A 0 663 956, WO 96/01904, WO 96/21023, WO 98/39460, and WO 99/24593, plants producing alpha-1,4-glucans as disclosed in WO 95/31553, US 2002031826, U.S. Pat. No. 6,284,479, U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,107, WO 97/47806, WO 97/47807, WO 97/47808 and WO 00/14249, plants producing alpha-1,6 branched alpha-1,4-glucans, as disclosed in WO 00/73422, plants producing alternan, as disclosed in e.g. WO 00/47727, WO 00/73422, EP 06077301.7, U.S. Pat. No. 5,908,975 and EP-A 0 728 213, 3) transgenic plants which produce hyaluronan, as for example disclosed in WO 2006/032538, WO 2007/039314, WO 2007/039315, WO 2007/039316, JP-A 2006-304779, and WO 2005/012529. 4) transgenic plants or hybrid plants, such as onions with characteristics such as ‘high soluble solids content’, ‘low pungency’ (LP) and/or ‘long storage’ (LS), as described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/020,360 and 61/054,026.
Plants or plant cultivars (that can be obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated according to the invention are plants, such as cotton plants, with altered fiber characteristics. Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants contain a mutation imparting such altered fiber characteristics and include:
a) Plants, such as cotton plants, containing an altered form of cellulose synthase genes as described in WO 98/00549. b) Plants, such as cotton plants, containing an altered form of rsw2 or rsw3 homologous nucleic acids as described in WO 2004/053219. c) Plants, such as cotton plants, with increased expression of sucrose phosphate synthase as described in WO 01/17333. d) Plants, such as cotton plants, with increased expression of sucrose synthase as described in WO 02/45485. e) Plants, such as cotton plants, wherein the timing of the plasmodesmatal gating at the basis of the fiber cell is altered, e.g. through downregulation of fiber-selective β-1,3-glucanase as described in WO 2005/017157, or as described in WO 2009/143995. f) Plants, such as cotton plants, having fibers with altered reactivity, e.g. through the expression of N-acetylglucosaminetransferase gene including nodC and chitin synthase genes as described in WO 2006/136351.
Plants or plant cultivars (that can be obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated according to the invention are plants, such as oilseed rape or related Brassica plants, with altered oil profile characteristics. Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants contain a mutation imparting such altered oil profile characteristics and include:
a) Plants, such as oilseed rape plants, producing oil having a high oleic acid content as described e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,969,169, U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,946 or U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,392 or U.S. Pat. No. 6,063,947 b) Plants such as oilseed rape plants, producing oil having a low linolenic acid content as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,270,828, U.S. Pat. No. 6,169,190, or U.S. Pat. No. 5,965,755 c) Plant such as oilseed rape plants, producing oil having a low level of saturated fatty acids as described e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,434,283 or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/668,303
Plants or plant cultivars (that can be obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated according to the invention are plants, such as oilseed rape or related Brassica plants, with altered seed shattering characteristics. Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants contain a mutation imparting such altered seed shattering characteristics and include plants such as oilseed rape plants with delayed or reduced seed shattering as described in U.S. Patent Application 61/135,230, WO 2009/068313 and WO 2010/006732.
Plants or plant cultivars (that can be obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated according to the invention are plants, such as Tobacco plants, with altered posttranslational protein modification patterns, for example as described in WO 2010/121818 and WO 2010/145846.
Particularly useful transgenic plants which may be treated according to the invention are plants containing transformation events, or combination of transformation events, that are the subject of petitions for non-regulated status, in the United States of America, to the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) whether such petitions are granted or are still pending. At any time this information is readily available from APHIS (4700 River Road, Riverdale, Md. 20737, USA), for instance on its internet site (URL http://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/not_reg.html). On the filing date of this application the petitions for nonregulated status that were pending with APHIS or granted by APHIS were those which contains the following information:
Petition: the identification number of the petition. Technical descriptions of the transformation events can be found in the individual petition documents which are obtainable from APHIS, for example on the APHIS website, by reference to this petition number. These descriptions are herein incorporated by reference. Extension of Petition: reference to a previous petition for which an extension is requested. Institution: the name of the entity submitting the petition. Regulated article: the plant species concerned. Transgenic phenotype: the trait conferred to the plants by the transformation event. Transformation event or line: the name of the event or events (sometimes also designated as lines or lines) for which nonregulated status is requested. APHIS documents: various documents published by APHIS in relation to the Petition and which can be requested with APHIS.
Additional particularly useful plants containing single transformation events or combinations of transformation events are listed for example in the databases from various national or regional regulatory agencies (see for example http://gmoinfo.jrc.it/gmp_browse.aspx and http://www.agbios.com/dbase.php).
Particularly useful transgenic plants which may be treated according to the invention are plants containing transformation events, or a combination of transformation events, and that are listed for example in the databases for various national or regional regulatory agencies including Event 1143-14A (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 2006/128569); Event 1143-51B (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 2006/128570); Event 1445 (cotton, herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in US-A 2002-120964 or WO 02/034946); Event 17053 (rice, herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-9843, described in WO 2010/117737); Event 17314 (rice, herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-9844, described in WO 2010/117735); Event 281-24-236 (cotton, insect control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-6233, described in WO 2005/103266 or US-A 2005-216969); Event 3006-210-23 (cotton, insect control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-6233, described in US-A 2007-143876 or WO 2005/103266); Event 3272 (corn, quality trait, deposited as PTA-9972, described in WO 2006/098952 or US-A 2006-230473); Event 40416 (corn, insect control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-11508, described in WO 2011/075593); Event 43A47 (corn, insect control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-11509, described in WO 2011/075595); Event 5307 (corn, insect control, deposited as ATCC PTA-9561, described in WO 2010/077816); Event ASR-368 (bent grass, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-4816, described in US-A 2006-162007 or WO 2004/053062); Event B16 (corn, herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in US-A 2003-126634); Event BPS-CV127-9 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as NCIMB No. 41603, described in WO 2010/080829); Event CE43-67B (cotton, insect control, deposited as DSM ACC2724, described in US-A 2009-217423 or WO2006/128573); Event CF44-69D (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in US-A 2010-0024077); Event CF44-69D (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 2006/128571); Event CF46-02A (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 2006/128572); Event COT102 (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in US-A 2006-130175 or WO 2004/039986); Event COT202 (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in US-A 2007-067868 or WO 2005/054479); Event COT203 (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 2005/054480); Event DAS40278 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-10244, described in WO 2011/022469); Event DAS-59122-7 (corn, insect control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA 11384, described in US-A 2006-070139); Event DAS-59132 (corn, insect control—herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in WO 2009/100188); Event DAS68416 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-10442, described in WO 2011/066384 or WO 2011/066360); Event DP-098140-6 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-8296, described in US-A 2009-137395 or WO 2008/112019); Event DP-305423-1 (soybean, quality trait, not deposited, described in US-A 2008-312082 or WO 2008/054747); Event DP-32138-1 (corn, hybridization system, deposited as ATCC PTA-9158, described in US-A 2009-0210970 or WO 2009/103049); Event DP-356043-5 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-8287, described in US-A 2010-0184079 or WO 2008/002872); Event EE-1 (brinjal, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 2007/091277); Event FI117 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC 209031, described in US-A 2006-059581 or WO 98/044140); Event GA21 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC 209033, described in US-A 2005-086719 or WO 98/044140); Event GG25 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC 209032, described in US-A 2005-188434 or WO 98/044140); Event GHB119 (cotton, insect control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-8398, described in WO 2008/151780); Event GHB614 (cotton, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-6878, described in US-A 2010-050282 or WO 2007/017186); Event GJ11 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC 209030, described in US-A 2005-188434 or WO 98/044140); Event GM RZ13 (sugar beet, virus resistance, deposited as NCIMB-41601, described in WO 2010/076212); Event H7-1 (sugar beet, herbicide tolerance, deposited as NCIMB 41158 or NCIMB 41159, described in US-A 2004-172669 or WO 2004/074492); Event JOPLIN1 (wheat, disease tolerance, not deposited, described in US-A 2008-064032); Event LL27 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as NCIMB41658, described in WO 2006/108674 or US-A 2008-320616); Event LL55 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as NCIMB 41660, described in WO 2006/108675 or US-A 2008-196127); Event LLcotton25 (cotton, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-3343, described in WO 03/013224 or US-A 2003-097687); Event LLRICE06 (rice, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC-23352, described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,747 or WO 00/026345); Event LLRICE601 (rice, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-2600, described in US-A 2008-2289060 or WO 00/026356); Event LY038 (corn, quality trait, deposited as ATCC PTA-5623, described in US-A 2007-028322 or WO 2005/061720); Event MIR162 (corn, insect control, deposited as PTA-8166, described in US-A 2009-300784 or WO 2007/142840); Event MIR604 (corn, insect control, not deposited, described in US-A 2008-167456 or WO 2005/103301); Event MON15985 (cotton, insect control, deposited as ATCC PTA-2516, described in US-A 2004-250317 or WO 02/100163); Event MON810 (corn, insect control, not deposited, described in US-A 2002-102582); Event MON863 (corn, insect control, deposited as ATCC PTA-2605, described in WO 2004/011601 or US-A 2006-095986); Event MON87427 (corn, pollination control, deposited as ATCC PTA-7899, described in WO 2011/062904); Event MON87460 (corn, stress tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-8910, described in WO 2009/111263 or US-A 2011-0138504); Event MON87701 (soybean, insect control, deposited as ATCC PTA-8194, described in US-A 2009-130071 or WO 2009/064652); Event MON87705 (soybean, quality trait—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-9241, described in US-A 2010-0080887 or WO 2010/037016); Event MON87708 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA9670, described in WO 2011/034704); Event MON87754 (soybean, quality trait, deposited as ATCC PTA-9385, described in WO 2010/024976); Event MON87769 (soybean, quality trait, deposited as ATCC PTA-8911, described in US-A 2011-0067141 or WO 2009/102873); Event MON88017 (corn, insect control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-5582, described in US-A 2008-028482 or WO 2005/059103); Event MON88913 (cotton, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-4854, described in WO 2004/072235 or US-A 2006-059590); Event MON89034 (corn, insect control, deposited as ATCC PTA-7455, described in WO 2007/140256 or US-A 2008-260932); Event MON89788 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-6708, described in US-A 2006-282915 or WO 2006/130436); Event MS 11 (oilseed rape, pollination control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-850 or PTA-2485, described in WO 01/031042); Event MS8 (oilseed rape, pollination control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-730, described in WO 01/041558 or US-A 2003-188347); Event NK603 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-2478, described in US-A 2007-292854); Event PE-7 (rice, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 2008/114282); Event RF3 (oilseed rape, pollination control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-730, described in WO 01/041558 or US-A 2003-188347); Event RT73 (oilseed rape, herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in WO 02/036831 or US-A 2008-070260); Event T227-1 (sugar beet, herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in WO 02/44407 or US-A 2009-265817); Event T25 (corn, herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in US-A 2001-029014 or WO 01/051654); Event T304-40 (cotton, insect control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-8171, described in US-A 2010-077501 or WO 2008/122406); Event T342-142 (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 2006/128568); Event TC1507 (corn, insect control—herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in US-A 2005-039226 or WO 2004/099447); Event VIP1034 (corn, insect control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-3925., described in WO 03/052073), Event 32316 (corn, insect control—herbicide tolerance, eposited as PTA-11507, described in WO 2011/084632), Event 4114 (corn, insect control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-11506, described in WO 2011/084621).
Very particularly useful transgenic plants which may be treated according to the invention are plants containing transformation events, or a combination of transformation events, and that are listed for example in the databases for various national or regional regulatory agencies including Event BPS-CV127-9 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as NCIMB No. 41603, described in WO 2010/080829); Event DAS68416 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-10442, described in WO 2011/066384 or WO 2011/066360); Event DP-356043-5 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-8287, described in US-A 2010-0184079 or WO 2008/002872); Event EE-1 (brinjal, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 2007/091277); Event FI117 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC 209031, described in US-A 2006-059581 or WO 98/044140); Event GA21 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC 209033, described in US-A 2005-086719 or WO 98/044140), Event LL27 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as NCIMB41658, described in WO 2006/108674 or US-A 2008-320616); Event LL55 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as NCIMB 41660, described in WO 2006/108675 or US-A 2008-196127); Event MON87701 (soybean, insect control, deposited as ATCC PTA-8194, described in US-A 2009-130071 or WO 2009/064652); Event MON87705 (soybean, quality trait—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-9241, described in US-A 2010-0080887 or WO 2010/037016); Event MON87708 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA9670, described in WO 2011/034704); Event MON87754 (soybean, quality trait, deposited as ATCC PTA-9385, described in WO 2010/024976); Event MON87769 (soybean, quality trait, deposited as ATCC PTA-8911, described in US-A 2011-0067141 or WO 2009/102873); Event MON89788 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-6708, described in US-A 2006-282915 or WO 2006/130436).
Application Rates and Timing
When using the inventive mixtures or compositions as fungicides, the application rates can be varied within a relatively wide range, depending on the kind of application. The application rate of the mixtures or compositions is
in the case of treatment of plant parts, for example leaves: from 0.1 to 10 000 g/ha, preferably from 10 to 1000 g/ha, more preferably from 10 to 800 g/ha, even more preferably from 50 to 300 g/ha (in the case of application by watering or dripping, it is even possible to reduce the application rate, especially when inert substrates such as rockwool or perlite are used); in the case of seed treatment: from 2 to 200 g per 100 kg of seed, preferably from 3 to 150 g per 100 kg of seed, more preferably from 2.5 to 25 g per 100 kg of seed, even more preferably from 2.5 to 12.5 g per 100 kg of seed; in the case of soil treatment: from 0.1 to 10 000 g/ha, preferably from 1 to 5000 g/ha.
These application rates are merely by way of example and are not limiting for the purposes of the invention.
The inventive mixtures or compositions can thus be used to protect plants from attack by the pathogens mentioned for a certain period of time after treatment. The period for which protection is provided extends generally for 1 to 28 days, preferably for 1 to 14 days, more preferably for 1 to 10 days, most preferably for 1 to 7 days, after the treatment of the plants with the mixtures or compositions, or for up to 200 days after a seed treatment.
The method of treatment according to the invention also provides the use or application of compounds according to formula (I) and one biological control agent as defined above in a simultaneous, separate or sequential manner If the single active ingredients are applied in a sequential manner, i.e. at different times, they are applied one after the other within a reasonably short period, such as a few hours or days. Preferably the order of applying the compounds according to formula (I) and the biological control agent as defined above is not essential for working the present invention.
The plants listed can particularly advantageously be treated in accordance with the invention with the inventive mixtures or compositions. The preferred ranges stated above for the mixtures or compositions also apply to the treatment of these plants. Particular emphasis is given to the treatment of plants with the mixtures or compositions specifically mentioned in the present text.
According to another aspect of the present invention, in the combination or composition according to the invention, the compound ratio A/B may be advantageously chosen so as to produce a synergistic effect. The term synergistic effect is understood to mean in particular that defined by Colby in an article entitled “Calculation of the synergistic and antagonistic responses of herbicide combinations” Weeds, (1967), 15, pages 20-22.
The latter article mentions the formula:
E
=
X
+
Y
-
XY
100
wherein E represents the expected percentage of inhibition of the pest for the combination of the two compounds at defined doses (for example equal to x and y respectively), X is the percentage of inhibition observed for the pest by compound (A) at a defined dose (equal to x), Y is the percentage of inhibition observed for the pest by compound (B) at a defined dose (equal to y). When the percentage of inhibition observed for the combination is greater than E, there is a synergistic effect.
The term “synergistic effect” also means the effect defined by application of the Tammes method, “Isoboles, a graphic representation of synergism in pesticides”, Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 70(1964), pages 73-80.
A synergistic effect in fungicides is always present when the fungicidal action of the active compound combinations exceeds the expected action of the active compounds.
The expected fungicidal action for a given combination of two or three active compounds can be calculated as follows, according to S. R. Colby (“Calculating Synergistic and Antagonistic Responses of Herbicide Combinations”, Weeds 1967, 15, 20-22):
If
X is the efficacy when employing active compound A at an application rate of in g/ha,
Y is the efficacy when employing active compound B at an application rate of n g/ha and
E is the efficacy when employing active compounds A and B at application rates of in and n g/ha,
then E=X+Y(X*Y)/100
Here, the efficacy is determined in %. 0% means an efficacy which corresponds to that of the control, whereas an efficacy of 100% means that no infection is observed.
If the actual fungicidal action exceeds the calculated value, the action of the combination is superadditive, i.e. a synergistic effect is present. In this case, the actually observed efficacy must exceed the value calculated using the above formula for the expected efficacy (E).
The invention is illustrated by the examples below. However, the invention is not limited to the examples
1.PublishNumber: US-2015282483-A1
2.Date Publish: 20151008
3.Inventor: SAWADA HARUKO
WACHENDORFF-NEUMANN ULRIKE
HELLWEGE ELKE
RIECK HEIKO
HERRMANN STEFAN
4.Inventor Harmonized: SAWADA HARUKO(DE)
WACHENDORFF-NEUMANN ULRIKE(DE)
HELLWEGE ELKE(DE)
RIECK HEIKO(DE)
HERRMANN STEFAN(DE)
5.Country: US
6.Claims:
(en)The present invention relates to novel mixtures, to processes for preparing these compounds, to compositions comprising these mixtures, and to the use thereof as biologically active compounds, especially for control of harmful microorganisms or pests in crop protection and in the protection of materials and as plant growth regulators.
7.Description:
(en)The present invention relates to novel mixtures, to a process for preparing these mixtures, to compositions comprising these mixtures, and to the use thereof as biologically active mixtures, especially for control of harmful microorganisms or pests in crop protection and in the protection of materials and as plant growth regulators.
Carboxamides of the general formula
wherein
R 1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group and R 2 represents a methyl group, a difluoromethyl group or a trifluoromethyl group
are known as active compounds having a fungicidal effect (cf. WO 1986/02641 A, WO 1992/12970 A, JP 2010-83869, WO 2011/162397).
Moreover, it is known that these compounds can be mixed with different pesticidal active ingredients; resulting compositions are for example known from WO 2011/135827 A, WO 2011/135828 A, WO 2011/135830 A, WO 2011/135831, WO 2011/135832 A, WO 2011/135833 A, WO 2011/135834 AWO 2011/135835 A, WO 2011/135836 A, WO 2011/135837 A, WO 2011/135838 A, WO 2011/135839 A, and WO 2011/135840 A.
Since the ecological and economic demands made on modern active ingredients, for example fungicides, are increasing constantly, for example with respect to activity spectrum, toxicity, selectivity, application rate, formation of residues and favourable manufacture, and there can also be problems, for example, with resistances, there is a constant need to develop novel fungicidal compositions which have advantages over the known compositions at least in some areas.
It has now surprisingly found out that mixtures comprising at least one compound of the above-shown formula (I) and at least one biological control agent have a superior efficiency as those mixtures known from prior art.
The mixtures according to the present invention show a superior efficiency against harmful microorganisms or pests, in particular insects, mites, nematodes or phytopathogenic fungi as compared with the compositions known from prior art.
In particular, the mixtures according to the present invention possess preferably a synergistic effect in their application against harmful microorganisms or pests, in particular insects, mites, nematodes or phytopathogenic fungi.
Furthermore, the mixtures according to the present invention possess a superior synergistic effect as compared with the known mixtures of the prior art against harmful microorganisms or pests, in particular insects, mites, nematodes or phytopathogenic fungi.
The mixtures according to the present invention are now described in detail:
The composition according to the present invention comprises
(1) at least one compound of the general formula (I)
wherein
R 1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group and R 2 represents a methyl group, a difluoromethyl group or a trifluoromethyl group; and
(2) at least one biological control agent, in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes botanical extracts and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites.
Accordingly, the present invention is directed to mixture of the compounds of the formula (I) and one biological control agent (II), in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes or a mutant of these strains having all the identifying characteristics of the respective strain, botanical extracts and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites that exhibit activity against phytopathogenic fungi and pests.
The compounds of the formula (I) are known from prior art; preparation of the compounds thereof is described for example in WO 1986/02641 A, WO 1992/12970 A, JP 2010-83869, WO 2011/162397).
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the compound of the general formula (I) is represented by one of the compounds (I-1) to (I-6):
The compound of the general formula (I) is preferably selected form the group consisting of the compounds of the formula (I-1), (I-2), and (I-5). More preferably, the compound of the general formula (I) is the compound of the formula (I-1).
The compound of the formula (I) mentioned as a mandatory part of the mixture according to the present invention comprises a sterocentre as shown in the above scheme:
Accordingly, two stereoisomers are known from the compounds of the formula (I) which are all part of the present invention (WO 2011/162397). Accordingly, the compound of the formula (I) is either represented by
Formula (I-(R))
or by
Formula (I-(S))
wherein in the compounds of the general formula (I-(R)) and (I-(S)) the specific residues have the following meaning:
R 1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group and R 2 represents a methyl group, a difluoromethyl group or a trifluoromethyl group.
The compound of the formula (I) may be represented by a mixture of the compounds of the general formulae (I-(S)) and (I-(R)). However, preferably the enantiomer ratio R form/S form of the compound of the general formula (I) is 80/20 or more, more preferably, the enantiomer ratio R form/S form of the compound of the general formula is 90/10 to 10000/1, much more preferably the enantiomer ratio R form/S form of the compound of the general formula (I) is 95/5 to 10000/1, most preferably the enantiomer ratio R form/S form of the compound of the general formula (I) is 98/1 to 1000/1.
Taking the preferred definitions of the substituents R 1 and R 2 mentioned above into consideration, the compound of the general formula (I) is selected from one of the following compounds
Preferably, the compound of the general formula (I) is selected from compound ((I-1(S)), (I-1(R)), ((I-2(S)), (I-2(R)), and ((I-5(S)), (I-5(R)).
More preferably, the compound of the general formula (I) is selected from compound ((I-1(S)) or (I-1(R)).
The compounds of the formula (I) are mixed with at least one biological control agent, in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes botanical extracts and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites that exhibit activity against phytopathogenic fungi and pests.
Preferably, the compounds of the formula (I) are mixed with one biological control agent, in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes botanical extracts and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites that exhibit activity against phytopathogenic fungi and pests.
Accordingly, in the present invention the biological control agents comprise bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes botanical extracts and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites.
Mutants of the bacterial, fungal or protozoan strains having all the identifying characteristics of the respective strain shall be included within the definition of the biological control agent,
The products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites are characterized that they exhibit activity against phytopathogenic fungi and pests.
Accordingly, in the present invention biological control agents consist of bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes botanical extracts and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites.
Accordingly, in the present invention biological control agents are in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes botanical extracts and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites.
Accordingly, in the present invention biological control agents include:
(1) bacteria,
(2) fungi or yeasts,
(3) protozoas,
(4) viruses,
(5) entomopathogenic nematode,
(6) products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites and
(7) botanical extracts
Biological control agents which are summarized under the term “bacteria” include but are not limited to spore-forming, root-colonizing bacteria, or bacteria useful as bioinsecticide, biofungicide or bionematicide. Examples of such bacteria to be used or employed according to the invention include but are not limited to: (1.1) Agrobacterium radiobacter, (1.2) Bacillus acidocaldarius, (1.3) Bacillus acidoterrestris, (1.4) Bacillus agri, (1.5) Bacillus aizawai, (1.6) Bacillus albolactis, (1.7) Bacillus alcalophilus, (1.8) Bacillus alvei, (1.9) Bacillus aminoglucosidicus, (1.10) Bacillus aminovorans, (1.11) Bacillus amylolyticus (also known as Paenibacillus amylolyticus ), (1.12) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, in particular strain IN937a, (1.13) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, in particular strain FZB42 (product known as RhizoVital®), (1.14) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain B3, (1.15) Bacillus aneurinolyticus, (1.16) Bacillus atrophaeus, (1.17) Bacillus azotoformans, (1.18) Bacillus badius, (1.19) Bacillus cereus, in particular spores of Bacillus cereus strain CNCM I-1562 (cf. U.S. Pat. No. 6,406,690), (1.20) Bacillus chitinosporus, in particular strain AQ746 (Accession No. NRRL B-21618), (1.21) Bacillus circulans (1.22) Bacillus coagulans, (1.23) Bacillus fastidiosus, (1.24) Bacillus firmus, in particular strain I-1582 (products known as Bionem, VOTIVO), (1.25) Bacillus kurstaki, (1.26) Bacillus lacticola, (1.27) Bacillus lactimorbus, (1.28) Bacillus lactis, (1.29) Bacillus laterosporus (also known as Brevibacillus laterosporus ), (1.30) Bacillus lautus, (1.31) Bacillus lentimorbus, (1.32) Bacillus lentus, (1.33) Bacillus licheniformis, (1.34) Bacillus maroccanus, (1.35) Bacillus megaterium (products known as BioArc), (1.36) Bacillus metiens, (1.37) Bacillus mycoides, in particular strain AQ726 (Accession No. NRRL B21664), (1.38) Bacillus mycoides isolate J (BmJ), (1.39) Bacillus natto, (1.40) Bacillus nematocida, (1.41) Bacillus nigrificans, (1.42) Bacillus nigrum, (1.43) Bacillus pantothenticus, (1.44) Bacillus popillae (products known as Cronox), (1.45) Bacillus psychrosaccharolyticus, (1.46) Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain GB34 (products known as Yield Shield)), (1.47) Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain QST2808 (Accession No. NRRL B-30087, products known as Sonata QST 2808®), (1.48) Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain AQ717 (Accession No. NRRL B21662), (1.49) Bacillus siamensis, (1.50) Bacillus smithii, (1.51) Bacillus sphaericus (products known as VectoLexs®), (1.52) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain GB03 (products known as Kodiak®), (1.53) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST713/AQ713 (Accession No. NRRL B-21661, products known as Serenade QST 713®, Serenade Soil, Serenade Max), (1.54) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain AQ743 (Accession No. NRRL B-21665), (1.55) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain AQ 153 (ATCC accession No. 55614), (1.56) Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens strain FZB24 (products known as Taegro®), (1.57) Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (products known as VectoBac®), (1.58) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai strain ABTS-1857 (products known as XenTari®), (1.59) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain HD-1 (products known as Dipel® ES), (1.60) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain BMP 123, (1.61) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis strain NB 176 (products known as Novodor® FC), (1.62) Bacillus thuringiensis var. aegyptii (products known as Agerin), (1.63) Bacillus thuringiensis var. colmeri (products known as TianBaoBTc), (1.64) Bacillus thuringiensis var. darmstadiensis (products known as Baciturin, Kolepterin), (1.65) Bacillus thuringiensis var. dendrolimus (products known as Dendrobacillin), (1.66) Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae (products known as Enterobactin), (1.67) Bacillus thuringiensis var. japonensis (products known as Buihunter), (1.68) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Morrisoni, (1.69) Bacillus thuringiensis var. san diego, (1.70) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis strain MPPL002, (1.71) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis (products known as Bikol), (1.72) Bacillus thuringiensis var. 7216 (products known as Amactic, Pethian), (1.73) Bacillus thuringiensis var. T36 (products known as Cahat), (1.74) Bacillus thuringiensis strain BD #32 (Accession No. NRRL B-21530), (1.75) Bacillus thuringiensis strain AQ52 (Accession No. NRRL B-21619), (1.76) Bacillus uniflagellatus, (1.77) Bradyrhizobium japonicum (products known as SoySelect), (1.78) Bacillus sp. strain AQ175 (ATCC Accession No. 55608), (1.79) Bacillus sp. strain AQ177 (ATCC Accession No. 55609), (1.80) Bacillus sp. strain AQ178 (ATCC Accession No. 53522), (1.81) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain SS86-3, (1.82) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain SS86-4, (1.83) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain SS86-5, (1.84) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain 2904, (1.85) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 64, (1.86) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 1111, (1.87) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 1645, (1.88) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 1647 (1.89) Chromobacterium subtsugae, in particular strain PRAA4-1T (products known as Gandevo), (1.90) Delftia acidovorans, in particular strain RAY209 (products known as BioBoost®), (1.91) Lactobacillus acidophilus (products known as Fruitsan), (1.92) Lysobacter antibioticus, in particular strain 13-1 (cf. Biological Control 2008, 45, 288-296), (1.93) Lysobacter enzymogenes, in particular strain C3 (cf. J Nematol. 2006 June; 38(2): 233-239), (1.94) Paenibacillus alvei, in particular strains III3DT-1A ( Bacillus genetic stock center, November 2001), (1.95) Paenibacillus alvei, in particular strain III2E ( Bacillus genetic stock center, November 2001), (1.96) Paenibacillus alvei, in particular strain 46C3 ( Bacillus genetic stock center, November 2001), (1.97) Paenibacillus alvei, in particular strain 2771 ( Bacillus genetic stock center, November 2001), (1.98) Paenibacillus polymyxa, (1.99) Paenibacillus popilliae, (1.100) Pantoea agglomerans, (1.101) Pasteuria penetrans (products known as Pasteuria wettable powder), (1.102) Pasteuria usgae (products known as Econem™) (1.103) Pectobacterium carotovorum (products known as BioKeeper), (1.104) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (products known as Guiticid), (1.105) Pseudomonas aureofaciens (products known as Agate-25K), (1.106) Pseudomonas cepacia, in particular strain M54, (1.107) Pseudomonas cepacia, in particular strain J82, (1.108) Pseudomonas chlororaphis, in particular strain MA 342 (products known as Cedomon), (1.109) Pseudomonas fluorescens (products known as Sudozone), (1.110) Pseudomonas proradix (products known as Proradix®), (1.111) Pseudomonas putida (products known as Nematsid, (1.112) Pseudomonas resinovorans (products known as Solanacure), (1.113) Pseudomonas syringae (products known as Biosave), (1.114) Rhodococcus globerulus strain AQ719 (Accession No. NRRL B21663) (1.115) Serratia entomophila (products known as Invade™), (1.116) Serratia marcescens, in particular strain SRM (MTCC8708), (1.117) Serratia marcescens, in particular strain R35, (1.118) Streptomyces candidus (products known as BioAid™), (1.119) Streptomyces colombiensis (products known as Mycoside), (1.120) Streptomyces galbus, in particular strain K61 (products known as Mycostop®, cf. Crop Protection 2006, 25, 468-475), (1.121) Streptomyces galbus, in particular strain QST 6047, Accession No. NRRL 30232, (1.122) Streptomyces goshikiensis (products known as Safegro), (1.123) Streptomyces griseoviridis (products known as Mycostop®, cf. Microbial db of Canada), (1.124) Streptomyces lavendulae (products known as Phytolavin-300), (1.125) Streptomyces lydicus, in particular strain WYCD108 (products known as ActinovateSP), (1.126) Streptomyces lydicus, in particular strain WYEC108 (products known as Actino-iron), (1.127) Streptomyces prasinus (cf. “Prasinons A and B: potent insecticides from Streptomyces prasinus ” Applied Microbiology 1973 November), (1.128) Streptomyces rimosus (products known as Rhitovit), (1.129) Streptomyces saraceticus (products known as Clanda), (1.130) Streptomyces venezuelae, (1.131) Streptomyces sp. NRRL B-30145 (1.132) Xanthomonas campestris, (1.133) Xenorhabdus luminescens, (1.134) Xenorhabdus nematophila, (1.135) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST30002/AQ30002 (Accession No. NRRL B-50421, cf. WO 2012/087980) and (1.136) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST30004/AQ30004 (Accession No. NRRL B-50455, cf. WO 2012/087980).
Mutants of the bacterial, strains having all the identifying characteristics of the respective strain shall be included within the definition of the biological control agent being bacteria,
Biological control agents which are summarized under the term “fungi” or “yeasts” include but are not limited to: (2.1) Ampelomyces quisqualis, in particular strain AQ 10 (product known as AQ 10®), (2.2) Aureobasidium pullulans, in particular blastospores of strain DSM14940, (2.3) Aureobasidium pullulans, in particular blastospores of strain DSM 14941 or mixtures thereof (product known as Blossom Protect®), (2.4) Aschersonia aleyrodes, (2.5) Aspergillus flavus, in particular strain NRRL 21882 (products known as Afla-Guard®), (2.6) Arthrobotrys superba (Corda 1839), (2.7) Beauveria bassiana, in particular strain ATCC 74040 (products known as Naturalis®), (2.8) Beauveria bassiana, in particular strain GHA (products known as Mycotrol, BotaniGard), (2.9) Beauveria brongniartii (products known as Beaupro), (2.10) Candida oleophila, in particular strain O (products known as Nexy®, Aspire), (2.11) Chaetomium cupreum (products known as Ketocin), (2.12) Cladosporium cladosporioides, in particular strain H39, (2.13) Conidiobolus obscurus, (2.14) Coniothyrium minitans, in particular strain CON/M/91-8 (products known as Contans®), (2.15) Dilophosphora alopecuri (products known as Twist Fungus®), (2.16) Entomophthora virulenta (products known as Vektor), (2.17) Fusarium oxysporum, in particular strain Fo47 (products known as Fusaclean), (2.18) Gliocladium catenulatum, in particular strain J1446 (products known as Prestop® or Primastop), (2.19) Hirsutella thompsonii (products known as Mycohit or ABTEC), (2.20) Lagenidium giganteum (products known as Laginex® by AgraQuest, Inc.), (2.21) Lecanicillium lecanii, in particular conidia of strain KV01 (products known as Mycotal®, Vertalec®), (2.22) Metarhizium anisopliae, in particular strain F52 (products known as BIO 1020 or Met52), (2.23) Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (products known as Green Muscle), (2.24) Metarhizium flavoviride, (2.25) Metschnikovia fructicola, in particular the strain NRRL Y-30752 (product known as Shemer®), (2.26) Microsphaeropsis ochracea (products known as Microx®), (2.27) Mucor haemelis (product known as BioAvard), (2.28) Muscodor albus, in particular strain QST 20799 (products known as Arabesque™ or Andante™), (2.29) Muscodor albus, in particular strain 620 (Accession No. NRRL 30547), (2.30) Muscodor roseus strain A3-5 (Accession No. NRRL 30548), (2.31) Myrothecium verrucaria, in particular strain AARC-0255 (products known as DiTera™), (2.32) Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain SA86101, (2.33) Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain GU87401, (2.34) Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain SR86151, (2.35) Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain CG128, (2.36) Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain VA9101 (products known as Kongo®), (2.37) Ophiostoma piliferum, in particular strain D97 (products known as Sylvanex), (2.38) Paecilomyces fitmosoreus, in particular strain apopka 97 (products known as PreFeRal), (2.39) Paecilomyces lilacinus, in particular spores of Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251 (products known as BioAct®, cf. Crop Protection 2008, 27, 352-361), (2.40) Paecilomyces variotii, in particular strain Q-09 (products known as Nemaquim), (2.41) Pandora delphacis, (2.42) Penicillium bilaii, in particular strain ATCC22348 (products known as JumpStart®, PB-50, Provide), (2.43) Penicillium vermiculatum (products known as Vermiculen), (2.44) Phlebiopsis gigantea (products known as Rotstop), (2.45) Pichia anomala, in particular strain WRL-076, (2.46) Pochonia chlamydosporia, (2.47) Pseudozyma flocculosa, in particular strain PF-A22 UL (products known as Sporodex® L), (2.48) Pythium oligatulrum, in particular strain DV74 (products known as Polyversum), (2.49) Sporothrix insectorum (products known as Sporothrix ), (2.50) Talaromyces flavus, (2.51) Trichoderma album (products known as Bio-Zeid), (2.52) Trichoderma asperellum (products known as BIO-TAM™), (2.53) Trichoderma asperellum in particular strain ICC 012 (products known as Bioten®), (2.54) Trichoderma atroviride, in particular strain CNCM I-1237,(2.55) Trichoderma gamsii (products known as BIO-TAM™), (2.56) Trichoderma gamsii, in particular mycelial fragments, conidia & chlamydospores of strain ICC080 (products known as Bioderma), (2.57) Trichoderma harmatum, (2.58) Trichoderma harzianum, in particular Trichoderma harzianum T39 (products known as Trichodex®), (2.59) Trichoderma koningii (products known as Trikot-S Plus), (2.60) Trichoderma lignorum (products known as Mycobac), (2.61) Trichoderma polysporum, in particular strain IMI 206039, (2.62) Trichoderma virens (products known as SoilGard), (2.63) Tsukanturella paurometabola (products known as HeberNem®), (2.64) Ulocladium oudemansii (products known as Botry-Zen), (2.65) Verticillium albo - atrum, in particular strain WCS850, (2.66) Verticillium chlamydosporium (products known as Varsha), (2.67) Verticillium dahliae (products known as Dutch Trig), and (2.68) Zoophtora radican.
Mutants of the fungal strains having all the identifying characteristics of the respective strain shall be included within the definition of the biological control agent being a fungus or yeast,
Biological control agents which are summarized under the term “protozoas” include but are not limited to: (3.1) Nosema locustae (products known as NoloBait), (3.2) Thelohania solenopsis and (3.3) Vairimorpha spp. Mutants of the protozoan strains having all the identifying characteristics of the respective strain shall be included within the definition of the biological control agent being protozoans,
Biological control agents which are summarized under the term “viruses” include but are not limited to: (4.1) Adoxophyes orana (summer fruit tortrix) granulosis virus (GV), (product known as BIOFA-Capex®), (4.2) Agrotis segetum (turnip moth) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), (4.3) Anticarsia gemmatalis (Woolly pyrol moth) mNPV (products known as Polygen), (4.4) Autographa californica (Alfalfa Looper) mNPV (products known as VPN80 from Agricola El Sol), (4.5) Biston suppressaria (tea looper) NPV, (4.6) Bombyx mori (silkworm) NPV, (4.7) Cryptophlebia leucotreta (false codling moth) GV (products known as Cryptex), (4.8) Cydia pomonella (Codling moth) granulosis virus (GV) (product known as Madex Plus), (4.9) Dendrolimus punctatus (Masson pine moth) CPV, (4.10) Helicoverpa armigera NPV (product known as AgBiTech-ViVUS Max), (4.11) Helicoverpa (previously Heliothis ) zea (corn earworm) NPV (products known as Elcar), (4.12) Leucoma salicis (satin moth) NPV, (4.13) Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) NPV (products known as Gypcheck), (4.14) Neodiprion abietis (balsam-fir sawfly) NPV (products known as Abietiv), (4.15) Neodiprion lecontei (red-headed pinesawfly) NPV (products known as Lecontvirus), (4.16) Neodiprion sertifer (Pine sawfly) NPV (products known as Neocheck-S), (4.17) Orgyia pseudotsugata (Douglas-fir tussock moth) NPV (products known as Virtuss), (4.18) Phthorimaea operculella (tobacco leaf miner) GV (products known as Matapol), (4.19) Pieris rapae (small white) GV, (4.20) Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) GV (products known as Plutec), (4.21) Spodoptera albula (gray-streaked armyworm moth) mNPV (products known as VPN 82), (4.22) Spodoptera exempta (true armyworm) mNPV (products known as Spodec), (4.23) Spodoptera exigua (sugarbeet armyworm) mNPV (products known as Spexit from Andermatt Biocontrol), (4.24) Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) mNPV (products known as Baculovirus VPN), (4.25) Spodoptera littoralis (tobacco cutworm) NPV (products known as Spodoptrin from NPP Calliope France), and (4.26) Spodoptera litura (oriental leafworm moth) NPV (products known as Littovir).
Biological control agents which are summarized under the term “entomopathogenic nematodes” include but are not limited to: (5.1) Abbreviata caucasica, (5.2) Acuaria spp., (5.3) Agamermis decaudata, (5.4) Allantonema spp., (5.5) Amphimermis spp., (5.6) Beddingia (= Deladenus ) siridicola, (5.7) Bovienema spp., (5.8) Cameronia spp., (5.9) Chitwoodiella ovofilamenta, (5.10) Contortylenchus spp., (5.11) Culicimermis spp., (5.12) Diplotriaena spp., (5.13) Empidomermis spp., (5.14) Filipjevimermis leipsandra, (5.15) Gastromermis spp., (5.16) Gongylonema spp., (5.17) Gynopoecilia pseudovipara, (5.18) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (products known as B-Green), (5.19) Heterorhabditis baujardi, (5.20) Heterorhabditis heliothidis (products known as Nematon), (5.21) Heterorhabditis indica, (5.22) Heterorhabditis marelatus, (5.23) Heterorhabditis megidis, (5.24) Heterorhabditis zealandica, (5.25) Hexamermis spp., (5.26) Hydromermis spp., (5.27) Isomermis spp., (5.28) Limnomermis spp., (5.29) Maupasina weissi, (5.30) Mermis nigrescens, (5.31) Mesomermis spp., (5.32) Neomesomermis spp., (5.33) Neoparasitylenchus rugulosi, (5.34) Octomyomermis spp., (5.35) Parasitaphelenchus spp., (5.36) Parasitorhabditis spp., (5.37) Parasitylenchus spp., (5.38) Perutilimermis culicis, (5.39) Phasmarhabditis hennaphrodita, (5.40) Physaloptera spp., (5.41) Protrellatus spp., (5.42) Pterygodermatites spp., (5.43) Romanomermis spp., (5.44) Seuratum cadarachense, (5.45) Sphaerulariopsis spp., (5.46) Spirura guianensis, (5.47) Steinernema carpocapsae (products known as Biocontrol), (5.48) Steinernema feltiae (products known as Nemasys®), (5.49) Steinernema glaseri (products known as Biotopia), (5.50) Steinernema kraussei (products known as Larvesure), (5.51) Steinernema riobrave (products known as Biovector), (5.52) Steinernema scapterisci (products known as Nematac S), (5.53) Steinernema scarabaei, (5.54) Steinernema scarabaei, (5.55) Strelkovimermis peterseni, (5.56) Subulura spp., (5.57) Sulphuretylenchus elongatus, and (5.58) Tetrameres spp.
Biological control agents which are summarized under the term “ proteins or secondary metabolites” include but are not limited to: (6.1) Harpin (isolated by Erwinia amylovora, products known as Harp-N-Tek™, Messenger®, Employ™, ProAct™)
Biological control agents which are summarized under the term “botanical extracts” include but are not limited to: (7.1) Thymol, extracted e. g. from thyme ( thymus vulgaris ), (7.2) Neem tree ( Azadirachta indica ) oil, and therein Azadirachtin, (7.3) Pyrethrum, an extract made from the dried flower heads of different species of the genus Tanacetum, and therein Pyrethrins (the active components of the extract), (7.4) extract of Cassia nigricans, (7.5) wood extract of Quassia amara (bitterwood), (7.6) Rotenon, an extract from the roots and stems of several tropical and subtropical plant species, especially those belonging to the genera Lonchocarpus and Derris, (7.7) extract of Allium sativum (garlic), (7.8) Quillaja extract, made from the concentrated purified extract of the outer cambium layer of the Quillaja Saponaria Molina tree, (7.9) Sabadilla ( Sabadilla=Schoenocaulon officinale ) seeds, in particular Veratrin (extracted from the seeds), (7.10) Ryania, an extract made from the ground stems of Ryania speciosa, in particular Ryanodine (the active component of the extract), (7.11) extract of Viscum album (mistletoe), (7.12) extract of Tanacetum vulgare (tansy), (7.13) extract of Artemisia absinthium (wormwood), (7.14) extract of Urtica dioica (stinging nettle), (7.15) extract of Symphytum officinale (common comfrey), (7.16) extract of Tropaeulum majus (monks cress), (7.17) leaves and bark of Quercus (oak tree) (7.18) Yellow mustard powder, (7.19) oil of the seeds of Chenopodium anthelminticum (wormseed goosefoot), (7.20) dried leaves of Dryopteris filix - mas (male fern), (7.21) bark of Celastrus angulatus (Chinese bittersweet), (7.22) extract of Equisetum arvense (field horsetail), (7.23) Chitin (7.24) natural extracts or simulated blend of Chenopodium ambrosioides (products known as Requiem), (7.25) Saponins of Chenopodium quinoa (products known as Heads Up).
Particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of bacteria consisting of (1.12) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, in particular strain IN937a, (1.13) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, in particular strain FZB42 (product known as RhizoVital®), (1.16) Bacillus atrophaeus, (1.19) Bacillus cereus, in particular spores of Bacillus cereus strain CNCM I-1562 (cf. U.S. Pat. No. 6,406,690), (1.20) Bacillus chitinosporus, in particular strain AQ746 (Accession No. NRRL B-21618, (1.21) Bacillus circulans, (1.22) Bacillus coagulan, (1.24) Bacillus firmus, in particular strain I-1582 (products known as Bionem, VOTIVO), (1.37) Bacillus mycoides, in particular strain AQ726 (Accession No. NRRL B21664), (1.38) Bacillus mycoides isolate J (BmJ), (1.44) Bacillus popillae (products known as Cronox), (1.46) Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain GB34 (products known as Yield Shield), (1.47) Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain QST2808 (Accession No. NRRL B-30087, products known as Sonata QST 2808®), (1.48) Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain AQ717 (Accession No. NRRL B21662), (1.51) Bacillus sphaericus (products known as VectoLexs®), (1.52) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain GB03 (products known as Kodiak®), (1.53) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST713/AQ713 (Accession No. NRRL B-21661, products known as Serenade QST 713®, Serenade Soil, Serenade Max), (1.54) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain AQ743 (Accession No. NRRL B-21665), (1.55) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain AQ 153 (ATCC accession No. 55614), (1.56) Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens strain FZB24 (products known as Taegro®), (1.57) Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (products known as VectoBac®), (1.58) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai strain ABTS-1857 (products known as XenTari®), (1.59) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain HD-1 (products known as Dipel® ES), (1.60) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain BMP 123, (1.61) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis strain NB 176 (products known as Novodor® FC), (1.62) Bacillus thuringiensis var. aegyptii (products known as Agerin), (1.63) Bacillus thuringiensis var. colmeri (products known as TianBaoBTc), (1.64) Bacillus thuringiensis var. darmstadiensis (products known as Baciturin, Kolepterin), (1.65) Bacillus thuringiensis var. dendrolimus (products known as Dendrobacillin), (1.66) Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae (products known as Enterobactin), (1.67) Bacillus thuringiensis var. japonensis (products known as Buihunter), (1.71) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis (products known as Bikol), (1.72) Bacillus thuringiensis var. 7216 (products known as Amactic, Pethian), (1.73) Bacillus thuringiensis var. T36 (products known as Cahat), (1.76) Bacillus uniflagellatus, (1.77) Bradyrhizobium japonicum (products known as SoySelect), (1.78) Bacillus sp. strain AQ175 (ATCC Accession No. 55608), (1.79) Bacillus sp. strain AQ177 (ATCC Accession No. 55609), (1.80) Bacillus sp. strain AQ178 (ATCC Accession No. 53522), (1.81) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain SS86-3, (1.82) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain SS86-4, (1.83) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain SS86-5, (1.84) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain 2904, (1.85) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 64, (1.86) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 1111, (1.87) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 1645, (1.88) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 1647 (1.89) Chromobacterium subtsugae, in particular strain PRAA4-1T (products known as Gandevo), (1.90) Delftia acidovorans, in particular strain RAY209 (products known as BioBoost®), (1.91) Lactobacillus acidophilus (products known as Fruitsan), (1.92) Lysobacter antibioticus, in particular strain 13-1 (cf. Biological Control 2008, 45, 288-296), (1.101) Pasteuria penetrans (products known as Pasteuria wettable powder), (1.102) Pasteuria usgae (products known as Econem™), (1.103) Pectobacterium carotovorum (products known as BioKeeper), (1.104) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (products known as Guiticid), (1.105) Pseudomonas aureofaciens (products known as Agate-25K), (1.108) Pseudomonas chlororaphis, in particular strain MA 342 (products known as Cedomon), (1.109) Pseudomonas fluorescens (products known as Sudozone), (1.110) Pseudomonas proradix (products known as Proradix), (1.111) Pseudomonas putida (products known as Nematsid, (1.112) Pseudomonas resinovorans (products known as Solanacure), (1.113) Pseudomonas syringae (products known as Biosave), (1.114) Rhodococcus globerulus strain AQ719 (Accession No. NRRL B21663), (1.115) Serratia entomophila (products known as Invade™), (1.118) Streptomyces candidus (products known as BioAid™), (1.119) Streptomyces colombiensis (products known as Mycoside), (1.120) Streptomyces galbus, in particular strain K61 (products known as Mycostop®, cf. Crop Protection 2006, 25, 468-475), (1.121) Streptomyces galbus, in particular strain QST 6047, Accession No. NRRL 30232, (1.122) Streptomyces goshikiensis (products known as Safegro), (1.123) Streptomyces griseoviridis (products known as Mycostop®, cf. Microbial db of Canada), (1.124) Streptomyces lavendulae (products known as Phytolavin-300), (1.125) Streptomyces lydicus, in particular strain WYCD108 (products known as ActinovateSP), (1.126) Streptomyces lydicus, in particular strain WYEC108 (products known as Actino-iron), (1.128) Streptomyces rimosus (products known as Rhitovit), (1.129) Streptomyces saraceticus (products known as Clanda), (1.135) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST30002/AQ30002 (Accession No. NRRL B-50421, cf. WO 2012/087980) and (1.136) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST30004/AQ30004 (Accession No. NRRL B-50455, cf. WO 2012/087980).
Particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of fungi or yeasts consisting of (2.1) Ampelomyces quisqualis, in particular strain AQ 10 (product known as AQ 10®), (2.3) Aureobasidium pullulans, in particular blastospores of strain DSM 14941 or mixtures thereof (product known as Blossom Protect®), (2.5) Aspergillus flavus, in particular strain NRRL 21882 (products known as Afla-Guard®), (2.7) Beauveria bassiana, in particular strain ATCC 74040 (products known as Naturalis), (2.8) Beauveria bassiana, in particular strain GHA (products known as Mycotrol, BotaniGard), (2.9) Beauveria brongniartii (products known as Beaupro), (2.10) Candida oleophila, in particular strain O (products known as Nexy®, Aspire), (2.11) Chaetomium cupreum (products known as Ketocin), (2.14) Coniothyrium minitans, in particular strain CON/M/91-8 (products known as Contans®), (2.15) Dilophosphora alopecuri (products known as Twist Fungus®), (2.16) Entomophthora virulenta (products known as Vektor), (2.17) Fusarium oxysporum, in particular strain Fo47 (products known as Fusaclean), (2.18) Gliocladium catenulatum, in particular strain J1446 (products known as Prestop® or Primastop), (2.19) Hirsutella thompsonii (products known as Mycohit or ABTEC), (2.20) Lagenidium giganteum (products known as Laginex® by AgraQuest, Inc.), (2.21) Lecanicillium lecanii, in particular conidia of strain KV01 (products known as Mycotal®, Vertalec®), (2.22) Metarhizium anisopliae, in particular strain F52 (products known as BIO 1020 or Met52), (2.23) Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (products known as Green Muscle), (2.25) Metschnikovia fructicola, in particular the strain NRRL Y-30752 (product known as Shemer®), (2.26) Microsphaeropsis ochracea (products known as) Microx®, (2.27) Mucor haemelis (product known as BioAvard), (2.28) Muscodor albus, in particular strain QST 20799 (products known as Arabesque™ or Andante™), (2.29) Muscodor albus, in particular strain 620 (Accession No. NRRL 30547), (2.30) Muscodor roseus strain A3-5 (Accession No. NRRL 30548), (2.31) Myrothecium verrucaria, in particular strain AARC-0255 (products known as DiTera™), (2.32) Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain SA86101, (2.33) Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain GU87401, (2.34) Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain SR86151, (2.35) Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain CG128, (2.36) Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain VA9101 (products known as Kongo®), (2.37) Ophiostoma piliferum, in particular strain D97 (products known as Sylvanex), (2.38) Paecilomyces fumosoreus, in particular strain apopka 97 (products known as PreFeRal), (2.39) Paecilomyces lilacinus, in particular spores of Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251 (products known as BioAct®, cf. Crop Protection 2008, 27, 352-361), (2.40) Paecilomyces variotii, in particular strain Q-09 (products known as Nemaquim), (2.42) Penicillium bilaii, in particular strain ATCC22348 (products known as JumpStart®, PB-50, Provide), (2.43) Penicillium vermiculatum (products known as Vermiculen), (2.44) Phlebiopsis gigantea (products known as Rotstop), (2.47) Pseudozyma flocculosa, in particular strain PF-A22 UL (products known as Sporodex® L), (2.48) Pythium oligandrum, in particular strain DV74 (products known as Polyversum), (2.49) Sporothrix insectorum (products known as Sporothrix ), (2.51) Trichoderma album (products known as Bio-Zeid), (2.52) Trichoderma asperellum (products known as BIO-TAM™), (2.53) Trichoderma asperellum in particular strain ICC 012 (products known as Bioten®), (2.54) Trichoderma atroviride, in particular strain CNCM I-1237, (2.55) Trichoderma gamsii (products known as BIO-TAM™), (2.56) Trichoderma gamsii, in particular mycelial fragments, conidia & chlamydospores of strain ICC080 (products known as Bioderma), (2.58) Trichoderma harzianum, in particular Trichoderma harzianum T39 (products known as Trichodex®), (2.59) Trichoderma koningii (products known as Trikot-S Plus), (2.60) Trichoderma lignorum (products known as Mycobac), (2.62) Trichoderma virens (products known as SoilGard), (2.63) Tsukamurella paurometabola (products known as HeberNem®), (2.64) Ulocladium oudemansii (products known as Botry-Zen), (2.66) Verticillium chlamydosporium (products known as Varsha) and (2.67) Verticillium dahliae (products known as Dutch Trig).
Particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of protozoas consisting of (3.1) Nosema locustae (products known as NoloBait).
Particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of viruses consisting of (4.1) Adoxophyes orana (summer fruit tortrix) granulosis virus (GV), (product known as BIOFA-Capex®), (4.3) Anticarsia gemmatalis (Woolly pyrol moth) mNPV (products known as Polygen), (4.4) Autographa californica (Alfalfa Looper) mNPV (products known as VPN80 from Agricola El Sol), (4.7) Cryptophlebia leucotreta (false codling moth) GV (products known as Cryptex), (4.8) Cydia pomonella (Codling moth) granulosis virus (GV) (product known as Madex Plus), (4.10) Helicoverpa armigera NPV (product known as AgBiTech-ViVUS Max), (4.11) Helicoverpa (previously Heliothis ) zea (corn earworm) NPV (products known as Elcar), (4.13) Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) NPV (products known as Gypcheck), (4.14) Neodiprion abietis (balsam-fir sawfly) NPV (products known as Abietiv), (4.15) Neodiprion lecontei (red-headed pinesawfly) NPV (products known as Lecontvirus), (4.16) Neodiprion sertifer (Pine sawfly) NPV (products known as Neocheck-S), (4.17) Orgyia pseudotsugata (Douglas-fir tussock moth) NPV (products known as Virtuss), (4.18) Phthorimaea operculella (tobacco leaf miner) GV (products known as Matapol), (4.20) Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) GV (products known as Plutec), (4.21) Spodoptera albula (gray-streaked armyworm moth) mNPV (products known as VPN 82), (4.22) Spodoptera exempta (true armyworm) mNPV (products known as Spodec), (4.23) Spodoptera exigua (sugarbeet armyworm) mNPV (products known as Spexit from Andermatt Biocontrol), (4.24) Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) mNPV (products known as Baculovirus VPN), (4.25) Spodoptera littoralis (tobacco cutworm) NPV (products known as Spodoptrin from NPP Calliope France), and (4.26) Spodoptera litura (oriental leafworm moth) NPV (products known as Littovir).
Particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of entomopathogenic nematodes consisting of (5.18) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (products known as B-Green), (5.20) Heterorhabditis heliothidis (products known as Nematon), (5.47) Steinernema carpocapsae (products known as Biocontrol), (5.48) Steinernema feltiae (products known as Nemasys®), (5.49) Steinernema glaseri (products known as Biotopia), (4.50) Steinernema kraussei (products known as Larvesure), (5.51) Steinernema riobrave (products known as Biovector), and (5.52) Steinernema scapterisci (products known as Nematac S).
Particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of proteins and secondary metabolites consisting of (6.1) Harpin (isolated by Erwinia amylovora, products known as Harp-N-Tek™, Messenger®, Employ™, ProAct™)
Particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of botanical extracts consisting of (7.24) natural extracts or simulated blend of Chenopodium ambrosioides (products known as Requiem), (7.25) Saponins of Chenopodium quinoa (products known as Heads Up).
More particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of bacteria consisting of (1.12) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, in particular strain IN937a, (1.13) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, in particular strain FZB42 (product known as RhizoVital®), (1.16) Bacillus atrophaeus, (1.19) Bacillus cereus, in particular spores of Bacillus cereus strain CNCM I-1562 (cf. U.S. Pat. No. 6,406,690), (1.20) Bacillus chitinosporus, in particular strain AQ746 (Accession No. NRRL B-21618), (1.21) Bacillus circulans, (1.22) Bacillus coagulans, (1.24) Bacillus firmus, in particular strain I-1582 (products known as Bionem, VOTIVO), (1.37) Bacillus mycoides, in particular strain AQ726 (Accession No. NRRL B21664), (1.38) Bacillus mycoides isolate J (BmJ), (1.44) Bacillus popillae (products known as Cronox), (1.46) Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain GB34 (products known as Yield Shield), (1.47) Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain QST2808 (Accession No. NRRL B-30087, products known as Sonata QST 2808®), (1.48) Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain AQ717 (Accession No. NRRL B21662), (1.51) Bacillus sphaericus (products known as VectoLexs®), (1.52) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain GB03 (products known as Kodiak®), (1.53) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST713/AQ713 (Accession No. NRRL B-21661, products known as Serenade QST 713®, Serenade Soil, Serenade Max), (1.54) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain AQ743 (Accession No. NRRL B-21665), (1.55) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain AQ 153 (ATCC accession No. 55614), (1.56) Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens strain FZB24 (products known as) Taegro®), (1.57) Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (products known as VectoBac®), (1.58) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai strain ABTS-1857 (products known as XenTari®) (1.59) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain HD-1 (products known as Dipel® ES), (1.60) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain BMP 123, (1.61) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis strain NB 176 (products known as Novodor® FC), (1.62) Bacillus thuringiensis var. aegyptii (products known as Agerin), (1.63) Bacillus thuringiensis var. colmeri (products known as TianBaoBTc), (1.64) Bacillus thuringiensis var. darmstadiensis (products known as Baciturin, Kolepterin), (1.65) Bacillus thuringiensis var. dendrolimus (products known as Dendrobacillin), (1.66) Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae (products known as Enterobactin), (1.67) Bacillus thuringiensis var. japonensis (products known as Buihunter), (1.71) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis (products known as Bikol), (1.72) Bacillus thuringiensis var. 7216 (products known as Amactic, Pethian), (1.73) Bacillus thuringiensis var. T36 (products known as Cahat), (1.78) Bacillus sp. strain AQ175 (ATCC Accession No. 55608), (1.79) Bacillus sp. strain AQ177 (ATCC Accession No. 55609), (1.80) Bacillus sp. strain AQ178 (ATCC Accession No. 53522), (1.81) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain SS86-3, (1.82) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain SS86-4, (1.83) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain SS86-5, (1.84) Brevibacillus brevis, in particular strain 2904, (1.85) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 64, (1.86) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 1111, (1.87) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 1645, (1.88) Brevibacillus laterosporus, in particular strain 1647, (1.89) Chromobacterium subtsugae, in particular strain PRAA4-1T (products known as Gandevo), (1.90) Delftia acidovorans, in particular strain RAY209 (products known as BioBoost®), (1.91) Lactobacillus acidophilus (products known as Fruitsan), (1.92) Lysobacter antibioticus, in particular strain 13-1 (cf. Biological Control 2008, 45, 288-296), (1.103) Pectobacterium carotovorum (products known as BioKeeper), (1.114) Rhodococcus globerulus strain AQ719 (Accession No. NRRL B21663), (1.121) Streptomyces galbus, in particular strain QST 6047, Accession No. NRRL 30232 and (1.123) Streptomyces griseoviridis (products known as Mycostop®, cf. Microbial db of Canada)
More particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of fungi or yeasts consisting of (2.7) Beauveria bassiana, in particular strain ATCC 74040 (products known as Naturalis®) (2.8) Beauveria bassiana, in particular strain GHA (products known as Mycotrol, BotaniGard), (2.9) Beauveria brongniartii (products known as Beaupro), (2.19) Hirsutella thompsonii (products known as Mycohit or ABTEC), (2.20) Lagenidium giganteum (products known as Laginex® by AgraQuest, Inc.), (2.29) Muscodor albus, in particular strain 620 (Accession No. NRRL 30547), (2.30) Muscodor roseus strain A3-5 (Accession No. NRRL 30548), (2.31) Myrothecium verrucaria, in particular strain AARC-0255 (products known as DiTera™), (2.42) Penicillium bilaii, in particular strain ATCC22348 (products known as JumpStart®, PB-50, Provide), (2.52) Trichoderma asperellum (products known as BIO-TAM™), (2.53) Trichoderma asperellum in particular strain ICC 012 (products known as) Bioten®) (2.54) Trichoderma atroviride, in particular strain CNCM I-1237, (2.55) Trichoderma gamsii (products known as BIO-TAM™) and (2.63) Tsukamurella paurometabola (products known as HeberNem®).
More particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of viruses consisting of (4.3) Anticarsia gemmatalis (Woolly pyrol moth) mNPV (products known as Polygen), (4.8) Cydia pomonella (Codling moth) granulosis virus (GV) (product known as Madex Plus), (4.10) Helicoverpa armigera NPV (product known as AgBiTech-ViVUS Max), (4.11) Helicoverpa (previously Heliothis ) zea (corn earworm) NPV (products known as Elcar), (4.13) Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) NPV (products known as Gypcheck), (4.18) Phthorimaea operculella (tobacco leaf miner) GV (products known as Matapol), (4.23) Spodoptera exigua (sugarbeet armyworm) mNPV (products known as Spexit from Andermatt Biocontrol) and (4.26) Spodoptera litura (oriental leafworm moth) NPV (products known as Littovir).
Most particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of bacteria consisting of (1.24) Bacillus firmus, in particular strain I-1582 (products known as Bionem, VOTIVO), (1.47) Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain QST2808 (Accession No. NRRL B-30087, products known as Sonata QST 2808®), (1.52) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain GB03 (products known as Kodiak®), (1.53) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST713/AQ713 (Accession No. NRRL B-21661, products known as Serenade QST 713®, Serenade Soil, Serenade Max), (1.121) Streptomyces galbus, in particular strain QST 6047, Accession No. NRRL 30232, (1.135) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST30002/AQ30002 (Accession No. NRRL B-50421, cf. WO 2012/087980) and (1.136) Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST30004/AQ30004 (Accession No. NRRL B-50455, cf. WO 2012/087980).
Most particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of fungi or yeasts consisting of (2.20) Lagenidium giganteum (products known as Laginex® by AgraQuest, Inc.), (2.52) Trichoderma asperellum (products known as BIO-TAM™) and, (2.55) Trichoderma gamsii (products known as BIO-TAM™).
Most particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of botanical extracts consisting of (7.24) natural extracts or simulated blend of Chenopodium ambrosioides (products known as Requiem).
The compounds of the formula (I) and the biological control agent (II) as defined above of the mixture or composition according to the present invention can be combined in any specific ratio between these two mandatory components. In the mixtures or compositions according to the invention the compounds of the general formula (I) and the biological control agent (II) as defined above are present in a synergistically effective weight ratio of (I):(II) in a range of 1000:1 to 1:1000, preferably in a weight ratio of 500:1 to 1:500, most preferably in a weight ratio of 100:1 to 1:100. Further ratios of (I):(II) which can be used according to the present invention with increasing preferences the order given are: 800:1 to 1:800, 700:1 to 1:700, 750:1 to 1:750, 600:1 to 1:600, 400:1 to 1:400, 300:1 to 1:300, 250:1 to 1:250, 200:1 to 1:200, 95:1 to 1:95, 90:1 to 1:90, 85:1 to 1:85, 80:1 to 1:80, 75:1 to 1:75, 70:1 to 1:70, 65:1 to 1:65, 60:1 to 1:60, 55:1 to 1:55, 45:1 to 1:45, 40:1 to 1:40, 35:1 to 1:35, 30:1 to 1:30, 25:1 to 1:25, 20:1 to 1:20, 15:1 to 1:15, 10:1 to 1:10, 5:1 to 1:5, 4:1 to 1:4, 3:1 to 1:3, 2:1 to 1:2.
Following combinations exemplify specific embodiments of the mixture according to the present invention:
(I-1(S))+(1.1), (I-1(S))+(1.2), (I-1(S))+(1.3), (I-1(S))+(1.4), (I-1(S))+(1.5), (I-1(S))+(1.6), (I-1(S))+(1.7), (I-1(S))+(1.8), (I-1(S))+(1.9), (I-1(S))+(1.10), (I-1(S))+(1.11), (I-1(S))+(1.12), (I-1(S))+(1.13), (I-1(S))+(1.14), (I-1(S))+(1.15), (I-1(S))+(1.16), (I-1(S))+(1.17), (I-1(S))+(1.18), (I-1(S))+(1.19), (I-1(S))+(1.20), (I-1(S))+(1.21), (I-1(S))+(1.22), (I-1(S))+(1.23), (I-1(S))+(1.24), (I-1(S))+(1.25), (I-1(S))+(1.26), (I-1(S))+(1.27), (I-1(S))+(1.28), (I-1(S))+(1.29), (I-1(S))+(1.30), (I-1(S))+(1.31), (I-1(S))+(1.32), (I-1(S))+(1.33), (I-1(S))+(1.34), (I-1(S))+(1.35), (I-1(S))+(1.36), (I-1(S))+(1.37), (I-1(S))+(1.38), (I-1(S))+(1.39), (I-1(S))+(1.40), (I-1(S))+(1.41), (I-1(S))+(1.42), (I-1(S))+(1.43), (I-1(S))+(1.44), (I-1(S))+(1.45), (I-1(S))+(1.46), (I-1(S))+(1.47), (I-1(S))+(1.48), (I-1(S))+(1.49), (I-1(S))+(1.50), (I-1(S))+(1.51), (I-1(S))+(1.52), (I-1(S))+(1.53), (I-1(S))+(1.54), (I-1(S))+(1.55), (I-1(S))+(1.56), (I-1(S))+(1.57), (I-1(S))+(1.58), (I-1(S))+(1.59), 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The above mentioned mixtures or compositions may be used alone or in combination with other active ingredients such as A) fungicides and/or B) insecticides including but are not limited to:
A) Fungicides
The active ingredients specified herein by their “common name” are known and described, for example, in the Pesticide Manual or can be searched in the internet (e.g. http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides).
1) Inhibitors of the ergosterol biosynthesis, for example (1.1) aldimorph, (1.2) azaconazole, (1.3) bitertanol, (1.4) bromuconazole, (1.5) cyproconazole, (1.6) diclobutrazole, (1.7) difenoconazole, (1.8) diniconazole, (1.9) diniconazole-M, (1.10) dodemorph, (1.11) dodemorph acetate, (1.12) epoxiconazole, (1.13) etaconazole, (1.14) fenarimol, (1.15) fenbuconazole, (1.16) fenhexamid, (1.17) fenpropidin, (1.18) fenpropimorph, (1.19) fluquinconazole, (1.20) flurprimidol, (1.21) flusilazole, (1.22) flutriafol, (1.23) furconazole, (1.24) furconazole-cis, (1.25) hexaconazole, (1.26) imazalil, (1.27) imazalil sulfate, (1.28) imibenconazole, (1.29) ipconazole, (1.30) metconazole, (1.31) myclobutanil, (1.32) naftifine, (1.33) nuarimol, (1.34) oxpoconazole, (1.35) paclobutrazol, (1.36) pefurazoate, (1.37) penconazole, (1.38) piperalin, (1.39) prochloraz, (1.40) propiconazole, (1.41) prothioconazole, (1.42) pyributicarb, (1.43) pyrifenox, (1.44) quinconazole, (1.45) simeconazole, (1.46) spiroxamine, (1.47) tebuconazole, (1.48) terbinafine, (1.49) tetraconazole, (1.50) triadimefon, (1.51) triadimenol, (1.52) tridemorph, (1.53) triflumizole, (1.54) triforine, (1.55) triticonazole, (1.56) uniconazole, (1.57) uniconazole-p, (1.58) viniconazole, (1.59) voriconazole, (1.60) 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)cycloheptanol, (1.61) methyl 1-(2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate, (1.62) N′-{5-(difluoromethyl)-2-methyl-4-[3-(trimethylsilyl)propoxy]phenyl}-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (1.63) N-ethyl-N-methyl-N′-{2-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4-[3-(trimethylsilyl)propoxy]phenyl}imidoformamide, (1.64) O-[1-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl]1H-imidazole-1-carbothioate, (1.65) Pyrisoxazole.
2) Inhibitors of the respiratory chain at complex I or II, for example (2.1) bixafen, (2.2) boscalid, (2.3) carboxin, (2.4) diflumetorim, (2.5) fenfuram, (2.6) fluopyram, (2.7) flutolanil, (2.8) fluxapyroxad, (2.9) furametpyr, (2.10) furmecyclox, (2.11) isopyrazam (mixture of syn-epimeric racemate 1RS,4SR,9RS and anti-epimeric racemate 1RS,4SR,9SR), (2.12) isopyrazam (anti-epimeric racemate 1RS,4SR,9SR), (2.13) isopyrazam (anti-epimeric enantiomer 1R,4S,9S), (2.14) isopyrazam (anti-epimeric enantiomer 1S,4R,9R), (2.15) isopyrazam (syn epimeric racemate 1RS,4SR,9RS), (2.16) isopyrazam (syn-epimeric enantiomer 1R,4S,9R), (2.17) isopyrazam (synepimeric enantiomer 1S,4R,9S), (2.18) mepronil, (2.19) oxycarboxin, (2.20) penflufen, (2.21) penthiopyrad, (2.22) sedaxane, (2.23) thifluzamide, (2.24) 1-methyl-N-[2-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.25) 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[2-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.26) 3-(difluoromethyl)-N-[4-fluoro-2-(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropoxy)phenyl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.27) N-[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxypropan-2-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.28) 5,8-difluoro-N-[2-(2-fluoro-4-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenyl)ethyl]quinazolin-4-amine, (2.29) benzovindiflupyr, (2.30) N-[(1S,4R)-9-(dichloromethylene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methanonaphthalen-5-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.31) N-[(1R,4S)-9-(dichloromethylene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methanonaphthalen-5-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.32) 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.33) 1,3,5-trimethyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.34) 1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.35) 1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.36) 1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-N-[(3S)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.37) 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3S)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.38) 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.39) 1,3,5-trimethyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.40) 1,3,5-trimethyl-N-[(3S)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.41) benodanil, (2.42) 2-chloro-N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)pyridine-3-carboxamide, (2.43) N-[1-(4-isopropoxy-2-methylphenyl)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl]-3-methylthiophene-2-carboxamide.
3) Inhibitors of the respiratory chain at complex III, for example (3.1) ametoctradin, (3.2) amisulbrom, (3.3) azoxystrobin, (3.4) cyazofamid, (3.5) coumethoxystrobin, (3.6) coumoxystrobin, (3.7) dimoxystrobin, (3.8) enoxastrobin, (3.9) famoxadone, (3.10) fenamidone, (3.11) flufenoxystrobin, (3.12) fluoxastrobin, (3.13) kresoxim-methyl, (3.14) metominostrobin, (3.15) orysastrobin, (3.16) picoxystrobin, (3.17) pyraclostrobin, (3.18) pyrametostrobin, (3.19) pyraoxystrobin, (3.20) pyribencarb, (3.21) triclopyricarb, (3.22) trifloxystrobin, (3.23) (2E)-2-(2-{[6-(3-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-5-fluoropyrimidin-4-yl]oxy}phenyl)-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methylacetamide, (3.24) (2E)-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methyl-2-(2-{]({(1E)-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene}amino)oxy]methyl}phenyl)acetamide, (3.25) (2E)-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methyl-2-{2-[(E)-({1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethoxy}imino)methyl]phenyl}acetamide, (3.26) (2E)-2-{2-[({[(1E)-1-(3-{[(E)-1-fluoro-2-phenylvinyl]oxy}phenyl)ethylidene]amino}oxy)methyl]phenyl}-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methylacetamide, (3.27) Fenaminostrobin, (3.28) 5-methoxy-2-methyl-4-(2-{[({(1E)-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene}amino)oxy]methyl}phenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one, (3.29) methyl (2E)-2-{2-[({cyclopropyl[(4-methoxyphenyl)imino]methyl}sulfanyl)methyl]phenyl}-3-methoxyacrylate, (3.30) N-(3-ethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl)-3-formamido-2-hydroxybenzamide, (3.31) 2-{2-[(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}-2-methoxy-N-methylacetamide, (3.32) 2-{2-[(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}-2-methoxy-N-methylacetamide.
4) Inhibitors of the mitosis and cell division, for example (4.1) benomyl, (4.2) carbendazim, (4.3) chlorfenazole, (4.4) diethofencarb, (4.5) ethaboxam, (4.6) fluopicolide, (4.7) fuberidazole, (4.8) pencycuron, (4.9) thiabendazole, (4.10) thiophanate-methyl, (4.11) thiophanate, (4.12) zoxamide, (4.13) 5-chloro-7-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-6-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine, (4.14) 3-chloro-5-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-methyl-4-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)pyridazine.
5) Compounds capable to have a multisite action, for example (5.1) bordeaux mixture, (5.2) captafol, (5.3) captan, (5.4) chlorothalonil, (5.5) copper hydroxide, (5.6) copper naphthenate, (5.7) copper oxide, (5.8) copper oxychloride, (5.9) copper (2+) sulfate, (5.10) dichlofluanid, (5.11) dithianon, (5.12) dodine, (5.13) dodine free base, (5.14) ferbam, (5.15) fluorofolpet, (5.16) folpet, (5.17) guazatine, (5.18) guazatine acetate, (5.19) iminoctadine, (5.20) iminoctadine albesilate, (5.21) iminoctadine triacetate, (5.22) mancopper, (5.23) mancozeb, (5.24) maneb, (5.25) metiram, (5.26) metiram zinc, (5.27) oxine-copper, (5.28) propamidine, (5.29) propineb, (5.30) sulfur and sulfur preparations including calcium polysulfide, (5.31) thiram, (5.32) tolylfluanid, (5.33) zineb, (5.34) ziram, (5.35) anilazine
6) Compounds capable to induce a host defense, for example (6.1) acibenzolar-S-methyl, (6.2) isotianil, (6.3) probenazole, (6.4) tiadinil, (6.5) laminarin.
7) Inhibitors of the amino acid and/or protein biosynthesis, for example (7.1) andoprim, (7.2) blasticidin-S, (7.3) cyprodinil, (7.4) kasugamycin, (7.5) kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate, (7.6) mepanipyrim, (7.7) pyrimethanil, (7.8) 3-(5-fluoro-3,3,4,4-tetramethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline, (7.9) oxytetracycline, (7.10) streptomycin.
8) Inhibitors of the ATP production, for example (8.1) fentin acetate, (8.2) fentin chloride, (8.3) fentin hydroxide, (8.4) silthiofam.
9) Inhibitors of the cell wall synthesis, for example (9.1) benthiavalicarb, (9.2) dimethomorph, (9.3) flumorph, (9.4) iprovalicarb, (9.5) mandipropamid, (9.6) polyoxins, (9.7) polyoxorim, (9.8) validamycin A, (9.9) valifenalate, (9.10) polyoxin B.
10) Inhibitors of the lipid and membrane synthesis, for example (10.1) biphenyl, (10.2) chloroneb, (10.3) dicloran, (10.4) edifenphos, (10.5) etridiazole, (10.6) iodocarb, (10.7) iprobenfos, (10.8) isoprothiolane, (10.9) propamocarb, (10.10) propamocarb hydrochloride, (10.11) prothiocarb, (10.12) pyrazophos, (10.13) quintozene, (10.14) tecnazene, (10.15) tolclofos-methyl.
11) Inhibitors of the melanin biosynthesis, for example (11.1) carpropamid, (11.2) diclocymet, (11.3) fenoxanil, (11.4) phthalide, (11.5) pyroquilon, (11.6) tricyclazole, (11.7) 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl{3-methyl-1-[(4-methylbenzoyl)amino]butan-2-yl}carbamate.
12) Inhibitors of the nucleic acid synthesis, for example (12.1) benalaxyl, (12.2) benalaxyl-M (kiralaxyl), (12.3) bupirimate, (12.4) clozylacon, (12.5) dimethirimol, (12.6) ethirimol, (12.7) furalaxyl, (12.8) hymexazol, (12.9) metalaxyl, (12.10) metalaxyl-M (mefenoxam), (12.11) ofurace, (12.12) oxadixyl, (12.13) oxolinic acid, (12.14) octhilinone.
13) Inhibitors of the signal transduction, for example (13.1) chlozolinate, (13.2) fenpiclonil, (13.3) fludioxonil, (13.4) iprodione, (13.5) procymidone, (13.6) quinoxyfen, (13.7) vinclozolin, (13.8) proquinazid 14) Compounds capable to act as an uncoupler, for example (14.1) binapacryl, (14.2) dinocap, (14.3) ferimzone, (14.4) fluazinam, (14.5) meptyldinocap.
15) Further compounds, for example (15.1) benthiazole, (15.2) bethoxazin, (15.3) capsimycin, (15.4) carvone, (15.5) chinomethionat, (15.6) pyriofenone (chlazafenone), (15.7) cufraneb, (15.8) cyflufenamid, (15.9) cymoxanil, (15.10) cyprosulfamide, (15.11) dazomet, (15.12) debacarb, (15.13) dichlorophen, (15.14) diclomezine, (15.15) difenzoquat, (15.16) difenzoquat metilsulfate, (15.17) diphenylamine, (15.18) ecomate, (15.19) fenpyrazamine, (15.20) flumetover, (15.21) fluoroimide, (15.22) flusulfamide, (15.23) flutianil, (15.24) fosetyl-aluminium, (15.25) fosetyl-calcium, (15.26) fosetyl-sodium, (15.27) hexachlorobenzene, (15.28) irumamycin, (15.29) methasulfocarb, (15.30) methyl isothiocyanate, (15.31) metrafenone, (15.32) mildiomycin, (15.33) natamycin, (15.34) nickel dimethyldithiocarbamate, (15.35) nitrothal-isopropyl, (15.37) oxamocarb, (15.38) oxyfenthiin, (15.39) pentachlorophenol and salts, (15.40) phenothrin, (15.41) phosphorous acid and its salts, (15.42) propamocarb-fosetylate, (15.43) propanosine-sodium, (15.44) pyrimorph, (15.45) (2E)-3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-3-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-1-(morpholin-4-yl)prop-2-en-1-one, (15.46) (2Z)-3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-3-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-1-(morpholin-4-yl)prop-2-en-1-one, (15.47) pyrrolnitrine, (15.48) tebufloquin, (15.49) tecloftalam, (15.50) tolnifanide, (15.51) triazoxide, (15.52) trichlamide, (15.53) zarilamid, (15.54) (3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[({3-[(isobutyryloxy)methoxy]-4-methoxypyridin-2-yl}carbonyl)amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-1,5-dioxonan-7-yl 2-methylpropanoate, (15.55) 1-(4-{4-[(5R)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethanone, (15.56) 1-(4-{4-[(5S)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl- 3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethanone, (15.57) 1-(4-{4-[5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethanone, (15.58) 1-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl 1H-imidazole-1-carboxylate, (15.59) 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)pyridine, (15.60) 2,3-dibutyl-6-chlorothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one, (15.61) 2,6-dimethyl-1H,5H-[1,4]dithiino[2,3-c:5,6-c′]dipyrrole-1,3,5,7(2H,6H)-tetrone, (15.62) 2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-(4-{4-[(5R)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)ethanone, (15.63) 2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-(4-{4-[(5S)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)ethanone, (15.64) 2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-{4-[4-(5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]piperidin-1-yl}ethanone, (15.65) 2-butoxy-6-iodo-3-propyl-4H-chromen-4-one, (15.66) 2-chloro-5-[2-chloro-1-(2,6-difluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl]pyridine, (15.67) 2-phenylphenol and salts, (15.68) 3-(4,4,5-trifluoro-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline, (15.69) 3,4,5-trichloropyridine-2,6-dicarbonitrile, (15.70) 3-chloro-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-methylpyridazine, (15.71) 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-3,6-dimethylpyridazine, (15.72) 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol, (15.73) 5-chloro-N′-phenyl-N′-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)thiophene-2-sulfonohydrazide, (15.74) 5-fluoro-2-[(4-fluorobenzyl)oxy]pyrimidin-4-amine, (15.75) 5-fluoro-2-[(4-methylbenzyl)oxy]pyrimidin-4-amine, (15.76) 5-methyl-6-octyl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amine, (15.77) ethyl (2Z)-3-amino-2-cyano-3-phenylacrylate, (15.78) N′-(4-{[3-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]oxy}-2,5-dimethylphenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (15.79) N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-[3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]propanamide, (15.80) N-[(4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl]-3-[3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]propanamide, (15.81) N-[(5-bromo-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-2,4-dichloronicotinamide, (15.82) N-[1-(5-bromo-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-2,4-dichloronicotinamide, (15.83) N-[1-(5-bromo-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-2-fluoro-4-iodonicotinamide, (15.84) N-{(E)-[(cyclopropylmethoxy)imino][6-(difluoromethoxy)-2,3-difluorophenyl]methyl}-2-phenylacetamide, (15.85) N-{(Z)-[(cyclopropylmethoxy)imino][6-(difluoromethoxy)-2,3-difluorophenyl]methyl}-2-phenylacetamide, (15.86) N′-{4-[(3-tert-butyl-4-cyano-1,2-thiazol-5-yl)oxy]-2-chloro-5-methylphenyl}-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (15.87) N-methyl-2-(1-{[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-N-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide, (15.88) N-methyl-2-(1-{[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-N-[(1R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide, (15.89) N-methyl-2-(1-{[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-N-[(1S)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide, (15.90) pentyl{6-[({[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(phenyl)methylene]amino}oxy)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}carbamate, (15.91) phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, (15.92) quinolin-8-ol, (15.93) quinolin-8-ol sulfate (2:1), (15.94) tert-butyl{6-[({[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(phenyl)methylene]amino}oxy)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}carbamate, (15.95) 1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-N-[2′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.96) N-(4′-chlorobiphenyl-2-yl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.97) N-(2′,4′-dichlorobiphenyl-2-yl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.98) 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.99) N-(2′,5′-difluorobiphenyl-2-yl)-1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.100) 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[4′-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.101) 5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-N-[4′-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.102) 2-chloro-N-[4′-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]nicotinamide, (15.103) 3-(difluoromethyl)-N-[4′-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.104) N-[4′-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.105) 3-(difluoromethyl)-N-(4′-ethynylbiphenyl-2-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.106) N-(4′-ethynylbiphenyl-2-yl)-5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.107) 2-chloro-N-(4′-ethynylbiphenyl-2-yl)nicotinamide, (15.108) 2-chloro-N-[4′-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]nicotinamide, (15.109) 4-(difluoromethyl)-2-methyl-N-[4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide, (15.110) 5-fluoro-N-[4′-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.111) 2-chloro-N-[4′-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]nicotinamide, (15.112) 3-(difluoromethyl)-N-[4′-(3-methoxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.113) 5-fluoro-N-[4′-(3-methoxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.114) 2-chloro-N-[4′-(3-methoxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]nicotinamide, (15.115) (5-bromo-2-methoxy-4-methylpyridin-3-yl)(2,3,4-trimethoxy-6-methylphenyl)methanone, (15.116) N-[2-(4-{[3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-yn-1-yl]oxy}-3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N2-(methylsulfonyl)valinamide, (15.117) 4-oxo-4-[(2-phenylethyl)amino]butanoic acid, (15.118) but-3-yn-1-yl{6-[({[(Z)-(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(phenyl)methylene]amino}oxy)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}carbamate, (15.119) 4-amino-5-fluoropyrimidin-2-ol (mesomeric form: 4-amino-5-fluoropyrimidin-2(1H)-one), (15.120) propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, (15.121) 1,3-dimethyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.122) 1,3-dimethyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.123) 1,3-dimethyl-N-[(3S)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.124) [3-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,2-oxazol-4-yl](pyridin-3-yl)methanol, (15.125) (S)-[3-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,2-oxazol-4-yl](pyridin-3-yl)methanol, (15.126) (R)-[3-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,2-oxazol-4-yl](pyridin-3-yl)methanol, (15.127) 2-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.128) 1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl thiocyanate, (15.129) 5-(allylsulfanyl)-1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole, (15.130) 2-[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.131) 2-{[rel(2R,3S)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.132) 2-{[rel(2R,3R)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.133) 1-{[rel(2R,3S)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl thiocyanate, (15.134) 1-{[rel(2R,3R)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl thiocyanate, (15.135) 5-(allylsulfanyl)-1-{[rel(2R,3S)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole, (15.136) 5-(allylsulfanyl)-1-{[rel(2R,3R)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole, (15.137) 2-[(2S,4S,5S)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.138) 2-[(2R,4S,5S)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.139) 2-[(2R,4R,5R)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.140) 2-[(2S,4R,5R)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.141) 2-[(2S,4S,5R)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.142) 2-[(2R,4S,5R)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.143) 2-[(2R,4R,5S)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.144) 2-[(2S,4R,5S)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.145) 2-fluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)benzamide, (15.146) 2-(6-benzylpyridin-2-yl)quinazoline, (15.147) 2-[6-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methylpyridin-2-yl]quinazoline, (15.148) 3-(4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline, (15.149) Abscisic acid.
All named mixing partners of the classes (1) to (15) can, if their functional groups enable this, optionally form salts with suitable bases or acids.
B) Insecticides
The active ingredients specified herein by their “common name” are known and described, for example, in the Pesticide Manual (“The Pesticide Manual”, 14th Ed., British Crop Protection Council 2006) or can be searched in the internet (e.g. http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides).
1) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, for example
carbamates, e.g. Alanycarb (II-1-1), Aldicarb (II-1-2), Bendiocarb (II-1-3), Benfuracarb (II-1-4), Butocarboxim (II-1-5), Butoxycarboxim (II-1-6), Carbaryl (II-1-7), Carbofuran (II-1-8), Carbosulfan (II-1-9), Ethiofencarb (II-1-10), Fenobucarb (II-1-11), Formetanate (II-1-12), Furathiocarb (II-1-13), Isoprocarb (II-1-14), Methiocarb (II-1-15), Methomyl (II-1-16), Metolcarb (II-1-17), Oxamyl (II-1-18), Pirimicarb (II-1-19), Propoxur (II-1-20), Thiodicarb (II-1-21), Thiofanox (II-1-22), Triazamate (II-1-23), Trimethacarb (II-1-24), XMC (II-1-25), and Xylylcarb (II-1-26); or
organophosphates, e.g. Acephate (II-1-27), Azamethiphos (II-1-28), Azinphos-ethyl (II-1-29), Azinphos-methyl (II-1-30), Cadusafos (II-1-31), Chlorethoxyfos (II-1-32), Chlorfenvinphos (II-1-33), Chlormephos (II-1-34), Chlorpyrifos (II-1-35), Chlorpyrifos-methyl (II-1-36), Coumaphos (II-1-37), Cyanophos (II-1-38), Demeton-S-methyl (II-1-39), Diazinon (II-1-40), Dichlorvos/DDVP (II-1-41), Dicrotophos (II-1-42), Dimethoate (II-1-43), Dimethylvinphos (II-1-44), Disulfoton (II-1-45), EPN (II-1-46), Ethion (II-1-47), Ethoprophos (II-1-48), Famphur (II-1-49), Fenamiphos (II-1-50), Fenitrothion (II-1-51), Fenthion (II-1-52), Fosthiazate (II-1-53), Heptenophos (II-1-54), Imicyafos (II-1-55), Isofenphos (II-1-56), Isopropyl O-(methoxyaminothio-phosphoryl) salicylate (II-1-57), Isoxathion (II-1-58), Malathion (II-1-59), Mecarbam (II-1-60), Methamidophos (II-1-61), Methidathion (II-1-62), Mevinphos (II-1-63), Monocrotophos (II-1-64), Naled (II-1-65), Omethoate (II-1-66), Oxydemeton-methyl (II-1-67), Parathion (II-1-68), Parathion-methyl (II-1-69), Phenthoate (II-1-70), Phorate (II-1-71), Phosalone (II-1-72), Phosmet (II-1-73), Phosphamidon (II-1-74), Phoxim (II-1-75), Pirimiphos-methyl (II-1-76), Profenofos (II-1-77), Propetamphos (II-1-78), Prothiofos (II-1-79), Pyraclofos (II-1-80), Pyridaphenthion (II-1-81), Quinalphos (II-1-82), Sulfotep (II-1-83), Tebupirimfos (II-1-84), Temephos (II-1-85), Terbufos (II-1-86), Tetrachlorvinphos (II-1-87), Thiometon (II-1-88), Triazophos (II-1-89), Trichlorfon (II-1-90), and Vamidothion (II-1-91).
2) GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists, for example
cyclodiene organochlorines, e.g. Chlordane (II-2-1) and Endosulfan (II-2-2); or
phenylpyrazoles (fiproles), e.g. Ethiprole (II-2-3) and Fipronil (II-2-4).
3) Sodium channel modulators/voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers, for example
pyrethroids, e.g. Acrinathrin (II-3-1), Allethrin (II-3-2), d-cis-trans Allethrin (II-3-3), d-trans Allethrin (II-3-4), Bifenthrin (II-3-5), Bioallethrin (II-3-6), Bioallethrin S-cyclopentenyl isomer (II-3-7), Bioresmethrin (II-3-8), Cycloprothrin (II-3-9), Cyfluthrin (II-3-10), beta-Cyfluthrin (II-3-11), Cyhalothrin (II-3-12), lambda-Cyhalothrin (II-3-13), gamma-Cyhalothrin (II-3-14), Cypermethrin (II-3-15), alpha-Cypermethrin (II-3-16), beta-Cypermethrin (II-3-17), theta-Cypermethrin (II-3-18), zeta-Cypermethrin (II-3-19), Cyphenothrin [(1R)-trans isomers] (II-3-20), Deltamethrin (II-3-21), Empenthrin [(EZ)-(1R) isomers) (II-3-22), Esfenvalerate (II-3-23), Etofenprox (II-3-24), Fenpropathrin (II-3-25), Fenvalerate (II-3-26), Flucythrinate (II-3-27), Flumethrin (II-3-28), tau-Fluvalinate (II-3-29), Halfenprox (II-3-30), Imiprothrin (II-3-31), Kadethrin (II-3-32), Permethrin (II-3-33), Phenothrin [(1R)-trans isomer) (II-3-34), Prallethrin (II-3-35), Pyrethrine (pyrethrum) (II-3-36), Resmethrin (II-3-37), Silafluofen (II-3-38), Tefluthrin (II-3-39), Tetramethrin (II-3-40), Tetramethrin [(1R) isomers)] (II-3-41), Tralomethrin (II-3-42), and Transfluthrin (II-3-43); or
DDT (II-3-44); or Methoxychlor (II-3-45).
4) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists, for example
neonicotinoids, e.g. Acetamiprid (II-4-1), Clothianidin (II-4-2), Dinotefuran (II-4-3), Imidacloprid (II-4-4), Nitenpyram (II-4-5), Thiacloprid (II-4-6), and Thiamethoxam (II-4-7); or
Nicotine (II-4-8); or
Sulfoxaflor (II-4-9).
5) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric activators, for example
spinosyns, e.g. Spinetoram (II-5-1) and Spinosad (II-5-2).
6) Chloride channel activators, for example
avermectins/milbemycins, e.g. Abamectin (II-6-1), Emamectin benzoate (II-6-2), Lepimectin (II-6-3), and Milbemectin (II-6-4).
7) Juvenile hormone mimics, for example
juvenile hormone analogues, e.g. Hydroprene (II-7-1), Kinoprene (II-7-2), and Methoprene (II-7-3); or
Fenoxycarb (II-7-4); or Pyriproxyfen (II-7-5).
8) Miscellaneous non-specific (multi-site) inhibitors, for example
alkyl halides, e.g. Methyl bromide (II-8-1) and other alkyl halides; or
Chloropicrin (II-8-2); or Sulfuryl fluoride (II-8-3); or Borax (II-8-4); or Tartar emetic (II-8-5).
9) Selective homopteran feeding blockers, e.g. Pymetrozine (II-9-1); or Flonicamid (II-9-2).
10) Mite growth inhibitors, e.g. Clofentezine (II-10-1), Hexythiazox (II-10-2), and Diflovidazin (II-10-3); or
Etoxazole (II-10-4).
12) Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase, for example Diafenthiuron (II-12-1); or
organotin miticides, e.g. Azocyclotin (II-12-2), Cyhexatin (II-12-3), and Fenbutatin oxide (II-12-4); or
Propargite (II-12-5); or Tetradifon (II-12-6).
13) Uncouplers of oxidative phoshorylation via disruption of the proton gradient, for example Chlorfenapyr (II-13-1), DNOC (II-13-2), and Sulfluramid (II-13-3).
14) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel blockers, for example Bensultap (II-14-1), Cartap hydrochloride (II-14-2), Thiocyclam (II-14-3), and Thiosultap-sodium (II-14-4).
15) Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 0, for example Bistrifluron (II-15-1), Chlorfluazuron (II-15-2), Diflubenzuron (II-15-3), Flucycloxuron (II-15-4), Flufenoxuron (II-15-5), Hexaflumuron (II-15-6), Lufenuron (II-15-7), Novaluron (II-15-8), Noviflumuron (II-15-9), Teflubenzuron (II-15-10), and Triflumuron (II-15-11).
16) Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 1, for example Buprofezin (II-16-1).
17) Moulting disruptors, for example Cyromazine (II-17-1).
18) Ecdysone receptor agonists, for example Chromafenozide (II-18-1), Halofenozide (II-18-2), Methoxyfenozide (II-18-3), and Tebufenozide (II-18-4).
19) Octopamine receptor agonists, for example Amitraz (II-19-1).
20) Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors, for example Hydramethylnon (II-20-1); or Acequinocyl (II-20-2); or Fluacrypyrim (II-20-3).
21) Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors, for example
METI acaricides, e.g. Fenazaquin (II-21-1), Fenpyroximate (II-21-2), Pyrimidifen (II-21-3), Pyridaben (II-21-4), Tebufenpyrad (II-21-5), and Tolfenpyrad (II-21-6); or
Rotenone (Denis) (II-21-7).
22) Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers, e.g. Indoxacarb (II-22-1); or Metaflumizone (II-22-2).
23) Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase, for example
tetronic and tetramic acid derivatives, e.g. Spirodiclofen (II-23-1), Spiromesifen (II-23-2), and Spirotetramat (II-23-3).
24) Mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitors, for example
phosphines, e.g. Aluminium phosphide (II-24-1), Calcium phosphide (II-24-2), Phosphine (II-24-3), and Zinc phosphide (II-24-4); or
Cyanide (II-24-5).
25) Mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors, for example beta-ketonitrile derivatives, e.g. Cyenopyrafen (II-25-1) and Cyflumetofen (II-25-2).
28) Ryanodine receptor modulators, for example
diamides, e.g. Chlorantraniliprole (II-28-1), Cyantraniliprole (II-28-2), and Flubendiamide (II-28-3).
Further active ingredients with unknown or uncertain mode of action, for example Amidoflumet (II-29-1), Azadirachtin (II-29-2), Benclothiaz (II-29-3), Benzoximate (II-29-4), Bifenazate (II-29-5), Bromopropylate (II-29-6), Chinomethionat (II-29-7), Cryolite (II-29-8), Dicofol (II-29-9), Diflovidazin (II-29-10), Fluensulfone (II-29-11), Flufenerim (II-29-12), Flufiprole (II-29-13), Fluopyram (II-29-14), Fufenozide (II-29-15), Imidaclothiz (II-29-16), Iprodione (II-29-17), Meperfluthrin (II-29-18), Pyridalyl (II-29-19), Pyrifluquinazon (II-29-20), Tetramethylfluthrin (II-29-21), and iodomethane (II-29-22); furthermore one of the following known active compounds: 3-bromo-N-{2-bromo-4-chloro-6-[(1-cyclopropylethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (II-29-24) (known from WO2005/077934), 4-{[(6-bromopyridin-3-yl)methyl](2-fluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (II-29-25) (known from WO2007/115644), 4-{[(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)methyl](2,2-difluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (II-29-26) (known from WO2007/115644), 4-{[(2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl](2-fluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (II-27-29) (known from WO2007/115644), 4-{[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](2-fluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (II-29-28) (known from WO2007/115644), Flupyradifurone (II-29-29), 4-{[(6-chlor-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)methyl](methyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (II-29-30) (known from WO2007/115643), 4-{[(5,6-dichloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](2-fluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (II-29-31) (known from WO2007/115646), 4-{[(6-chloro-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)methyl](cyclopropyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (II-29-32) (known from WO2007/115643), 4-{[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](cyclopropyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (II-29-33) (known from EP-A-0 539 588), 4-{[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](methyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (II-29-34) (known from EP-A-0 539 588), {[1-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)ethyl](methyl)oxido-λ 4 -sulfanylidene}cyanamide (II-29-35) (known from WO2007/149134) and its diastereomers {[(1R)-1-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)ethyl](methyl)oxido-λ 4 -sulfanylidene}cyanamide (A) (II-29-36), and {[(1S)-1-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)ethyl](methyl)oxido-λ 4 -sulfanylidene}cyanamide (B) (II-29-37) (also known from WO2007/149134) as well as diastereomers [(R)-methyl(oxido){(1R)-1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-λ 4 -sulfanylidene]cyanamide (A1) (II-29-38), and [(S)-methyl(oxido){(1S)-1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-λ 4 -sulfanylidene]cyanamide (A2) (II-29-39), referred to as group of diastereomers A (known from WO2010/074747, WO2010/074751), [(R)-methyl(oxido){(1S)-1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-λ 4 -sulfanylidene]cyanamide (B1) (II-29-40), and [(S)-methyl(oxido){(1R)-1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-λ 4 -sulfanylidene]cyanamide (B2) (II-29-41), referred to as group of diastereomers B (also known from WO2010/074747, WO2010/074751), and 11-(4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-12-hydroxy-1,4-dioxa-9-azadispiro[4.2.4.2]tetradec-11-en-10-one (II-29-42) (known from WO2006/089633), 3-(4′-fluoro-2,4-dimethylbiphenyl-3-yl)-4-hydroxy-8-oxa-1-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-2-one (II-29-43) (known from WO2008/067911), 1-{2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-[(2,2,2-trifluorethyl)sulfinyl]phenyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine (II-29-44) (known from WO2006/043635), Afidopyropen (II-29-45) (known from WO2008/066153), 2-cyano-3-(difluoromethoxy)-N,N-dimethylbenzenesulfonamide (II-29-46) (known from WO2006/056433), 2-cyano-3-(difluoromethoxy)-N-methylbenzenesulfonamide (II-29-47) (known from WO2006/100288), 2-cyano-3-(difluoromethoxy)-N-ethylbenzenesulfonamide (II-29-48) (known from WO2005/035486), 4-(difluoromethoxy)-N-ethyl-N-methyl-1,2-benzothiazol-3-amine 1,1-dioxide (II-29-49) (known from WO2007/057407), N-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)-2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-amine (II-29-50) (known from WO2008/104503), {1′-[(2E)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]-5-fluorospiro[indole-3,4′-piperidin]-1(2H)-yl}(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)methanone (II-29-51) (known from WO2003/106457), 3-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-4-hydroxy-8-methoxy-1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-2-one (II-29-52) (known from WO2009/049851), 3-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-8-methoxy-2-oxo-1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-4-yl ethyl carbonate (II-29-53) (known from WO2009/049851), 4-(but-2-yn-1-yloxy)-6-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-5-fluoropyrimidine (II-29-54) (known from WO2004/099160), (2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentyl)(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)malononitrile (II-29-55) (known from WO2005/063094), (2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentyl)(3,3,4,4,4-pentafluorobutyl)malononitrile (II-29-56) (known from WO2005/063094), 8-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-3-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridazin-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (II-29-57) (known from WO2007/040280), Flometoquin (II-29-58), PF1364 (CAS-Reg. No. 1204776-60-2) (II-29-59) (known from JP2010/018586), 5-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)benzonitrile (II-29-60) (known from WO2007/075459), 5-[5-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)benzonitrile (II-29-61) (known from WO2007/075459), 4-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-2-methyl-N-[2-oxo-2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amino]ethyl}benzamide (II-29-62) (known from WO2005/085216), 4-{[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](cyclopropyl)amino}-1,3-oxazol-2(5H)-one (II-29-63), 4-{[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](2,2-difluoroethyl)amino}-1,3-oxazol-2(5H)-one (II-29-64), 4-{[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](ethyl)amino}-1,3-oxazol-2(5H)-one (II-29-65), 4-{[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](methyl)amino}-1,3-oxazol-2(5H)-one (II-29-66) (all known from WO2010/005692), Pyflubumide (II-29-67) (known from WO2002/096882), methyl 2-[2-({[3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]carbonyl}amino)-5-chloro-3-methylbenzoyl]-2-methylhydrazinecarboxylate (II-29-68) (known from WO2005/085216), methyl 2-[2-({[3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]carbonyl}amino)-5-cyano-3-methylbenzoyl]-2-ethylhydrazinecarboxylate (II-29-69) (known from WO2005/085216), methyl 2-[2-({[3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]carbonyl}amino)-5-cyano-3-methylbenzoyl]-2-methylhydrazinecarboxylate (II-29-70) (known from WO2005/085216), methyl 2-[3,5-dibromo-2-({[3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]carbonyl}amino)benzoyl]-1,2-diethylhydrazinecarboxylate (II-29-71) (known from WO2005/085216), methyl 2-[3,5-dibromo-2-({[3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]carbonyl}amino)benzoyl]-2-ethylhydrazinecarboxylate (II-29-72) (known from WO2005/085216), (5RS,7RS,5RS,7SR)-1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-7-methyl-8-nitro-5-propoxyimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine (II-29-73) (known from WO2007/101369), 2-{6-[2-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol-5-yl]pyridin-2-yl}pyrimidine (II-29-74) (known from WO2010/006713), 2-{6-[2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol-5-yl]pyridin-2-yl}pyrimidine (II-29-75) (known from WO2010/006713), 1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (II-29-76) (known from WO2010/069502), 1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (II-29-77) (known from WO2010/069502), N-[2-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)-4-cyano-6-methylphenyl]-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-3-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (II-29-78) (known from WO2010/069502), N-[2-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)-4-cyano-6-methylphenyl]-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-3-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (II-29-79) (known from WO2010/069502), (1E)-N-[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-N′-cyano-N-(2,2-difluoroethyl)ethanimidamide (II-29-80) (known from WO2008/009360), N-[2-(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-4-chloro-6-methylphenyl]-3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (II-29-81) (known from CN102057925), methyl 2-[3,5-dibromo-2-({[3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]carbonyl}amino)benzoyl]-2-ethyl-1-methylhydrazinecarboxylate (II-29-82) (known from WO2011/049233), Heptafluthrin (II-29-83), Pyriminostrobin (II-29-84), Flufenoxystrobin (II-29-85), and 3-chloro-N 2 -(2-cyanopropan-2-yl)-N 1 -[4-(1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropan-2-yl)-2-methylphenyl]phthalamide (II-29-86) (known from WO2012/034472).
Although the mixture according to the present invention may be a composition itself, the final used composition is usually prepared by mixing the compounds of the formula (I) with the biological control agent as defined above and an inert carrier, and if necessary, by adding a surfactant and/or another auxiliary for formulation, such as an extender, and by formulating the mixture into oil formulation, emulsifiable concentrate, flowable formulation, wettable powder, water dispersible granules, powder, granules, or the like. The formulation, which is used alone or by adding another inert component, can be used as a pesticide.
Specific further components of this final composition are described later.
The treatment of plants or plant parts can be carried out in two or more steps:
a) with a compound of general formula (I), and b) at least one biological control agent
wherein the two components are applied separately to the crop at the same or different plant growth stages including post harvest treatment. The application of a) and b) is not limited to a special order or number of applications.
The “composition” can be prepared by formulating the compounds of the formula (I) and at least one biological control agent, in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes botanical extracts and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites as described in the above, and then making the formulations or their diluents.
For the sake of clearness, a mixture means a physical combination of the compounds of the formula (I) and at least one biological control agent as defined above, whereas a composition means a combination of the mixture together with further additives, such as surfactants, solvents, carriers, pigments, antifoams, thickeners and extenders, in a form as suitable for agrochemical application.
Accordingly, the present invention also relates compositions for controlling harmful microorganisms, especially harmful fungi and bacteria, comprising an effective and non-phytotoxic amount of the inventive mixtures. These are preferably fungicidal compositions which comprise agriculturally suitable auxiliaries, solvents, carriers, surfactants or extenders.
In the context of the present invention, “control of harmful microorganisms” means a reduction in infestation by harmful microorganisms, compared with the untreated plant measured as fungicidal efficacy, preferably a reduction by 25-50%, compared with the untreated plant (100%), more preferably a reduction by 40-79%, compared with the untreated plant (100%); even more preferably, the infection by harmful microorganisms is entirely suppressed (by 70-100%). The control may be curative, i.e. for treatment of already infected plants, or protective, for protection of plants which have not yet been infected.
Accordingly, the present invention also relates compositions for controlling pests, especially harmful insects, mites, arachnids and nematodes, comprising an effective and non-phytotoxic amount of the inventive mixtures or compositions. These are preferably pesticidal compositions which comprise agriculturally suitable auxiliaries, solvents, carriers, surfactants or extenders.
In the context of the present invention, “control of pests” means a reduction in infestation by harmful pests, compared with the untreated plant measured as pesticidal efficacy, preferably a reduction by 25-50%, compared with the untreated plant (100%), more preferably a reduction by 40-79%, compared with the untreated plant (100%); even more preferably, the infection by pests is entirely suppressed (by 70-100%). The control may be curative, i.e. for treatment of already infected plants, or protective, for protection of plants which have not yet been infected.
The present invention also relates to a method for controlling pests, comprising contacting said pests or their habitat with the above-described composition.
An “effective but non-phytotoxic amount” means an amount of the inventive composition which is sufficient to control the fungal disease of the plant in a satisfactory manner or to eradicate the fungal disease completely, and which, at the same time, does not cause any significant symptoms of phytotoxicity. In general, this application rate may vary within a relatively wide range. It depends on several factors, for example on the fungus to be controlled, the plant, the climatic conditions and the ingredients of the inventive compositions.
The present invention also relates to a method for controlling pests, comprising contacting said pests or their habitat with the above-described composition.
The present invention relates further to a method for treating seeds, comprising contacting said seeds with the above-described composition.
Finally, the present invention also relates to seed treated with the above-mentioned composition
Formulations
Suitable organic solvents include all polar and non-polar organic solvents usually employed for formulation purposes. Preferable the solvents are selected from ketones, e.g. methyl-isobutyl-ketone and cyclohexanone, amides, e.g. dimethyl formamide and alkanecarboxylic acid amides, e.g. N,N-dimethyl decaneamide and N,N-dimethyl octanamide, furthermore cyclic solvents, e.g. N-methyl-pyrrolidone, N-octyl-pyrrolidone, N-dodecyl-pyrrolidone, N-octyl-caprolactame, N-dodecyl-caprolactame and butyrolactone, furthermore strong polar solvents, e.g. dimethylsulfoxide, and aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. xylol, Solvesso™, mineral oils, e.g. white spirit, petroleum, alkyl benzenes and spindle oil, also esters, e.g. propyleneglycol-monomethylether acetate, adipic acid dibutylester, acetic acid hexylester, acetic acid heptylester, citric acid tri-n-butylester and phthalic acid di-n-butylester, and also alcohols, e.g. benzyl alcohol and 1-methoxy-2-propanol.
According to the invention, a carrier is a natural or synthetic, organic or inorganic substance with which the active ingredients are mixed or combined for better applicability, in particular for application to plants or plant parts or seed. The carrier, which may be solid or liquid, is generally inert and should be suitable for use in agriculture.
Useful solid or liquid carriers include: for example ammonium salts and natural rock dusts, such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth, and synthetic rock dusts, such as finely divided silica, alumina and natural or synthetic silicates, resins, waxes, solid fertilizers, water, alcohols, especially butanol, organic solvents, mineral and vegetable oils, and derivatives thereof. Mixtures of such carriers can likewise be used.
Suitable solid filler and carrier include inorganic particles, e.g. carbonates, silikates, sulphates and oxides with an average particle size of between 0.005 and 20 μm, preferably of between 0.02 to 10 μm, for example ammonium sulphate, ammonium phosphate, urea, calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, magnesium oxide, aluminium oxide, silicium dioxide, so-called fine-particle silica, silica gels, natural or synthetic silicates, and alumosilicates and plant products like cereal flour, wood powder/sawdust and cellulose powder.
Useful solid carriers for granules include: for example crushed and fractionated natural rocks such as calcite, marble, pumice, sepiolite, dolomite, and synthetic granules of inorganic and organic meals, and also granules of organic material such as sawdust, coconut shells, maize cobs and tobacco stalks.
Useful liquefied gaseous extenders or carriers are those liquids which are gaseous at standard temperature and under standard pressure, for example aerosol propellants such as halohydrocarbons, and also butane, propane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
In the formulations, it is possible to use tackifiers such as carboxymethylcellulose, and natural and synthetic polymers in the form of powders, granules or latices, such as gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate, or else natural phospholipids, such as cephalins and lecithins, and synthetic phospholipids. Further additives may be mineral and vegetable oils.
If the extender used is water, it is also possible to employ, for example, organic solvents as auxiliary solvents. Useful liquid solvents are essentially: aromatics such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatics and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or dichloromethane, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane or paraffins, for example mineral oil fractions, mineral and vegetable oils, alcohols such as butanol or glycol and their ethers and esters, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, strongly polar solvents such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulphoxide, and also water.
The inventive compositions may additionally comprise further components, for example surfactants. Useful surfactants are emulsifiers and/or foam formers, dispersants or wetting agents having ionic or nonionic properties, or mixtures of these surfactants. Examples of these are salts of polyacrylic acid, salts of lignosulphonic acid, salts of phenolsulphonic acid or naphthalenesulphonic acid, polycondensates of ethylene oxide with fatty alcohols or with fatty acids or with fatty amines, substituted phenols (preferably alkylphenols or arylphenols), salts of sulphosuccinic esters, taurine derivatives (preferably alkyl taurates), phosphoric esters of polyethoxylated alcohols or phenols, fatty esters of polyols, and derivatives of the compounds containing sulphates, sulphonates and phosphates, for example alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, alkylsulphonates, alkylsulphates, arylsulphonates, protein hydrolysates, lignosulphite waste liquors and methylcellulose. The presence of a surfactant is necessary if one of the active ingredients and/or one of the inert carriers is insoluble in water and when application is effected in water. The proportion of surfactants is between 5 and 40 percent by weight of the inventive composition.
Suitable surfactants (adjuvants, emulsifiers, dispersants, protective colloids, wetting agent and adhesive) include all common ionic and non-ionic substances, for example ethoxylated nonylphenols, polyalkylene glycolether of linear or branched alcohols, reaction products of alkyl phenols with ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide, reaction products of fatty acid amines with ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide, furthermore fattic acid esters, alkyl sulfonates, alkyl sulphates, alkyl ethersulphates, alkyl etherphosphates, arylsulphate, ethoxylated arylalkylphenols, e.g. tristyryl-phenol-ethoxylates, furthermore ethoxylated and propoxylated arylalkylphenols like sulphated or phosphated arylalkylphenol-ethoxylates and -ethoxy- and -propoxylates. Further examples are natural and synthetic, water soluble polymers, e.g. lignosulphonates, gelatine, gum arabic, phospholipides, starch, hydrophobic modified starch and cellulose derivatives, in particular cellulose ester and cellulose ether, further polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid and co-polymerisates of (meth)acrylic acid and (meth)acrylic acid esters, and further co-polymerisates of methacrylic acid and methacrylic acid esters which are neutralized with alkalimetal hydroxide and also condensation products of optionally substituted naphthalene sulfonic acid salts with formaldehyde.
It is possible to use dyes such as inorganic pigments, for example iron oxide, titanium oxide and Prussian Blue, and organic dyes such as alizarin dyes, azo dyes and metal phthalocyanine dyes, and trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
Antifoams which may be present in the formulations include e.g. silicone emulsions, longchain alcohols, fatty acids and their salts as well as fluoroorganic substances and mixtures thereof.
Examples of thickeners are polysaccharides, e.g. xanthan gum or veegum, silicates, e.g. attapulgite, bentonite as well as fine-particle silica.
If appropriate, it is also possible for other additional components to be present, for example protective colloids, binders, adhesives, thickeners, thixotropic substances, penetrants, stabilizers, sequestrants, complexing agents. In general, the active ingredients can be combined with any solid or liquid additive commonly used for formulation purposes.
The inventive mixtures or compositions can be used as such or, depending on their particular physical and/or chemical properties, in the form of their formulations or the use forms prepared therefrom, such as aerosols, capsule suspensions, cold-fogging concentrates, warm-fogging concentrates, encapsulated granules, fine granules, flowable concentrates for the treatment of seed, ready-to-use solutions, dustable powders, emulsifiable concentrates, oil-in-water emulsions, water-in-oil emulsions, macrogranules, microgranules, oil-dispersible powders, oil-miscible flowable concentrates, oil-miscible liquids, gas (under pressure), gas generating product, foams, pastes, pesticide coated seed, suspension concentrates, suspoemulsion concentrates, soluble concentrates, suspensions, wettable powders, soluble powders, dusts and granules, water-soluble and water-dispersible granules or tablets, water-soluble and water-dispersible powders for the treatment of seed, wettable powders, natural products and synthetic substances impregnated with active ingredient, and also microencapsulations in polymeric substances and in coating materials for seed, and also ULV cold-fogging and warm-fogging formulations.
The inventive compositions include not only formulations which are already ready for use and can be applied with a suitable apparatus to the plant or the seed, but also commercial concentrates which have to be diluted with water prior to use. Customary applications are for example dilution in water and subsequent spraying of the resulting spray liquor, application after dilution in oil, direct application without dilution, seed treatment or soil application of granules.
The inventive mixtures, compositions and formulations generally contain between 0.05 and 99% by weight, 0.01 and 98% by weight, preferably between 0.1 and 95% by weight, more preferably between 0.5 and 90% of active ingredient, most preferably between 10 and 70% by weight. For special applications, e.g. for protection of wood and derived timber products the inventive mixtures, compositions and formulations generally contain between 0.0001 and 95% by weight, preferably 0.001 to 60% by weight of active ingredient.
The contents of active ingredient in the application forms prepared from the formulations may vary in a broad range. The concentration of the active ingredients in the application forms is generally between 0.000001 to 95% by weight, preferably between 0.0001 and 2% by weight.
The formulations mentioned can be prepared in a manner known per se, for example by mixing the active ingredients with at least one customary extender, solvent or diluent, adjuvant, emulsifier, dispersant, and/or binder or fixative, wetting agent, water repellent, if appropriate desiccants and UV stabilizers and, if appropriate, dyes and pigments, antifoams, preservatives, inorganic and organic thickeners, adhesives, gibberellins and also further processing auxiliaries and also water. Depending on the formulation type to be prepared further processing steps are necessary, e.g. wet grinding, dry grinding and granulation.
The inventive mixtures or compositions may be present as such or in their (commercial) formulations and in the use forms prepared from these formulations as a mixture with other (known) active ingredients, such as insecticides, attractants, sterilants, bactericides, acaricides, nematicides, fungicides, growth regulators, herbicides, fertilizers, safeners and/or semiochemicals.
The inventive treatment of the plants and plant parts with the mixtures or compositions is effected directly or by action on their surroundings, habitat or storage space by the customary treatment methods, for example by dipping, spraying, atomizing, irrigating, evaporating, dusting, fogging, broadcasting, foaming, painting, spreading-on, watering (drenching), drip irrigating and, in the case of propagation material, especially in the case of seeds, also by dry seed treatment, wet seed treatment, slurry treatment, incrustation, coating with one or more coats, etc. It is also possible to deploy the mixtures or compositions by the ultra-low volume method or to inject the mixtures or compositions preparation or the mixtures or compositions itself into the soil.
Plant/Crop Protection
The inventive mixtures or compositions have potent microbicidal activity and can be used for control of harmful microorganisms, such as phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria, in crop protection and in the protection of materials.
The invention also relates to a method for controlling harmful microorganisms, characterized in that the inventive mixtures or compositions are applied to the phytopathogenic fungi, phytopathogenic bacteria and/or their habitat.
Fungicides can be used in crop protection for control of phytopathogenic fungi. They are characterized by an outstanding efficacy against a broad spectrum of phytopathogenic fungi, including soilborne pathogens, which are in particular members of the classes Plasmodiophoromycetes, Peronosporomycetes (Syn. Oomycetes), Chytridiomycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes (Syn. Fungi imperfecti). Some fungicides are systemically active and can be used in plant protection as foliar, seed dressing or soil fungicide. Furthermore, they are suitable for combating fungi, which inter alia infest wood or roots of plant.
Bactericides can be used in crop protection for control of Pseudomonadaceae, Rhizobiaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Corynebacteriaceae and Streptomycetaceae.
Non-limiting examples of pathogens of fungal diseases which can be treated in accordance with the invention include:
diseases caused by powdery mildew pathogens, for example Blumeria species, for example Blumeria graminis; Podosphaera species, for example Podosphaera leucotricha; Sphaerotheca species, for example Sphaerotheca fuliginea; Uncinula species, for example Uncinula necator;
diseases caused by rust disease pathogens, for example Gymnosporangium species, for example Gymnosporangium sabinae; Hemileia species, for example Hemileia vastatrix; Phakopsora species, for example Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Phakopsora meibomiae; Puccinia species, for example Puccinia recondite, P. triticina, P. graminis or P. striiformis; Uromyces species, for example Uromyces appendiculatus;
diseases caused by pathogens from the group of the Oomycetes, for example Albugo species, for example Algubo candida; Bremia species, for example Bremia lactucae; Peronospora species, for example Peronospora pisi or P. brassicae; Phytophthora species, for example Phytophthora infestans; Plasmopara species, for example Plasmopara viticola; Pseudoperonospora species, for example Pseudoperonospora humuli or Pseudoperonospora cubensis; Pythium species, for example Pythium ultimum;
leaf blotch diseases and leaf wilt diseases caused, for example, by Alternaria species, for example Alternaria solani; Cercospora species, for example Cercospora beticola; Cladiosporium species, for example Cladiosporium cucumerinum; Cochliobolus species, for example Cochliobolus sativus (conidia form: Drechslera, Syn: Helminthosporium ), Cochliobolus miyabeanus; Colletotrichum species, for example Colletotrichum lindemuthanium; Cycloconium species, for example Cycloconium oleaginum; Diaporthe species, for example Diaporthe citri; Elsinoe species, for example Elsinoe fawcettii; Gloeosporium species, for example Gloeosporium laeticolor; Glomerella species, for example Glomerella cingulata; Guignardia species, for example Guignardia bidwelli; Leptosphaeria species, for example Leptosphaeria maculans, Leptosphaeria nodorum; Magnaporthe species, for example Magnaporthe grisea; Microdochium species, for example Microdochium nivale; Mycosphaerella species, for example Mycosphaerella graminicola, M. arachidicola and M. fijiensis; Phaeosphaeria species, for example Phaeosphaeria nodorum; Pyrenophora species, for example Pyrenophora teres, Pyrenophora tritici repentis; Ramularia species, for example Ramularia collo - cygni, Ramularia areola; Rhynchosporium species, for example Rhynchosporium secalis; Septoria species, for example Septoria apii, Septoria lycopersii; Typhula species, for example Typhula incarnate; Venturia species, for example Venturia inaequalis;
root and stem diseases caused, for example, by Corticium species, for example Corticium graminearum; Fusarium species, for example Fusarium oxysporum; Gaeumannomyces species, for example Gaeumannomyces graminis; Rhizoctonia species, such as, for example Rhizoctonia solani; Sarocladium diseases caused for example by Sarocladium oryzae; Sclerotium diseases caused for example by Sclerotium oryzae; Tapesia species, for example Tapesia acuformis; Thielaviopsis species, for example Thielaviopsis basicola;
ear and panicle diseases (including corn cobs) caused, for example, by Alternaria species, for example Alternaria spp.; Aspergillus species, for example Aspergillus flavus; Cladosporium species, for example Cladosporium cladosporioides; Claviceps species, for example Claviceps purpurea; Fusarium species, for example Fusarium culmorum; Gibberella species, for example Gibberella zeae; Monographella species, for example Monographella nivalis; Septoria species, for example Septoria nodorum;
diseases caused by smut fungi, for example Sphacelotheca species, for example Sphacelotheca reiliana; Tilletia species, for example Tilletia caries, T. controversa; Urocystis species, for example Urocystis occulta; Ustilago species, for example Ustilago nuda, U. nuda tritici;
fruit rot caused, for example, by Aspergillus species, for example Aspergillus flavus; Botrytis species, for example Botrytis cinerea; Penicillium species, for example Penicillium expansum and P. purpurogenum; Sclerotinia species, for example Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; Verticilium species, for example Verticilium alboatrum;
seed and soilborne decay, mould, wilt, rot and damping-off diseases caused, for example, by Alternaria species, caused for example by Alternaria brassicicola; Aphanomyces species, caused for example by Aphanomyces euteiches; Ascochyta species, caused for example by Ascochyta lentis; Aspergillus species, caused for example by Aspergillus flavus; Cladosporium species, caused for example by Cladosporium herbarum; Cochliobolus species, caused for example by Cochliobolus sativus; (Conidiaform: Drechslera , Bipolaris Syn: Helminthosporium ); Colletotrichum species, caused for example by Colletotrichum coccodes; Fusarium species, caused for example by Fusarium culmorum; Gibberella species, caused for example by Gibberella zeae; Macrophomina species, caused for example by Macrophomina phaseolina; Monographella species, caused for example by Monographella nivalis; Penicillium species, caused for example by Penicillium expansum; Phoma species, caused for example by Phoma lingam; Phomopsis species, caused for example by Phomopsis sojae; Phytophthora species, caused for example by Phytophthora cactorum; Pyrenophora species, caused for example by Pyrenophora graminea; Pyricularia species, caused for example by Pyricularia oryzae; Pythium species, caused for example by Pythium ultimum; Rhizoctonia species, caused for example by Rhizoctonia solani; Rhizopus species, caused for example by Rhizopus oryzae; Sclerotium species, caused for example by Sclerotium rolfsii; Septoria species, caused for example by Septoria nodorum; Typhula species, caused for example by Typhula incarnate; Verticillium species, caused for example by Verticillium dahliae;
cancers, galls and witches' broom caused, for example, by Nectria species, for example Nectria galligena;
wilt diseases caused, for example, by Monilinia species, for example Monilinia laxa;
leaf blister or leaf curl diseases caused, for example, by Exobasidium species, for example Exobasidium vexans;
Taphrina species, for example Taphrina deformans;
decline diseases of wooden plants caused, for example, by Esca disease, caused for example by Phaemoniella clamydospora, Phaeoacremonium aleophilum and Fomitiporia mediterranea; Eutypa dyeback, caused for example by Eutypa lata; Ganoderma diseases caused for example by Ganoderma boninense; Rigidoporus diseases caused for example by Rigidoporus lignosus;
diseases of flowers and seeds caused, for example, by Botrytis species, for example Botrytis cinerea;
diseases of plant tubers caused, for example, by Rhizoctonia species, for example Rhizoctonia solani; Helminthosporium species, for example Helminthosporium solani;
Club root caused, for example, by Plasmodiophora species, for example Plamodiophora brassicae;
diseases caused by bacterial pathogens, for example Xanthomonas species, for example Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae; Pseudomonas species, for example Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans; Erwinia species, for example Erwinia amylovora.
The following diseases of soya beans can be controlled with preference:
Fungal diseases on leaves, stems, pods and seeds caused, for example, by Alternaria leaf spot ( Alternaria spec. atrans tenuissima ), Anthracnose ( Colletotrichum gloeosporoides dematium var. truncatum ), brown spot ( Septoria glycines ), cercospora leaf spot and blight ( Cercospora kikuchii ), choanephora leaf blight ( Choanephora infundibulifera trispora (Syn.)), dactuliophora leaf spot ( Dactuliophora glycines ), downy mildew ( Peronospora manshurica ), drechslera blight ( Drechslera glycini ), frogeye leaf spot ( Cercospora sojina ), leptosphaerulina leaf spot ( Leptosphaerulina trifolii ), phyllostica leaf spot ( Phyllosticta sojaecola ), pod and stem blight ( Phomopsis sojae ), powdery mildew ( Microsphaera diffusa ), pyrenochaeta leaf spot ( Pyrenochaeta glycines ), rhizoctonia aerial, foliage, and web blight ( Rhizoctonia solani ), rust ( Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Phakopsora meibomiae ), scab ( Sphaceloma glycines ), stemphylium leaf blight ( Stemphylium botryosum ), target spot ( Corynespora cassiicola ).
Fungal diseases on roots and the stem base caused, for example, by black root rot ( Calonectria crotalariae ), charcoal rot ( Macrophomina phaseolina ), fusarium blight or wilt, root rot, and pod and collar rot ( Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium orthoceras, Fusarium semitectum, Fusarium equiseti ), mycoleptodiscus root rot ( Mycoleptodiscus terrestris ), neocosmospora ( Neocosmospora vasinfecta ), pod and stem blight ( Diaporthe phaseolorum ), stem canker ( Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora ), phytophthora rot ( Phytophthora megasperma ), brown stem rot ( Phialophora gregata ), pythium rot ( Pythium aphanidennatum, Pythium irregulare, Pythium debaryanum, Pythium myriotylum, Pythium ultimum ), rhizoctonia root rot, stem decay, and damping-off ( Rhizoctonia solani ), sclerotinia stem decay ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ), sclerotinia southern blight ( Sclerotinia rolfsii ), thielaviopsis root rot ( Thielaviopsis basicola ).
The inventive fungicidal mixtures or compositions can be used for curative or protective/preventive control of phytopathogenic fungi. The invention therefore also relates to curative and protective methods for controlling phytopathogenic fungi by the use of the inventive mixtures or compositions, which are applied to the seed, the plant or plant parts, the fruit or the soil in which the plants grow.
The fact that the mixtures or compositions are well tolerated by plants at the concentrations required for controlling plant diseases allows the treatment of above-ground parts of plants, of propagation stock and seeds, and of the soil.
The mixtures or compositions according to the invention, in combination with good plant tolerance and favourable toxicity to warm-blooded animals and being tolerated well by the environment, are suitable for protecting plants and plant organs, for increasing harvest yields, for improving the quality of the harvested material and for controlling pests, in particular insects, arachnids, helminths, nematodes and molluscs, which are encountered in agriculture, in horticulture, in animal husbandry, in forests, in gardens and leisure facilities, in protection of stored products and of materials, and in the hygiene sector. They can be preferably employed as plant protection agents. They are active against normally sensitive and resistant species and against all or some stages of development. The abovementioned pests include:
pests from the phylum Arthropoda, especially from the class Arachnida, for example, Acarus spp., Aceria sheldoni, Aculops spp., Aculus spp., Amblyomma spp., Amphitetranychus viennensis, Argas spp., Boophilus spp., Brevipalpus spp., Bryobia graminum, Bryobia praetiosa, Centruroides spp., Chorioptes spp., Dermanyssus gallinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermacentor spp., Eotetranychus spp., Epitrimerus pyri, Eutetranychus spp., Eriophyes spp., Glycyphagus domesticus, Halotydeus destructor, Hemitarsonemus spp., Hyalomma spp., Ixodes spp., Latrodectus spp., Loxosceles spp., Metatetranychus spp., Neutrombicula autumnalis, Nuphersa spp., Oligonychus spp., Ornithodorus spp., Ornithonyssus spp., Panonychus spp., Phyllocoptruta oleivora, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Psoroptes spp., Rhipicephalus spp., Rhizoglyphus spp., Sarcoptes spp., Scorpio maurus, Steneotarsonemus spp., Steneotarsonemus spinki, Tarsonemus spp., Tetranychus spp., Trombicula alfreddugesi, Vaejovis spp., Vasates lycopersici;
from the class Chilopoda, for example, Geophilus spp., Scutigera spp.;
from the order or the class Collembola, for example, Onychiurus armatus;
from the class Diplopoda, for example, Blaniulus guttulatus;
from the class Insecta, e.g. from the order Blattodea, for example, Blattella asahinai, Blattella germanica, Blatta orientalis, Leucophaea maderae, Panchlora spp., Parcoblatta spp., Periplaneta spp., Supella longipalpa;
from the order Coleoptera, for example, Acalymma vittatum, Acanthoscelides obtectus, Adoretus spp., Agelastica alni, Agriotes spp., Alphitobius diaperinus, Amphimallon solstitialis, Anobium punctatum, Anoplophora spp., Anthonomus spp., Anthrenus spp., Apion spp., Apogonia spp., Atomaria spp., Attagenus spp., Bruchidius obtectus, Bruchus spp., Cassida spp., Cerotoma trifurcata, Ceutorrhynchus spp., Chaetocnema spp., Cleonus mendicus, Conoderus spp., Cosmopolites spp., Costelytra zealandica, Ctenicera spp., Curculio spp., Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Cryptorhynchus lapathi, Cylindrocopturus spp., Dermestes spp., Diabrotica spp., Dichocrocis spp., Dicladispa armigera, Diloboderus spp., Epilachna spp., Epitrix spp., Faustinus spp., Gibbium psylloides, Gnathocerus cornutus, Hellula undalis, Heteronychus arator, Heteronyx spp., Hylamorpha elegans, Hylotrupes bajulus, Hypera postica, Hypomeces squamosus, Hypothenemus spp., Lachnosterna consanguinea, Lasioderma serricorne, Latheticus oryzae, Lathridius spp., Lema spp., Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Leucoptera spp., Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, Lixus spp., Luperodes spp., Lyctus spp., Megascelis spp., Melanotus spp., Meligethes aeneus, Melolontha spp., Migdolus spp., Monochamus spp., Naupactus xanthographus, Necrobia spp., Niptus hololeucus, Oryctes rhinoceros, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Oryzaphagus oryzae, Otiorrhynchus spp., Oxycetonia jucunda, Phaedon cochleariae, Phyllophaga spp., Phyllophaga helleri, Phyllotreta spp., Popillia japonica, Premnotrypes spp., Prostephanus truncatus, Psylliodes spp., Ptinus spp., Rhizobius ventralis, Rhizopertha dominica, Sitophilus spp., Sitophilus oryzae, Sphenophorus spp., Stegobium paniceum, Sternechus spp., Symphyletes spp., Tanymecus spp., Tenebrio molitor, Tenebrioides mauretanicus, Tribolium spp., Trogoderma spp., Tychius spp., Xylotrechus spp., Zabrus spp.;
from the order Diptera, for example, Aedes spp., Agromyza spp., Anastrepha spp., Anopheles spp., Asphondylia spp., Bactrocera spp., Bibio hortulanus, Calliphora erythrocephala, Calliphora vicina, Ceratitis capitata, Chironomus spp., Chrysomyia spp., Chrysops spp., Chrysozona pluvialis, Cochliomyia spp., Contarinia spp., Cordylobia anthropophaga, Cricotopus sylvestris, Culex spp., Culicoides spp., Culiseta spp., Cuterebra spp., Dacus oleae, Dasyneura spp., Delftia spp., Dermatobia hominis, Drosophila spp., Echinocnemus spp., Fannia spp., Gasterophilus spp., Glossina spp., Haematopota spp., Hydrellia spp., Hydrellia griseola, Hylemya spp., Hippobosca spp., Hypoderma spp., Liriomyza spp., Lucilia spp., Lutzomyia spp., Mansonia spp., Musca spp., Oestrus spp., Oscinella frit, Paratanytarsus spp., Paralauterborniella subcincta, Pegomyia spp., Phlebotomus spp., Phorbia spp., Phormia spp., Piophila casei, Prodiplosis spp., Psila rosae, Rhagoletis spp., Sarcophaga spp., Simulium spp., Stomoxys spp., Tabanus spp., Tetanops spp., Tipula spp.;
from the order Heteroptera, for example, Anasa tristis, Antestiopsis spp., Boisea spp., Blissus spp., Calocoris spp., Campylomma livida, Cavelerius spp., Cimex spp., Collaria spp., Creontiades dilutus, Dasynus piperis, Dichelops furcatus, Diconocoris hewetti, Dysdercus spp., Euschistus spp., Eurygaster spp., Heliopeltis spp., Horcias nobilellus, Leptocorisa spp., Leptocorisa varicornis, Leptoglossus phyllopus, Lygus spp., Macropes excavatus, Miridae, Monalonion atratum, Nezara spp., Oebalus spp., Pentomidae, Piesma quadrata, Piezodorus spp., Psallus spp., Pseudacysta persea, Rhodnius spp., Sahlbergella singularis, Scaptocoris castanea, Scotinophora spp., Stephanitis nashi, Tibraca spp., Triatoma spp.;
from the order Homoptera, for example, Acizzia acaciaebaileyanae, Acizzia dodonaeae, Acizzia uncatoides, Acrida turrita, Acyrthosipon spp., Acrogonia spp., Aeneolamia spp., Agonoscena spp., Aleyrodes proletella, Aleurolobus barodensis, Aleurothrixus floccosus, Allocaridara malayensis, Amrasca spp., Anuraphis cardui, Aonidiella spp., Aphanostigma piri, Aphis spp., Arboridia apicalis, Arytainilla spp., Aspidiella spp., Aspidiotus spp., Atanus spp., Aulacorthum solani, Bemisia tabaci, Blastopsylla occidentalis, Boreioglycaspis melaleucae, Brachycaudus helichrysi, Brachycolus spp., Brevicoryne brassicae, Cacopsylla spp., Calligypona marginata, Carneocephala fulgida, Ceratovacuna lanigera, Cercopidae, Ceroplastes spp., Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, Chionaspis tegalensis, Chlorita onukii, Chondracris rosea, Chromaphis juglandicola, Chrysomphalus ficus, Cicadulina mbila, Coccomytilus halli, Coccus spp., Cryptomyzus ribis, Cryptoneossa spp., Ctenarytaina spp., Dalbulus spp., Dialeurodes citri, Diaphorina citri, Diaspis spp., Drosicha spp., Dysaphis spp., Dysmicoccus spp., Empoasca spp., Eriosoma spp., Erythroneura spp., Eucalyptolyma spp., Euphyllura spp., Euscelis bilobatus, Ferrisia spp., Geococcus coffeae, Glycaspis spp., Heteropsylla cubana, Heteropsylla spinulosa, Homalodisca coagulata, Hyalopterus arundinis, Icerya spp., Idiocerus spp., Idioscopus spp., Laodelphax striatellus, Lecanium spp., Lepidosaphes spp., Lipaphis erysimi, Macrosiphum spp., Macrosteles facifrons, Mahanarva spp., Melanaphis sacchari, Metcalfiella spp., Metopolophium dirhodum, Monellia costalis, Monelliopsis pecanis, Myzus spp., Nasonovia ribisnigri, Nephotettix spp., Nettigoniclla spectra, Nilaparvata lugens, Oncometopia spp., Orthezia praelonga, Oxya chinensis, Pachypsylla spp., Parabemisia myricae, Paratrioza spp., Parlatoria spp., Pemphigus spp., Peregrinus maidis, Phenacoccus spp., Phloeomyzus passerinii, Phorodon humuli, Phylloxera spp., Pinnaspis aspidistrae, Planococcus spp., Prosopidopsylla flava, Protopulvinaria pyriformis, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Pseudococcus spp., Psyllopsis spp., Psylla spp., Pteromalus spp., Pyrilla spp., Quadraspidiotus spp., Quesada gigas, Rastrococcus spp., Rhopalosiphum spp., Saissetia spp., Scaphoideus titanus, Schizaphis graminum, Selenaspidus articulatus, Sogata spp., Sogatella furcifera, Sogatodes spp., Stictocephala festina, Siphoninus phillyreae, Tenalaphara malayensis, Tetragonocephela spp., Tinocallis caryaefoliae, Tomaspis spp., Toxoptera spp., Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Trioza spp., Typhlocyba spp., Unaspis spp., Viteus vitifolii, Zygina spp.;
from the order Hymenoptera, for example, Acromyrmex spp., Athalia spp., Atta spp., Diprion spp., Hoplocampa spp., Lasius spp., Monomorium pharaonis, Sirex spp., Solenopsis invicta, Tapinoma spp., Urocerus spp., Vespa spp., Xeris spp.;
from the order Isopoda, for example, Armadillidium vulgare, Oniscus asellus, Porcellio scaber;
from the order Isoptera, for example, Coptotermes spp., Cornitermes cumulans, Cryptotermes spp., Incisitermes spp., Microtermes obesi, Odontotermes spp., Reticulitermes spp.;
from the order Lepidoptera, for example, Achroia grisella, Acronicta major, Adoxophyes spp., Aedia leucomelas, Agrotis spp., Alabama spp., Amyelois transitella, Anarsia spp., Anticarsia spp., Argyroploce spp., Barathra brassicae, Borbo cinnara, Bucculatrix thurberiella, Bupalus piniarius, Busseola spp., Cacoecia spp., Caloptilia theivora, Capua reticulana, Carpocapsa pomonella, Carposina niponensis, Cheimatobia brumata, Chilo spp., Choristoneura spp., Clysia ambiguella, Cnaphalocerus spp., Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Cnephasia spp., Conopomorpha spp., Conotrachelus spp., Copitarsia spp., Cydia spp., Dalaca noctuides, Diaphania spp., Diatraea saccharalis, Earias spp., Ecdytolopha aurantium, Elasmopalpus lignosellus, Eldana saccharina, Ephestia spp., Epinotia spp., Epiphyas postvittana, Etiella spp., Eulia spp., Eupoecilia ambiguella, Euproctis spp., Euxoa spp., Feltia spp., Galleria mellonella, Gracillaria spp., Grapholitha spp., Hedylepta spp., Helicoverpa spp., Heliothis spp., Hofmannophila pseudospretella, Homoeosoma spp., Homona spp., Hyponomeuta padella, Kakivoria flavofasciata, Laphygma spp., Laspeyresia molesta, Leucinodes orbonalis, Leucoptera spp., Lithocolletis spp., Lithophane antennata, Lobesia spp., Loxagrotis albicosta, Lymantria spp., Lyonetia spp., Malacosoma neustria, Maruca testulalis, Mamstra brassicae, Melanitis leda, Mocis spp., Monopis obviella, Mythimna separata, Nemapogon cloacellus, Nymphula spp., Oiketicus spp., Oria spp., Orthaga spp., Ostrinia spp., Oulema oryzae, Panolis flammea, Parnara spp., Pectinophora spp., Perileucoptera spp., Phthorimaea spp., Phyllocnistis citrella, Phyllonorycter spp., Pieris spp., Platynota stultana, Plodia interpunctella, Plusia spp., Plutella xylostella, Prays spp., Prodenia spp., Protoparce spp., Pseudaletia spp., Pseudaletia unipuncta, Pseudoplusia includens, Pyrausta nubilalis, Rachiplusia nu, Schoenobius spp., Scirpophaga spp., Scirpophaga innotata, Scotia segetum, Sesamia spp., Sesamia inferens, Sparganothis spp., Spodoptera spp., Spodoptera praefica, Stathmopoda spp., Stomopteryx subsecivella, Synanthedon spp., Tecia solanivora, Thermesia gemmatalis, Tinea cloacella, Tinea pellionella, Tineola bisselliella, Tortrix spp., Trichophaga tapetzella, Trichoplusia spp., Tryporyza incertulas, Tuta absoluta, Virachola spp.;
from the order Orthoptera or Saltatoria, for example, Acheta domesticus, Dichroplus spp., Gryllotalpa spp., Hieroglyphus spp., Locusta spp., Melanoplus spp., Schistocerca gregaria;
from the order Phthiraptera, for example, Damalinia spp., Haematopinus spp., Linognathus spp., Pediculus spp., Ptirus pubis, Trichodectes spp.;
from the order Psocoptera for example Lepinatus spp., Liposcelis spp.;
from the order Siphonaptera, for example, Ceratophyllus spp., Ctenocephalides spp., Pulex irritans, Tunga penetrans, Xenopsylla cheopsis;
from the order Thysanoptera, for example, Anaphothrips obscurus, Baliothrips biformis, Drepanothrips reuteri, Enneothrips flavens, Frankliniella spp., Heliothrips spp., Hercinothrips femoralis, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothrips spp., Taeniothrips cardamomi, Thrips spp.;
from the order Zygentoma (=Thysanura), for example, Ctenolepisma spp., Lepisma saccharina, Lepismodes inquilinus, Thermobia domestica;
from the class Symphyla, for example, Scutigerella spp.;
pests from the phylum Mollusca, especially from the class Bivalvia, for example, Dreissena spp., and from the class Gastropoda, for example, Anion spp., Biomphalaria spp., Bulinus spp., Deroceras spp., Galba spp., Lymnaea spp., Oncomelania spp., Pomacea spp., Succinea spp.;
animal pests from the phylums Plathelminthes and Nematoda, for example, Ancylostoma duodenale, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Acylostoma braziliensis, Ancylostoma spp., Ascaris spp., Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, Bunostomum spp., Chabertia spp., Clonorchis spp., Cooperia spp., Dicrocoelium spp., Dictyocaulus filaria, Diphyllobothrium latum, Dracunculus medinensis, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Enterobius vermicularis, Faciola spp., Haemonchus spp., Heterakis spp., Hymenolepis nana, Hyostrongulus spp., Loa Loa, Nematodirus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Opisthorchis spp., Onchocerca volvulus, Ostertagia spp., Paragonimus spp., Schistosomen spp., Strongyloides fuelleborni, Strongyloides stercoralis, Stronyloides spp., Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella nativa, Trichinella britovi, Trichinella nelsoni, Trichinella pseudopsiralis, Trichostrongulus spp., Trichuris trichuria, Wuchereria bancrofti;
phytoparasitic pests from the phylum Nematoda, for example, Aphelenchoides spp., Bursaphelenchus spp., Ditylenchus spp., Globodera spp., Heterodera spp., Longidorus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., Radopholus spp., Trichodorus spp., Tylenchulus spp., Xiphinema spp., Helicotylenchus spp., Tylenchorhynchus spp., Scutellonema spp., Paratrichodorus spp., Meloinema spp., Paraphelenchus spp., Aglenchus spp., Belonolaimus spp., Nacobbus spp., Rotylenchulus spp., Rotylenchus spp., Neotylenchus spp., Paraphelenchus spp., Dolichodorus spp., Hoplolaimus spp., Punctodera spp., Criconemella spp., Quinisulcius spp., Hemicycliophora spp., Anguina spp., Subanguina spp., Hemicriconemoides spp., Psilenchus spp., Pseudohalenchus spp., Criconemoides spp., Cacopaurus spp.
It is furthermore possible to control organisms from the subphylum Protozoa, especially from the order Coccidia, such as Eimeria spp.
The mixtures or compositions according to the invention, are particular suitable for controlling pests infecting soybean like Acrosternum hilare, Agrotis ipsilon, Calomycterus setarius, Ceratoma trifurcata, Colaspis brunnea, Colaspis crinnicornis, Cyclocephala lurida, Dectes texanus, Delftia platura, Epicauta funebris, Epicauta pennsylvanica, Epicauta spp., Epicauta vittata, Euschistus spp., Feltia ducens, Halticus bractatus, Hypena scabra, Melanoplus bivitatus, Melanoplus differentialis, Melanoplus femurrubrum, Odontota horni, Papaipema nebris, Peridroma saucia, Phyllophaga congrua, Phyllophaga implicita, Phyllophaga rugosa, Popillia japonica, Pseudoplusia includens, Spodoptera ornithogalli, Strigoderma arboricola, Tetranychus urticae, Vanessa cardui.
The mixtures or compositions according to the invention can also be used in the control of vectors. In the sense of the present invention, a vector is an arthropod, in particular an insect or arachnid, capable of transferring pathogens such as, for example, viruses, worms, single-cell organisms and bacteria from a reservoir (plant, animal, human, etc.) to a host. The pathogens may either be transferred mechanically onto a host (for example trachoma by non-biting flies) or transferred by injection into a host (for example malaria parasites by mosquitoes).
Examples of vectors and the diseases or pathogens transferred by them are:
1) mosquitoes
Anopheles: malaria, filariasis;
Culex: Japanese encephalitis, filariasis, other viral diseases, transfer of worms;
Aedes: yellow fever, Dengue fever, filariasis, other viral diseases;
Simuliidae: transfer of worms, in particular Onchocerca volvulus;
2) Lice: skin infections, epidemic typhus; 3) Fleas: plague, murine typhus; 4) Flies: sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis); cholera, other bacterial diseases; 5) Mites: Acariose, epidemic typhus, Rickettsialpox, Tularamia, Saint-Louis encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), Krim-Kongo haematologic fever, epidemic typhus, borreliosis; 6) Ticks: Borelliosis such as Borrelia duttoni, tick-borne encephalitis, Q fever ( Coxiella burnetii ), babesiosis ( Babesia canis canis ).
Examples of vectors in the sense of the present invention are insects such as aphids, flies, leaf hoppers or thrips, capable of transferring plant viruses to plants. Further vectors capable of transferring plant viruses are spider mites, lice, beetles and nematodes.
Further examples of vectors in the sense of the present invention are insects and arachnids such as mosquitoes, in particular of the genera Aedes, Anopheles, for example A. gambiae, A. arabiensis, A. funestus, A. dirus (Malaria), and Culex, lice, fleas, flies, mites and ticks capable of transferring pathogens to animals and/or humans.
A control of vectors is also possible with resistance-breaking compounds/compositions.
Mixtures or compositions of the present invention are suitable for use in the prevention of diseases or of pathogens transferred by vectors. Thus, a further aspect of the present invention is the use of compounds according to the invention for controlling vectors, e.g., in agriculture, in horticulture, in forests, in gardens and leisure facilities as well as in the protection of stored products and materials.
Plants
According to the invention all plants and plant parts can be treated. By plants is meant all plants and plant populations such as desirable and undesirable wild plants, cultivars and plant varieties (whether or not protectable by plant variety or plant breeder's rights). Cultivars and plant varieties can be plants obtained by conventional propagation and breeding methods which can be assisted or supplemented by one or more biotechnological methods such as by use of double haploids, protoplast fusion, random and directed mutagenesis, molecular or genetic markers or by bioengineering and genetic engineering methods. By plant parts is meant all above ground and below ground parts and organs of plants such as shoot, leaf, blossom and root, whereby for example leaves, needles, stems, branches, blossoms, fruiting bodies, fruits and seed as well as roots, corms and rhizomes are listed. Crops and vegetative and generative propagating material, for example cuttings, corms, rhizomes, runners and seeds also belong to plant parts.
The inventive mixtures or compositions s, when they are well tolerated by plants, have favourable homeotherm toxicity and are well tolerated by the environment, are suitable for protecting plants and plant organs, for enhancing harvest yields, for improving the quality of the harvested material. They can preferably be used as crop protection compositions. They are active against normally sensitive and resistant species and against all or some stages of development.
Plants which can be treated in accordance with the invention include the following main crop plants maize, soya bean, alfalfa, cotton, sunflower, Brassica oil seeds such as Brassica napus (e.g. canola, rapeseed), Brassica rapa, B. juncea (e.g. (field) mustard) and Brassica carinata, Arecaceae sp. (e.g. oilpalm, coconut), rice, wheat, sugar beet, sugar cane, oats, rye, barley, millet and sorghum, triticale, flax, nuts, grapes and vine and various fruit and vegetables from various botanic taxa, e.g. Rosaceae sp. (e.g. pome fruits such as apples and pears, but also stone fruits such as apricots, cherries, almonds, plums and peaches, and berry fruits such as strawberries, raspberries, red and black currant and gooseberry), Ribesioidae sp., Juglandaceae sp., Betulaceae sp., Anacardiaceae sp., Fagaceae sp., Moraceae sp., Oleaceae sp. (e.g. olive tree), Actinidaceae sp., Lauraceae sp. (e.g. avocado, cinnamon, camphor), Musaceae sp. (e.g. banana trees and plantations), Rubiaceae sp. (e.g. coffee), Theaceae sp. (e.g. tea), Sterculiceae sp., Rutaceae sp. (e.g. lemons, oranges, mandarins and grapefruit); Solanaceae sp. (e.g. tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, capsicum, aubergines, tobacco), Liliaceae sp., Compositae sp. (e.g. lettuce, artichokes and chicory—including root chicory, endive or common chicory), Umbelliferae sp. (e.g. carrots, parsley, celery and celeriac), Cucurbitaceae sp. (e.g. cucumbers including gherkins, pumpkins, watermelons, calabashes and melons), Alliaceae sp. (e.g. leeks and onions), Cruciferae sp. (e.g. white cabbage, red cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, pak choi, kohlrabi, radishes, horseradish, cress and chinese cabbage), Leguminosae sp. (e.g. peanuts, peas, lentils and beans e.g. common beans and broad beans), Chenopodiaceae sp. (e.g. Swiss chard, fodder beet, spinach, beetroot), Linaceae sp. (e.g. hemp), Cannabeacea sp. (e.g. cannabis), Malvaceae sp. (e.g. okra, cocoa), Papaveraceae (e.g. poppy), Asparagaceae (e.g. asparagus); useful plants and ornamental plants in the garden and woods including turf, lawn, grass and Stevia rebaudiana; and in each case genetically modified types of these plants.
Soybeans are particularly preferred plants.
In particular, the mixtures and compositions according to the invention are suitable for controlling the following plant diseases:
Albugo spp. (white rust) on ornamental plants, vegetable crops (e.g. A. candida ) and sunflowers (e.g. A. tragopogonis ); Alternaria spp. (black spot disease, black blotch) on vegetables, oilseed rape (e.g. A. brassicola or A. brassicae ), sugar beet (e.g. A. tenuis ), fruit, rice, soybeans and also on potatoes (e.g. A. solani or A. alternata ) and tomatoes (e.g. A. solani or A. alternata ) and Alternaria spp. (black head) on wheat; Aphanomyces spp. on sugar beet and vegetables; Ascochyta spp. on cereals and vegetables, e.g. A. tritici ( Ascochyta leaf blight) on wheat and A. hordei on barley; Bipolaris and Drechslera spp. (teleomorph: Cochliobolus spp.), e.g. leaf spot diseases ( D. maydis and B. zeicola ) on corn, e.g. glume blotch ( B. sorokiniana ) on cereals and e.g. B. oryzae on rice and on lawn; Blumeria (old name: Erysiphe ) graminis (powdery mildew) on cereals (e.g. wheat or barley); Botryosphaeria spp. (‘Slack Dead Arm Disease’) on grapevines (e.g. B. obtusa ); Botrytis cinerea (teleomorph: Botryotinia fuceliana: gray mold, gray rot) on soft fruit and pomaceous fruit (inter alia strawberries), vegetables (inter alia lettuce, carrots, celeriac and cabbage), oilseed rape, flowers, grapevines, forest crops and wheat (ear mold); Bremia lactucae (downy mildew) on lettuce; Ceratocystis (syn. Ophiostoma ) spp. (blue stain fungus) on deciduous trees and coniferous trees, e.g. C. ulmi (Dutch elm disease) on elms; Cercospora spp. ( Cereospora leaf spot) on corn (e.g. C. zeae - maydis ), rice, sugar beet (e.g. C. beticola ), sugar cane, vegetables, coffee, soybeans (e.g. C. sojina or C. kikuchil ) and rice; Cladosporium spp. on tomato (e.g. C. fulvum: tomato leaf mold) and cereals, e.g. C. herbarum (ear rot) on wheat; Claviceps purpurea (ergot) on cereals; Cochliobolus (anamorph: Helminthosporium or Bipolaris ) spp. (leaf spot) on corn (e.g. C. carbonum ), cereals (e.g. C. sativus, anamorph: B. sorokiniana: glume blotch) and rice (for example C. miyabeanus, anamorph: H. oryzae ); Colletotrichum (teleomorph: Glomerella ) spp. (anthracnosis) on cotton (e.g. C. gossypii ), corn (e.g. C. graminicola: stem rot and anthracnosis), soft fruit, potatoes (e.g. C. coccodes: wilt disease), beans (e.g. C. lindemuthianum ) and soybeans (e.g. C. truncatum ); Corticium spp., e.g. C. sasakii (sheath blight) on rice; Corynespora cassiicola (leaf spot) on soybeans and ornamental plants; Cycloconium spp., e.g. C. oleaginum on olives; Cylindrocarpon spp. (e.g. fruit tree cancer or black foot disease of grapevine, teleomorph: Nectria or Neonectria spp.) on fruit trees, grapevines (e.g. C. liriodendn; teleomorph: Neonectria liriodendri, black foot disease) and many ornamental trees; Dematophora (teleomorph: Rosellinia ) necatrix (root/stem rot) on soybeans; Diaporthe spp. e.g. D. phaseolorum (stem disease) on soybeans; Drechslera (syn. Helminthosporium, teleomorph: Pyrenophora ) spp. on corn, cereals, such as barley (e.g. D. teres, net blotch) and on wheat (e.g. D. tritici - repentis: DTR leaf spot), rice and lawn; Esca disease (dieback of grapevine, apoplexia) on grapevines, caused by Formitiporia (syn. Phellinus ) punctata, F. mediterranea. Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (old name Phaeoacremonium chlamydosporum ), Phaeoacremonium aleophilum and/or Botryosphaeria obtusa; Elsinoe spp. on pome fruit ( E. pyri ) and soft fruit ( E. veneta: anthracnosis) and also grapevines ( E. ampelina: anthracnosis); Entyloma oryzae (leaf smut) on rice; Epicoccum spp. (black head) on wheat; Erysiphe spp. (powdery mildew) on sugar beet ( E. betae ), vegetables (e.g. E. pisi ), such as cucumber species (e.g. E. cichoracearum ) and cabbage species, such as oilseed rape (e.g. E. cruciferarum ); Eutypa fata ( Eutypa cancer or dieback, anamorph: Cytosporina lata, syn. Libertella blepharis ) on fruit trees, grapevines and many ornamental trees; Exserohilum (syn. Helminthosporium ) spp. on corn (e.g. E. turcicum ); Fusarium (teleomorph: Gibberella ) spp. (wilt disease, root and stem rot) on various plants, such as e.g. F. graminearum or F. culmorum (root rot and silver-top) on cereals (e.g. wheat or barley), F. oxysporum on tomatoes, F. solani on soybeans and F. verticillioides on corn; Gaeumannomyces graminis (takeall) on cereals (e.g. wheat or barley) and corn; Gibberella spp. on cereals (e.g. G. zeae ) and rice (e.g. G. fujikuroi: bakanae disease); Glomerella cingulata on grapevines, pomaceous fruit and other plants and G. gossypii on cotton; grainstaining complex on rice; Guignardia bidwellii (black rot) on grapevines; Gymnosporangium spp. on Rosaceae and juniper, e.g. G. sabinae (pear rust) on pears; Helminthosporium spp. (syn. Drechslera, teleomorph: Cochliobolus ) on corn, cereals and rice; Hemileia spp., e.g. H. vastatrix (coffee leaf rust) on coffee; Isariopsis clavispora (syn. Cladosporium vitis ) on grapevines; Macrophomina phaseolina (syn. phaseoli ) (root/stem rot) on soybeans and cotton; Microdochium (syn. Fusarium ) nivale (pink snow mold) on cereals (e.g. wheat or barley); Microsphaera diffusa (powdery mildew) on soybeans; Monilinia spp., e.g. M. laxa. M. fructicola and M. fructigena (blossom and twig blight) on stone fruit and other Rosaceae; Mycosphaerella spp. on cereals, bananas, soft fruit and peanuts, such as e.g. M. graminicola (anamorph: Septoria tritici, Septoria leaf blotch) on wheat or M. fijiensis (Sigatoka disease) on bananas; Peronospora spp. (downy mildew) on cabbage (e.g. P. brassicae ), oilseed rape (e.g. P. parasitica ), bulbous plants (e.g. P. destructor ), tobacco ( P. tabacina ) and soybeans (e.g. P. manshurica ); Phakopsora pachyrhizi and P. meibomiae (soybean rust) on soybeans; Phialophora spp. e.g. on grapevines (e.g. P. tracheiphila and P. tetraspora ) and soybeans (e.g. P. gregata: stem disease); Phoma lingam (root and stem rot) on oilseed rape and cabbage and P. betae (leaf spot) on sugar beet; Phomopsis spp. on sunflowers, grapevines (e.g. P. viticola: dead-arm disease) and soybeans (e.g. stem canker/stem blight: P. phaseoli, teleomorph: Diaporthe phaseolorum ); Physodenna maydis (brown spot) on corn; Phytophthora spp. (wilt disease, root, leaf, stem and fruit rot) on various plants, such as on bell peppers and cucumber species (e.g. P. capsici ), soybeans (e.g. P. megasperma, syn. P. sojae ), potatoes and tomatoes (e.g. P. infestans. late blight and brown rot) and deciduous trees (e.g. P. ramorum sudden oak death); Plasmodiophora brassicae (club-root) on cabbage, oilseed rape, radish and other plants; Plasmopara spp., e.g. P. viticola (peronospora of grapevines, downy mildew) on grapevines and P. halstedii on sunflowers; Podosphaera spp. (powdery mildew) on Rosaceae, hops, pomaceaus fruit and soft fruit, e.g. P. leucotricha on apple; Polymyxa spp., e.g. on cereals, such as barley and wheat ( P. graminis ) and sugar beet ( P. betae ) and the viral diseases transmitted thereby; Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (eyespot/stem break, teleomorph: Tapesia yallundae ) on cereals. e.g. wheat or barley; Pseudoperonospora (downy mildew) on various plants, e.g. P. cubensis on cucumber species or P. humili on hops; Pseudopezicula tracheiphila (angular leaf scorch, anamorph Phialophora ) on grapevines; Puccinia spp. (rust disease) on various plants, e.g. P. triticina (brown rust of wheat), P. striiformis (yellow rust). P. hordei (dwarf leaf rust), P. graminis (black rust) or P. recondita (brown rust of rye) on cereals, such as e.g. wheat, barley or rye. P. kuehnii on sugar cane and, e.g., on asparagus (e.g. P. asparagi ); Pyrenophora (anamorph: Drechslera ) tritici - repentis (speckled leaf blotch) on wheat or P. teres (net blotch) on barley; Pyricularia spp., e.g. P. oryzae (teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea. rice blast) on rice and P. grisea on lawn and cereals; Pythium spp. (damping-off disease) on lawn, rice, corn, wheat, cotton, oilseed rape, sunflowers, sugar beet, vegetables and other plants (e.g. P. ultimum or P. aphanidennatum ); Ramularia spp., e.g. R. collocygni ( Ramularia leaf and lawn spot/physiological leaf spot) on barley and R. beticola on sugar beet; Rhizoctonia spp. on cotton, rice, potatoes, lawn, corn, oilseed rape, potatoes, sugar beet, vegetables and on various other plants, for example R. solani (root and stern rot) on soybeans, R. solani (sheath blight) on rice or R. cerealis (sharp eyespot) on wheat or barley; Rhizopus stolonifer (soft rot) on strawberries, carrots, cabbage, grapevines and tomato; Rhynchosporium secalis (leaf spot) on barley, rye and triticale; Sarocladium oryzae and S. attenuatum (sheath rot) on rice; Sclerotinia spp. (stem or white rot) on vegetable and field crops, such as oilseed rape, sunflowers (e.g. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ) and soybeans (e.g. S. rolfsii ), Septoria spp. on various plants, e.g. S. glycines (leaf spot) on soybeans, S. tritici ( Septoria leaf blotch) on wheat and S. (syn. Stagonospora ) nodorum (leaf blotch and glume blotch) on cereals; Uncinula (syn. Erysiphe ) necator (powdery mildew, anamorph: Oidium tuckeri ) on grapevines; Setospaeria spp. (leaf spot) on corn (e.g. S. turcicum, syn. Helminthosporium turcicum) and lawn; Sphacelotheca spp. (head smut) on corn, (e.g. S. reiliana: kernel smut), millet and sugar cane; Sphaerotheca fuliginea (powdery mildew) on cucumber species; Spongospora subterranea (powdery scab) on potatoes and the viral diseases transmitted thereby; Stagonospora spp. on cereals, e.g. S. nodorum (leaf blotch and glume blotch, teleomorph: Leptosphaeria [syn. Phaeosphaeria] nodorum ) on wheat; Synchytrium endobioticum on potatoes (potato wart disease); Taphrina spp., e.g. T. deformans (curly-leaf disease) on peach and T. pruni (plum-pocket disease) on pi ums; Thielaviopsis spp. (black root rot) on tobacco, pome fruit, vegetable crops, soybeans and cotton, e.g. T. basicola (syn. Chalara elegans ); Tilletia spp. (bunt or stinking smut) on cereals, such as e.g. T. tritici (syn. T. caries, wheat bunt) and T. controversa (dwarf bunt) on wheat; Typhula incarnate (gray snow mold) on barley or wheat; Urocystis spp., e.g. U. occulta (flag smut) on rye; Uromyces spp. (rust) on vegetable plants, such as beans (e.g. U. appendiculatus, syn. U. phaseoll ) and sugar beet (e.g. U. betae ); Ustilago spp. (loose smut) on cereals (e.g. U. nuda and U. avaenae ), corn (e.g. U. maydis: corn smut) and sugar cane; Venturia spp. (scab) on apples (e.g. V. inaequalis) and pears and Verticillium spp. (leaf and shoot wilt) on various plants, such as fruit trees and ornamental trees, grapevines, soft fruit, vegetable and field crops, such as e.g. V. dahliae on strawberries, oilseed rape, potatoes and tomatoes.
The mixtures and compositions according to the present inventions are in particular preferred for controlling the following plant diseases: Soybean diseases: Cercospora kikuchii, Elsinoe glycines, Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae, Septaria glycines, Cercospora sojina, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Phytophthora sojae, Rhizoctonia solani, Corynespora casiicola, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.
Plant Growth Regulation
In some cases, the inventive mixtures or compositions can, at particular concentrations or application rates, also be used as herbicides, safeners, growth regulators or agents to improve plant properties, or as microbicides, for example as fungicides, antimycotics, bactericides, viricides (including compositions against viroids) or as compositions against MLO (Mycoplasma-like organisms) and RLO (Rickettsia-like organisms). The active ingredients of the inventive mixture or composition intervene in the metabolism of the plants and can therefore also be used as growth regulators.
Plant growth regulators may exert various effects on plants. The effect of the substances depends essentially on the time of application in relation to the developmental stage of the plant, and also on the amounts of active ingredient applied to the plants or their environment and on the type of application. In each case, growth regulators should have a particular desired effect on the crop plants.
Plant growth-regulating compounds can be used, for example, to inhibit the vegetative growth of the plants. Such inhibition of growth is of economic interest, for example, in the case of grasses, since it is thus possible to reduce the frequency of grass cutting in ornamental gardens, parks and sport facilities, on roadsides, at airports or in fruit crops. Also of significance is the inhibition of the growth of herbaceous and woody plants on roadsides and in the vicinity of pipelines or overhead cables, or quite generally in areas where vigorous plant growth is unwanted.
Also important is the use of growth regulators for inhibition of the longitudinal growth of cereal. This reduces or completely eliminates the risk of lodging of the plants prior to harvest. In addition, growth regulators in the case of cereals can strengthen the culm, which also counteracts lodging. The employment of growth regulators for shortening and strengthening culms allows the deployment of higher fertilizer volumes to increase the yield, without any risk of lodging of the cereal crop.
In many crop plants, inhibition of vegetative growth allows denser planting, and it is thus possible to achieve higher yields based on the soil surface. Another advantage of the smaller plants obtained in this way is that the crop is easier to cultivate and harvest.
Inhibition of the vegetative plant growth may also lead to enhanced yields because the nutrients and assimilates are of more benefit to flower and fruit formation than to the vegetative parts of the plants.
Frequently, growth regulators can also be used to promote vegetative growth. This is of great benefit when harvesting the vegetative plant parts. However, promoting vegetative growth may also promote generative growth in that more assimilates are formed, resulting in more or larger fruits.
In some cases, yield increases may be achieved by manipulating the metabolism of the plant, without any detectable changes in vegetative growth. In addition, growth regulators can be used to alter the composition of the plants, which in turn may result in an improvement in quality of the harvested products. For example, it is possible to increase the sugar content in sugar beet, sugar cane, pineapples and in citrus fruit, or to increase the protein content in soya or cereals. It is also possible, for example, to use growth regulators to inhibit the degradation of desirable ingredients, for example sugar in sugar beet or sugar cane, before or after harvest. It is also possible to positively influence the production or the elimination of secondary plant ingredients. One example is the stimulation of the flow of latex in rubber trees.
Under the influence of growth regulators, parthenocarpic fruits may be formed. In addition, it is possible to influence the sex of the flowers. It is also possible to produce sterile pollen, which is of great importance in the breeding and production of hybrid seed.
Use of growth regulators can control the branching of the plants. On the one hand, by breaking apical dominance, it is possible to promote the development of side shoots, which may be highly desirable particularly in the cultivation of ornamental plants, also in combination with an inhibition of growth. On the other hand, however, it is also possible to inhibit the growth of the side shoots. This effect is of particular interest, for example, in the cultivation of tobacco or in the cultivation of tomatoes.
Under the influence of growth regulators, the amount of leaves on the plants can be controlled such that defoliation of the plants is achieved at a desired time. Such defoliation plays a major role in the mechanical harvesting of cotton, but is also of interest for facilitating harvesting in other crops, for example in viticulture. Defoliation of the plants can also be undertaken to lower the transpiration of the plants before they are transplanted.
Growth regulators can likewise be used to regulate fruit dehiscence. On the one hand, it is possible to prevent premature fruit dehiscence. On the other hand, it is also possible to promote fruit dehiscence or even flower abortion to achieve a desired mass (“thinning”), in order to eliminate alternation. Alternation is understood to mean the characteristic of some fruit species, for endogenous reasons, to deliver very different yields from year to year Finally, it is possible to use growth regulators at the time of harvest to reduce the forces required to detach the fruits, in order to allow mechanical harvesting or to facilitate manual harvesting.
Growth regulators can also be used to achieve faster or else delayed ripening of the harvested material before or after harvest. This is particularly advantageous as it allows optimal adjustment to the requirements of the market. Moreover, growth regulators in some cases can improve the fruit colour. In addition, growth regulators can also be used to concentrate maturation within a certain period of time. This establishes the prerequisites for complete mechanical or manual harvesting in a single operation, for example in the case of tobacco, tomatoes or coffee.
By using growth regulators, it is additionally possible to influence the resting of seed or buds of the plants, such that plants such as pineapple or ornamental plants in nurseries, for example, germinate, sprout or flower at a time when they are normally not inclined to do so. In areas where there is a risk of frost, it may be desirable to delay budding or germination of seeds with the aid of growth regulators, in order to avoid damage resulting from late frosts.
Finally, growth regulators can induce resistance of the plants to frost, drought or high salinity of the soil. This allows the cultivation of plants in regions which are normally unsuitable for this purpose.
Resistance Induction/Plant Health and Other Effects
The mixtures or compositions according to the invention also exhibit a potent strengthening effect in plants. Accordingly, they can be used for mobilizing the defenses of the plant against attack by undesirable microorganisms.
Plant-strengthening (resistance-inducing) substances are to be understood as meaning, in the present context, those substances which are capable of stimulating the defense system of plants in such a way that the treated plants, when subsequently inoculated with undesirable microorganisms, develop a high degree of resistance to these microorganisms.
The active compounds according to the invention are also suitable for increasing the yield of crops. In addition, they show reduced toxicity and are well tolerated by plants.
Further, in context with the present invention plant physiology effects comprise the following:
Abiotic stress tolerance, comprising temperature tolerance, drought tolerance and recovery after drought stress, water use efficiency (correlating to reduced water consumption), flood tolerance, ozone stress and UV tolerance, tolerance towards chemicals like heavy metals, salts, pesticides (safener) etc.
Biotic stress tolerance, comprising increased fungal resistance and increased resistance against nematodes, viruses and bacteria. In context with the present invention, biotic stress tolerance preferably comprises increased fungal resistance and increased resistance against nematodes
Increased plant vigor, comprising plant health/plant quality and seed vigor, reduced stand failure, improved appearance, increased recovery, improved greening effect and improved photosynthetic efficiency.
Effects on plant hormones and/or functional enzymes.
Effects on growth regulators (promoters), comprising earlier germination, better emergence, more developed root system and/or improved root growth, increased ability of tillering, more productive tillers, earlier flowering, increased plant height and/or biomass, shorting of stems, improvements in shoot growth, number of kernels/ear, number of ears/m 2 , number of stolons and/or number of flowers, enhanced harvest index, bigger leaves, less dead basal leaves, improved phyllotaxy, earlier maturation/earlier fruit finish, homogenous riping, increased duration of grain filling, better fruit finish, bigger fruit/vegetable size, sprouting resistance and reduced lodging.
Increased yield, referring to total biomass per hectare, yield per hectare, kernel/fruit weight, seed size and/or hectolitre weight as well as to increased product quality, comprising:
improved processability relating to size distribution (kernel, fruit, etc.), homogenous riping, grain moisture, better milling, better vinification, better brewing, increased juice yield, harvestability, digestibility, sedimentation value, falling number, pod stability, storage stability, improved fiber length/strength/uniformity, increase of milk and/or meet quality of silage fed animals, adaption to cooking and frying;
further comprising improved marketability relating to improved fruit/grain quality, size distribution (kernel, fruit, etc.), increased storage/shelf-life, firmness/softness, taste (aroma, texture, etc.), grade (size, shape, number of berries, etc.), number of berries/fruits per bunch, crispness, freshness, coverage with wax, frequency of physiological disorders, colour, etc.;
further comprising increased desired ingredients such as e.g. protein content, fatty acids, oil content, oil quality, aminoacid composition, sugar content, acid content (pH), sugar/acid ratio (Brix), polyphenols, starch content, nutritional quality, gluten content/index, energy content, taste, etc.;
and further comprising decreased undesired ingredients such as e.g. less mycotoxines, less aflatoxines, geosmin level, phenolic aromas, lacchase, polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases, nitrate content etc.
Sustainable agriculture, comprising nutrient use efficiency, especially nitrogen (N)-use efficiency, phosphours (P)-use efficiency, water use efficiency, improved transpiration, respiration and/or CO 2 assimilation rate, better nodulation, improved Ca-metabolism etc.
Delayed senescence, comprising improvement of plant physiology which is manifested, for example, in a longer grain filling phase, leading to higher yield, a longer duration of green leaf colouration of the plant and thus comprising colour (greening), water content, dryness etc. Accordingly, in the context of the present invention, it has been found that the specific inventive application of the active compound combination makes it possible to prolong the green leaf area duration, which delays the maturation (senescence) of the plant. The main advantage to the farmer is a longer grain filling phase leading to higher yield. There is also an advantage to the farmer on the basis of greater flexibility in the harvesting time.
Therein “sedimentation value” is a measure for protein quality and describes according to Zeleny (Zeleny value) the degree of sedimentation of flour suspended in a lactic acid solution during a standard time interval. This is taken as a measure of the baking quality. Swelling of the gluten fraction of flour in lactic acid solution affects the rate of sedimentation of a flour suspension. Both a higher gluten content and a better gluten quality give rise to slower sedimentation and higher Zeleny test values. The sedimentation value of flour depends on the wheat protein composition and is mostly correlated to the protein content, the wheat hardness, and the volume of pan and hearth loaves. A stronger correlation between loaf volume and Zeleny sedimentation volume compared to SDS sedimentation volume could be due to the protein content influencing both the volume and Zeleny value ( Czech. J. Food Sci. Vol. 21, No. 3: 91-96, 2000).
Further the “falling number” as mentioned herein is a measure for the baking quality of cereals, especially of wheat. The falling number test indicates that sprout damage may have occurred. It means that changes to the physical properties of the starch portion of the wheat kernel has already happened. Therein, the falling number instrument analyzes viscosity by measuring the resistance of a flour and water paste to a falling plunger. The time (in seconds) for this to happen is known as the falling number. The falling number results are recorded as an index of enzyme activity in a wheat or flour sample and results are expressed in time as seconds. A high falling number (for example, above 300 seconds) indicates minimal enzyme activity and sound quality wheat or flour. A low falling number (for example, below 250 seconds) indicates substantial enzyme activity and sprout-damaged wheat or flour.
The term “more developed root system”/“improved root growth” refers to longer root system, deeper root growth, faster root growth, higher root dry/fresh weight, higher root volume, larger root surface area, bigger root diameter, higher root stability, more root branching, higher number of root hairs, and/or more root tips and can be measured by analyzing the root architecture with suitable methodologies and Image analysis programmes (e.g. WinRhizo).
The term “crop water use efficiency” refers technically to the mass of agriculture produce per unit water consumed and economically to the value of product(s) produced per unit water volume consumed and can e.g. be measured in terms of yield per ha, biomass of the plants, thousand-kernel mass, and the number of ears per m2.
The term “nitrogen-use efficiency” refers technically to the mass of agriculture produce per unit nitrogen consumed and economically to the value of product(s) produced per unit nitrogen consumed, reflecting uptake and utilization efficiency.
Improvement in greening/improved colour and improved photosynthetic efficiency as well as the delay of senescence can be measured with well-known techniques such as a HandyPea system (Hansatech). Fv/Fm is a parameter widely used to indicate the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII). This parameter is widely considered to be a selective indication of plant photosynthetic performance with healthy samples typically achieving a maximum Fv/Fm value of approx. 0.85. Values lower than this will be observed if a sample has been exposed to some type of biotic or abiotic stress factor which has reduced the capacity for photochemical quenching of energy within PSII. Fv/Fm is presented as a ratio of variable fluorescence (Fv) over the maximum fluorescence value (Fm). The Performance Index is essentially an indicator of sample vitality. (See e.g. Advanced Techniques in Soil Microbiology, 2007, 11, 319-341; Applied Soil Ecology, 2000, 15, 169-182.)
The improvement in greening/improved colour and improved photosynthetic efficiency as well as the delay of senescence can also be assessed by measurement of the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), measurement of the chlorophyll content, e.g. by the pigment extraction method of Ziegler and Ehle, measurement of the photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm ratio), determination of shoot growth and final root and/or canopy biomass, determination of tiller density as well as of root mortality.
Within the context of the present invention preference is given to improving plant physiology effects which are selected from the group comprising: enhanced root growth/more developed root system, improved greening, improved water use efficiency (correlating to reduced water consumption), improved nutrient use efficiency, comprising especially improved nitrogen (N)-use efficiency, delayed senescence and enhanced yield.
Within the enhancement of yield preference is given as to an improvement in the sedimentation value and the falling number as well as to the improvement of the protein and sugar content especially with plants selected from the group of cereals (preferably wheat).
Preferably the novel use of the fungicidal mixtures or compositions of the present invention relates to a combined use of a) preventively and/or curatively controlling pathogenic fungi, with or without resistance management, and b) at least one of enhanced root growth, improved greening, improved water use efficiency, delayed senescence and enhanced yield. From group b) enhancement of root system, water use efficiency and N-use efficiency is particularly preferred.
Seed Treatment
The invention further comprises a method for treating seed.
The invention further relates to seed which has been treated by one of the methods described in the previous paragraph. The inventive seeds are employed in methods for the protection of seed from harmful microorganisms or pests. In these methods, seed treated with at least one inventive mixture or composition is used.
The inventive mixtures or compositions are also suitable for treating seed. A large part of the damage to crop plants caused by harmful organisms is triggered by the infection of the seed during storage or after sowing, and also during and after germination of the plant. This phase is particularly critical since the roots and shoots of the growing plant are particularly sensitive, and even minor damage may result in the death of the plant. There is therefore a great interest in protecting the seed and the germinating plant by using appropriate compositions.
The control of phytopathogenic fungi by treating the seed of plants has been known for a long time and is the subject of constant improvements. However, the treatment of seed entails a series of problems which cannot always be solved in a satisfactory manner For instance, it is desirable to develop methods for protecting the seed and the germinating plant, which dispense with, or at least significantly reduce, the additional deployment of crop protection compositions after planting or after emergence of the plants. It is also desirable to optimize the amount of the active ingredient used so as to provide the best possible protection for the seed and the germinating plant from attack by phytopathogenic fungi, but without damaging the plant itself by the active ingredient employed. In particular, methods for the treatment of seed should also take account of the intrinsic fungicidal properties of transgenic plants in order to achieve optimal protection of the seed and the germinating plant with a minimum expenditure of crop protection compositions.
The present invention therefore also relates to a method for protection of seed and germinating plants from attack by phytopathogenic fungi and pests by treating the seed with an inventive composition. The invention likewise relates to the use of the inventive compositions for treatment of seed to protect the seed and the germinating plant from phytopathogenic fungi and pests. The invention further relates to seed which has been treated with an inventive composition for protection from phytopathogenic fungi.
The control of phytopathogenic fungi and pests which damage plants post-emergence is effected primarily by treating the soil and the above-ground parts of plants with crop protection compositions. Owing to the concerns regarding a possible influence of the crop protection compositions on the environment and the health of humans and animals, there are efforts to reduce the amount of active ingredients deployed.
One of the advantages of the present invention is that the particular systemic properties of the inventive mixtures or compositions mean that treatment of the seed with these active ingredients and compositions not only protects the seed itself, but also the resulting plants after emergence, from phytopathogenic fungi and pests. In this way, the immediate treatment of the crop at the time of sowing or shortly thereafter can be dispensed with.
It is likewise considered to be advantageous that the inventive mixtures or compositions can especially also be used with transgenic seed, in which case the plant growing from this seed is capable of expressing a protein which acts against pests. By virtue of the treatment of such seed with the inventive mixtures or compositions, merely the expression of the protein, for example an insecticidal protein, can control certain pests. Surprisingly, a further synergistic effect can be observed in this case, which additionally increases the effectiveness for protection against attack by pests.
The inventive compositions are suitable for protecting seed of any plant variety which is used in agriculture, in greenhouses, in forests or in horticulture and viticulture. In particular, this is the seed of cereals (such as wheat, barley, rye, triticale, sorghum/ millet and oats), maize, cotton, soya beans, rice, potatoes, sunflower, bean, coffee, beet (for example sugar beet and fodder beet), peanut, oilseed rape, poppy, olive, coconut, cocoa, sugar cane, tobacco, vegetables (such as tomato, cucumbers, onions and lettuce), turf and ornamentals (see also below). The treatment of the seed of cereals (such as wheat, barley, rye, triticale and oats), maize and rice is of particular significance.
As also described below, the treatment of transgenic seed with the inventive mixtures or compositions is of particular significance. This relates to the seed of plants containing at least one heterologous gene which enables the expression of a polypeptide or protein having insecticidal properties. The heterologous gene in transgenic seed can originate, for example, from microorganisms of the species Bacillus, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Trichoderma, Clavibacter, Glomus or Gliocladium. This heterologous gene preferably originates from Bacillus sp., in which case the gene product is effective against the European maize borer and/or the Western maize rootworm. The heterologous gene more preferably originates from Bacillus thuringiensis.
In the context of the present invention, the inventive mixtures or compositions are applied to the seed alone or in a suitable formulation. Preferably, the seed is treated in a state in which it is sufficiently stable for no damage to occur in the course of treatment. In general, the seed can be treated at any time between harvest and sowing. It is customary to use seed which has been separated from the plant and freed from cobs, shells, stalks, coats, hairs or the flesh of the fruits. For example, it is possible to use seed which has been harvested, cleaned and dried down to a moisture content of less than 15% by weight. Alternatively, it is also possible to use seed which, after drying, for example, has been treated with water and then dried again.
When treating the seed, care must generally be taken that the amount of the inventive composition applied to the seed and/or the amount of further additives is selected such that the germination of the seed is not impaired, or that the resulting plant is not damaged. This has to be borne in mind in particular in the case of mixtures or compositions which can have phytotoxic effects at certain application rates.
The inventive mixtures or compositions can be applied directly, i.e. without containing any other components and without having been diluted. In general, it is preferable to apply the compositions to the seed in the form of a suitable formulation. Suitable formulations and methods for seed treatment are known to those skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the following documents: U.S. Pat. No. 4,272,417, U.S. Pat. No. 4,245,432, U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,430, U.S. Pat. No. 5,876,739, US 2003/0176428 A1, WO 2002/080675, WO 2002/028186.
The mixtures or compositions usable in accordance with the invention can be converted to the customary seed dressing formulations, such as solutions, emulsions, suspensions, powders, foams, slurries or other coating compositions for seed, and also ULV formulations.
These formulations are prepared in a known manner, by mixing the active ingredients with customary additives, for example customary extenders and also solvents or diluents, dyes, wetting agents, dispersants, emulsifiers, antifoams, preservatives, secondary thickeners, adhesives, gibberellins and also water.
Useful dyes which may be present in the seed dressing formulations usable in accordance with the invention are all dyes which are customary for such purposes. It is possible to use either pigments, which are sparingly soluble in water, or dyes, which are soluble in water. Examples include the dyes known by the names Rhodamine B, C.I. Pigment Red 112 and C.I. Solvent Red 1.
Useful wetting agents which may be present in the seed dressing formulations usable in accordance with the invention are all substances which promote wetting and which are conventionally used for the formulation of active agrochemical ingredients. Preference is given to using alkyl naphthalenesulphonates, such as diisopropyl or diisobutyl naphthalenesulphonates.
Useful dispersants and/or emulsifiers which may be present in the seed dressing formulations usable in accordance with the invention are all nonionic, anionic and cationic dispersants conventionally used for the formulation of active agrochemical ingredients. Usable with preference are nonionic or anionic dispersants or mixtures of nonionic or anionic dispersants. Suitable nonionic dispersants include especially ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block polymers, alkylphenol polyglycol ethers and tristryrylphenol polyglycol ether, and the phosphated or sulphated derivatives thereof. Suitable anionic dispersants are especially lignosulphonates, polyacrylic acid salts and arylsulphonate/formaldehyde condensates.
Antifoams which may be present in the seed dressing formulations usable in accordance with the invention are all foam-inhibiting substances conventionally used for the formulation of active agrochemical ingredients. Silicone antifoams and magnesium stearate can be used with preference.
Preservatives which may be present in the seed dressing formulations usable in accordance with the invention are all substances usable for such purposes in agrochemical compositions. Examples include dichlorophene and benzyl alcohol hemiformal.
Secondary thickeners which may be present in the seed dressing formulations usable in accordance with the invention are all substances usable for such purposes in agrochemical compositions. Preferred examples include cellulose derivatives, acrylic acid derivatives, xanthan, modified clays and finely divided silica.
Adhesives which may be present in the seed dressing formulations usable in accordance with the invention are all customary binders usable in seed dressing products. Preferred examples include polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol and tylose.
The gibberellins which may be present in the seed dressing formulations usable in accordance with the invention may preferably be gibberellins Λ3 (=gibberellic acid), Λ4 and Λ7; particular preference is given to using gibberellic acid. The gibberellins are known (cf. R. Wegler “Chemie der Pflanzenschutz- und Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel” [Chemistry of the Crop Protection Compositions and Pesticides], vol. 2, Springer Verlag, 1970, p. 401-412).
The seed dressing formulations usable in accordance with the invention can be used, either directly or after previously having been diluted with water, for the treatment of a wide range of different seed, including the seed of transgenic plants. In this case, additional synergistic effects may also occur in interaction with the substances formed by expression.
For treatment of seed with the seed dressing formulations usable in accordance with the invention, or the preparations prepared therefrom by adding water, all mixing units usable customarily for the seed dressing are useful. Specifically, the procedure in the seed dressing is to place the seed into a mixer, to add the particular desired amount of seed dressing formulations, either as such or after prior dilution with water, and to mix everything until the formulation is distributed homogeneously on the seed. If appropriate, this is followed by a drying process.
Mycotoxins
In addition, the inventive treatment can reduce the mycotoxin content in the harvested material and the foods and feeds prepared therefrom. Mycotoxins include particularly, but not exclusively, the following: deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol, 15-Ac-DON, 3-Ac-DON, T2- and HT2-toxin, fumonisins, zearalenon, moniliformin, fusarin, diaceotoxyscirpenol (DAS), beauvericin, enniatin, fusaroproliferin, fusarenol, ochratoxins, patulin, ergot alkaloids and aflatoxins which can be produced, for example, by the following fungi: Fusarium spec., such as F. acuminatum, F. asiaticum, F. avenaceum, F. crookwellense, F. culmorum, F. graminearum ( Gibberella zeae ), F. equiseti, F. fujikoroi, F. musarum, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. poae, F. pseudograminearum, F. sambucinum, F. scirpi, F. semitectum, F. solani, F. sporotrichoides, F. langsethiae, F. subglutinans, F. tricinctum, F. verticillioides etc., and also by Aspergillus spec., such as A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. nomius, A. ochraceus, A. clavatus, A. terreus, A. versicolor, Penicillium spec., such as P. verrucosum, P. viridicatum, P. citrinum, P. expansum, P. claviforme, P. roqueforti, Claviceps spec., such as C. purpurea, C. fusiformis, C. paspali, C. africana, Stachybotrys spec. and others.
Material Protection
The inventive mixtures or compositions or compositions can also be used in the protection of materials, for protection of industrial materials against attack and destruction by harmful microorganisms or pests, for example fungi and insects.
In addition, the inventive mixtures or compositions can be used as antifouling compositions, alone or in combinations with other active ingredients.
Industrial materials in the present context are understood to mean inanimate materials which have been prepared for use in industry. For example, industrial materials which are to be protected by inventive mixtures or compositions from microbial alteration or destruction may be adhesives, glues, paper, wallpaper and board/cardboard, textiles, carpets, leather, wood, fibers and tissues, paints and plastic articles, cooling lubricants and other materials which can be infected with or destroyed by microorganisms. Parts of production plants and buildings, for example cooling-water circuits, cooling and heating systems and ventilation and air-conditioning units, which may be impaired by the proliferation of microorganisms may also be mentioned within the scope of the materials to be protected. Industrial materials within the scope of the present invention preferably include adhesives, sizes, paper and card, leather, wood, paints, cooling lubricants and heat transfer fluids, more preferably wood.
The inventive mixtures or compositions may prevent adverse effects, such as rotting, decay, discoloration, decoloration or formation of mould.
In the case of treatment of wood the mixtures or compositions according to the invention may also be used against fungal diseases liable to grow on or inside timber. The term “timber” means all types of species of wood, and all types of working of this wood intended for construction, for example solid wood, high-density wood, laminated wood, and plywood. The method for treating timber according to the invention mainly consists in contacting a mixture or composition according to the invention; this includes for example direct application, spraying, dipping, injection or any other suitable means.
In addition, the inventive mixtures or compositions can be used to protect objects which come into contact with saltwater or brackish water, especially hulls, screens, nets, buildings, moorings and signaling systems, from fouling.
The inventive method for controlling harmful fungi can also be employed for protecting storage goods. Storage goods are understood to mean natural substances of vegetable or animal origin or processed products thereof which are of natural origin, and for which long-term protection is desired. Storage goods of vegetable origin, for example plants or plant parts, such as stems, leaves, tubers, seeds, fruits, grains, can be protected freshly harvested or after processing by (pre)drying, moistening, comminuting, grinding, pressing or roasting. Storage goods also include timber, both unprocessed, such as construction timber, electricity poles and barriers, or in the form of finished products, such as furniture. Storage goods of animal origin are, for example, hides, leather, furs and hairs. The inventive mixtures or compositions may prevent adverse effects, such as rotting, decay, discoloration, decoloration or formation of mould.
Microorganisms capable of degrading or altering the industrial materials include, for example, bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae and slime organisms. The inventive mixtures or compositions preferably act against fungi, especially moulds, wood-discoloring and wood-destroying fungi (Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes and Zygomycetes), and against slime organisms and algae. Examples include microorganisms of the following genera: Alternaria, such as Alternaria tenuis; Aspergillus, such as Aspergillus niger; Chaetomium, such as Chaetomium globosum; Coniophora, such as Coniophora puetana; Lentinus, such as Lentinus tigrinus; Penicillium, such as Penicillium glaucum; Polyporus, such as Polyporus versicolor; Aureobasidium, such as Aureobasidium pullulans; Sclerophoma, such as Sclerophoma pityophila; Trichoderma, such as Trichoderma viride; Ophiostoma spp., Ceratocystis spp., Humicola spp., Petriella spp., Trichurus spp., Coriolus spp., Gloeophyllum spp., Pleurotus spp., Poria spp., Serpula spp. and Tyromyces spp., Cladosporium spp., Paecilomyces spp. Mucor spp., Escherichia, such as Escherichia coli; Pseudomonas, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Candida spp. and Saccharomyces spp., such as Saccharomyces cerevisae.
Antimycotic Activity
In addition, the inventive mixtures or compositions also have very good antimycotic activity. They have a very broad antimycotic activity spectrum, especially against dermatophytes and yeasts, moulds and diphasic fungi (for example against Candida species, such as C. albicans, C. glabrata ), and Epidermophyton floccosum, Aspergillus species, such as A. niger and A. fumigatus, Trichophyton species, such as T. mentagrophytes, Microsporon species such as M. canis and M. audouinii. The list of these fungi by no means constitutes a restriction of the mycotic spectrum covered, and is merely of illustrative character.
The inventive mixtures or compositions can therefore be used both in medical and in non-medical applications.
Genetically Modified Organisms
As already mentioned above, it is possible to treat all plants and their parts in accordance with the invention. In a preferred embodiment, wild plant species and plant cultivars, or those obtained by conventional biological breeding methods, such as crossing or protoplast fusion, and also parts thereof, are treated. In a further preferred embodiment, transgenic plants and plant cultivars obtained by genetic engineering methods, if appropriate in combination with conventional methods (Genetically Modified Organisms), and parts thereof are treated. The terms “parts” or “parts of plants” or “plant parts” have been explained above. More preferably, plants of the plant cultivars which are commercially available or are in use are treated in accordance with the invention. Plant cultivars are understood to mean plants which have new properties (“traits”) and have been obtained by conventional breeding, by mutagenesis or by recombinant DNA techniques. They can be cultivars, varieties, bio- or genotypes.
The method of treatment according to the invention can be used in the treatment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), e.g. plants or seeds. Genetically modified plants (or transgenic plants) are plants of which a heterologous gene has been stably integrated into genome. The expression “heterologous gene” essentially means a gene which is provided or assembled outside the plant and when introduced in the nuclear, chloroplastic or mitochondrial genome gives the transformed plant new or improved agronomic or other properties by expressing a protein or polypeptide of interest or by downregulating or silencing other gene(s) which are present in the plant (using for example, antisense technology, cosuppression technology, RNA interference-RNAi-technology or microRNA-miRNA-technology). A heterologous gene that is located in the genome is also called a transgene. A transgene that is defined by its particular location in the plant genome is called a transformation or transgenic event.
Depending on the plant species or plant cultivars, their location and growth conditions (soils, climate, vegetation period, diet), the treatment according to the invention may also result in superadditive (“synergistic”) effects. Thus, for example, reduced application rates and/or a widening of the activity spectrum and/or an increase in the activity of the active compounds and compositions which can be used according to the invention, better plant growth, increased tolerance to high or low temperatures, increased tolerance to drought or to water or soil salt content, increased flowering performance, easier harvesting, accelerated maturation, higher harvest yields, bigger fruits, larger plant height, greener leaf color, earlier flowering, higher quality and/or a higher nutritional value of the harvested products, higher sugar concentration within the fruits, better storage stability and/or processability of the harvested products are possible, which exceed the effects which were actually to be expected.
At certain application rates, the mixtures or compositions according to the invention may also have a strengthening effect in plants. Accordingly, they are also suitable for mobilizing the defense system of the plant against attack by harmful microorganisms. This may, if appropriate, be one of the reasons of the enhanced activity of the mixtures or compositions according to the invention, for example against fungi. Plant-strengthening (resistance-inducing) substances are to be understood as meaning, in the present context, those substances or combinations of substances which are capable of stimulating the defense system of plants in such a way that, when subsequently inoculated with harmful microorganisms, the treated plants display a substantial degree of resistance to these microorganisms. In the present case, harmful microorganisms are to be understood as meaning phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses. Thus, the mixtures or compositions according to the invention can be employed for protecting plants against attack by the abovementioned pathogens within a certain period of time after the treatment. The period of time within which protection is effected generally extends from 1 to 10 days, preferably 1 to 7 days, after the treatment of the plants with the active compounds.
Plants and plant cultivars which are preferably to be treated according to the invention include all plants which have genetic material which impart particularly advantageous, useful traits to these plants (whether obtained by breeding and/or biotechnological means).
Plants and plant cultivars which are also preferably to be treated according to the invention are resistant against one or more biotic stresses, i.e. said plants show a better defense against animal and microbial pests, such as against nematodes, insects, mites, phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses and/or viroids.
Examples of nematode or insect resistant plants are described in e.g. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/765,491, 11/765,494, 10/926,819, 10/782,020, 12/032,479, 10/783,417, 10/782,096, 11/657,964, 12/192,904, 11/396,808, 12/166,253, 12/166,239, 12/166,124, 12/166,209, 11/762,886, 12/364,335, 11/763,947, 12/252,453, 12/209,354, 12/491,396, 12/497,221, 12/644,632, 12/646,004, 12/701,058, 12/718,059, 12/721,595, 12/638,591.
Plants and plant cultivars which may also be treated according to the invention are those plants which are resistant to one or more abiotic stresses. Abiotic stress conditions may include, for example, drought, cold temperature exposure, heat exposure, osmotic stress, flooding, increased soil salinity, increased mineral exposure, ozone exposure, high light exposure, limited availability of nitrogen nutrients, limited availability of phosphorus nutrients, shade avoidance.
Plants and plant cultivars which may also be treated according to the invention, are those plants characterized by enhanced yield characteristics. Increased yield in said plants can be the result of, for example, improved plant physiology, growth and development, such as water use efficiency, water retention efficiency, improved nitrogen use, enhanced carbon assimilation, improved photosynthesis, increased germination efficiency and accelerated maturation. Yield can furthermore be affected by improved plant architecture (under stress and non-stress conditions), including but not limited to, early flowering, flowering control for hybrid seed production, seedling vigor, plant size, internode number and distance, root growth, seed size, fruit size, pod size, pod or ear number, seed number per pod or ear, seed mass, enhanced seed filling, reduced seed dispersal, reduced pod dehiscence and lodging resistance. Further yield traits include seed composition, such as carbohydrate content, protein content, oil content and composition, nutritional value, reduction in anti-nutritional compounds, improved processability and better storage stability.
Plants that may be treated according to the invention are hybrid plants that already express the characteristic of heterosis or hybrid vigor which results in generally higher yield, vigor, health and resistance towards biotic and abiotic stresses). Such plants are typically made by crossing an inbred male-sterile parent line (the female parent) with another inbred male-fertile parent line (the male parent). Hybrid seed is typically harvested from the male sterile plants and sold to growers. Male sterile plants can sometimes (e.g. in corn) be produced by detasseling, i.e. the mechanical removal of the male reproductive organs (or males flowers) but, more typically, male sterility is the result of genetic determinants in the plant genome. In that case, and especially when seed is the desired product to be harvested from the hybrid plants it is typically useful to ensure that male fertility in the hybrid plants is fully restored. This can be accomplished by ensuring that the male parents have appropriate fertility restorer genes which are capable of restoring the male fertility in hybrid plants that contain the genetic determinants responsible for male-sterility. Genetic determinants for male sterility may be located in the cytoplasm. Examples of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) were for instance described in Brassica species (WO 92/05251, WO 95/09910, WO 98/27806, WO 05/002324, WO 06/021972 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,229,072). However, genetic determinants for male sterility can also be located in the nuclear genome. Male sterile plants can also be obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering. A particularly useful means of obtaining male-sterile plants is described in WO 89/10396 in which, for example, a ribonuclease such as barnase is selectively expressed in the tapetum cells in the stamens. Fertility can then be restored by expression in the tapetum cells of a ribonuclease inhibitor such as barstar (e.g. WO 91/02069).
Plants or plant cultivars (obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may be treated according to the invention are herbicide-tolerant plants, i.e. plants made tolerant to one or more given herbicides. Such plants can be obtained either by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants containing a mutation imparting such herbicide tolerance.
Herbicide-resistant plants are for example glyphosate-tolerant plants, i.e. plants made tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate or salts thereof. Plants can be made tolerant to glyphosate through different means. For example, glyphosate-tolerant plants can be obtained by transforming the plant with a gene encoding the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). Examples of such EPSPS genes are the AroA gene (mutant CT7) of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium ( Science 1983, 221, 370-371), the CP4 gene of the bacterium Agrobacterium sp. ( Curr. Topics Plant Physiol. 1992, 7, 139-145), the genes encoding a Petunia EPSPS ( Science 1986, 233, 478-481), a Tomato EPSPS ( J. Biol. Chem. 1988, 263, 4280-4289), or an Eleusine EPSPS (WO 01/66704). It can also be a mutated EPSPS as described in for example EP 0837944, WO 00/66746, WO 00/66747 or WO 02/26995. Glyphosate-tolerant plants can also be obtained by expressing a gene that encodes a glyphosate oxido-reductase enzyme as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,760 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,175. Glyphosate-tolerant plants can also be obtained by expressing a gene that encodes a glyphosate acetyl transferase enzyme as described in for example WO 02/036782, WO 03/092360, WO 2005/012515 and WO 2007/024782. Glyphosate-tolerant plants can also be obtained by selecting plants containing naturally-occurring mutations of the above-mentioned genes, as described in for example WO 01/024615 or WO 03/013226. Plants expressing EPSPS genes that confer glyphosate tolerance are described in e.g. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/517,991, 10/739,610, 12/139,408, 12/352,532, 11/312,866, 11/315,678, 12/421,292, 11/400,598, 11/651,752, 11/681,285, 11/605,824, 12/468,205, 11/760,570, 11/762,526, 11/769,327, 11/769,255, 11/943801 or 12/362,774. Plants comprising other genes that confer glyphosate tolerance, such as decarboxylase genes, are described in e.g. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/588,811, 11/185,342, 12/364,724, 11/185,560 or 12/423,926.
Other herbicide resistant plants are for example plants that are made tolerant to herbicides inhibiting the enzyme glutamine synthase, such as bialaphos, phosphinothricin or glufosinate. Such plants can be obtained by expressing an enzyme detoxifying the herbicide or a mutant glutamine synthase enzyme that is resistant to inhibition, e.g. described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/760,602. One such efficient detoxifying enzyme is an enzyme encoding a phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (such as the bar or pat protein from Streptomyces species). Plants expressing an exogenous phosphinothricin acetyltransferase are for example described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,561,236; 5,648,477; 5,646,024; 5,273,894; 5,637,489; 5,276,268; 5,739,082; 5,908,810 and 7,112,665.
Further herbicide-tolerant plants are also plants that are made tolerant to the herbicides inhibiting the enzyme hydroxyphenylpyruvatedioxygenase (HPPD). HPPD is an enzyme that catalyze the reaction in which parahydroxyphenylpyruvate (HPP) is transformed into homogentisate. Plants tolerant to HPPD-inhibitors can be transformed with a gene encoding a naturally-occurring resistant HPPD enzyme, or a gene encoding a mutated or chimeric HPPD enzyme as described in WO 96/38567, WO 99/24585, WO 99/24586, WO 09/144079, WO 02/046387, or U.S. Pat. No. 6,768,044. Tolerance to HPPD-inhibitors can also be obtained by transforming plants with genes encoding certain enzymes enabling the formation of homogentisate despite the inhibition of the native HPPD enzyme by the HPPD-inhibitor. Such plants and genes are described in WO 99/34008 and WO 02/36787. Tolerance of plants to HPPD inhibitors can also be improved by transforming plants with a gene encoding an enzyme having prephenate deshydrogenase (PDH) activity in addition to a gene encoding an HPPD-tolerant enzyme, as described in WO 04/024928. Further, plants can be made more tolerant to HPPD-inhibitor herbicides by adding into their genome a gene encoding an enzyme capable of metabolizing or degrading HPPD inhibitors, such as the CYP450 enzymes shown in WO 2007/103567 and WO 2008/150473.
Still further herbicide resistant plants are plants that are made tolerant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors.
Known ALS-inhibitors include, for example, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, triazolopyrimidines, pryimidinyoxy-(thio)benzoates, and/or sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides. Different mutations in the ALS enzyme (also known as acetohydroxyacid synthase, AHAS) are known to confer tolerance to different herbicides and groups of herbicides, as described for example in Tranel and Wright ( Weed Science 2002, 50, 700-712), but also, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,011, 5,378,824, 5,141,870, and 5,013,659. The production of sulfonylurea-tolerant plants and imidazolinone-tolerant plants is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,011; 5,013,659; 5,141,870; 5,767,361; 5,731,180; 5,304,732; 4,761,373; 5,331,107; 5,928,937; and 5,378,824; and WO 96/33270. Other imidazolinone-tolerant plants are also described in for example WO 2004/040012, WO 2004/106529, WO 2005/020673, WO 2005/093093, WO 2006/007373, WO 2006/015376, WO 2006/024351, and WO 2006/060634. Further sulfonylurea- and imidazolinone-tolerant plants are also described in for example WO 2007/024782 and U.S. Patent Application 61/288,958.
Other plants tolerant to imidazolinone and/or sulfonylurea can be obtained by induced mutagenesis, selection in cell cultures in the presence of the herbicide or mutation breeding as described for example for soybeans in U.S. Pat. No. 5,084,082, for rice in WO 97/41218, for sugar beet in U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,702 and WO 99/057965, for lettuce in U.S. Pat. No. 5,198,599, or for sunflower in WO 01/065922.
Other plants tolerant to imidazolinone and/or sulfonylurea can be obtained by induced mutagenesis, selection in cell cultures in the presence of the herbicide or mutation breeding as described for example for soybeans in U.S. Pat. No. 5,084,082, for rice in WO 97/41218, for sugar beet in U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,702 and WO 99/057965, for lettuce in U.S. Pat. No. 5,198,599, or for sunflower in WO 01/065922.
Plants or plant cultivars (obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated according to the invention are insect-resistant transgenic plants, i.e. plants made resistant to attack by certain target insects. Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants containing a mutation imparting such insect resistance.
An “insect-resistant transgenic plant”, as used herein, includes any plant containing at least one transgene comprising a coding sequence encoding:
1) an insecticidal crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or an insecticidal portion thereof, such as the insecticidal crystal proteins listed by Crickmore et al. (1998, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 62: 807-813), updated by Crickmore et al. (2005) at the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin nomenclature, online at: http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/Home/Neil_Crickmore/Bt/), or insecticidal portions thereof, e.g., proteins of the Cry protein classes Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1B, Cry1C, Cry1D, Cry1F, Cry2Ab, Cry3Aa, or Cry3Bb or insecticidal portions thereof (e.g. EP-A 1 999 141 and WO 2007/107302), or such proteins encoded by synthetic genes as e.g. described in and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/249,016; or 2) a crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or a portion thereof which is insecticidal in the presence of a second other crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or a portion thereof, such as the binary toxin made up of the Cry34 and Cry35 crystal proteins ( Nat. Biotechnol. 2001, 19, 668-72; Applied Environm. Microbiol. 2006, 71, 1765-1774) or the binary toxin made up of the Cry1A or Cry1F proteins and the Cry2Aa or Cry2Ab or Cry2Ae proteins (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/214,022 and EP-A 2 300 618); or 3) a hybrid insecticidal protein comprising parts of different insecticidal crystal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis, such as a hybrid of the proteins of 1) above or a hybrid of the proteins of 2) above, e.g., the Cry1A.105 protein produced by corn event MON89034 (WO 2007/027777); or 4) a protein of any one of 1) to 3) above wherein some, particularly 1 to 10, amino acids have been replaced by another amino acid to obtain a higher insecticidal activity to a target insect species, and/or to expand the range of target insect species affected, and/or because of changes introduced into the encoding DNA during cloning or transformation, such as the Cry3Bb1 protein in corn events MON863 or MON88017, or the Cry3A protein in corn event MIR604; or 5) an insecticidal secreted protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or Bacillus cereus, or an insecticidal portion thereof, such as the vegetative insecticidal (VIP) proteins listed at:
http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/Neil_Crickmore/Bt/vip.html, e.g., proteins from the VIP3Aa protein class; or
6) a secreted protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or Bacillus cereus which is insecticidal in the presence of a second secreted protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or B. cereus, such as the binary toxin made up of the VIP1A and VIP2A proteins (WO 94/21795); or 7) a hybrid insecticidal protein comprising parts from different secreted proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis or Bacillus cereus, such as a hybrid of the proteins in 1) above or a hybrid of the proteins in 2) above; or 8) a protein of any one of 5) to 7) above wherein some, particularly 1 to 10, amino acids have been replaced by another amino acid to obtain a higher insecticidal activity to a target insect species, and/or to expand the range of target insect species affected, and/or because of changes introduced into the encoding DNA during cloning or transformation (while still encoding an insecticidal protein), such as the VIP3Aa protein in cotton event COT 102; or 9) a secreted protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or Bacillus cereus which is insecticidal in the presence of a crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis, such as the binary toxin made up of VIP3 and Cry1A or Cry1F (U.S. Patent Applications 61/126,083 and 61/195,019), or the binary toxin made up of the VIP3 protein and the Cry2Aa or Cry2Ab or Cry2Ae proteins (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/214,022 and EP-A 2 300 618). 10) a protein of 9) above wherein some, particularly 1 to 10, amino acids have been replaced by another amino acid to obtain a higher insecticidal activity to a target insect species, and/or to expand the range of target insect species affected, and/or because of changes introduced into the encoding DNA during cloning or transformation (while still encoding an insecticidal protein)
Of course, an insect-resistant transgenic plant, as used herein, also includes any plant comprising a combination of genes encoding the proteins of any one of the above classes 1 to 10. In one embodiment, an insect-resistant plant contains more than one transgene encoding a protein of any one of the above classes 1 to 10, to expand the range of target insect species affected when using different proteins directed at different target insect species, or to delay insect resistance development to the plants by using different proteins insecticidal to the same target insect species but having a different mode of action, such as binding to different receptor binding sites in the insect.
An “insect-resistant transgenic plant”, as used herein, further includes any plant containing at least one transgene comprising a sequence producing upon expression a double-stranded RNA which upon ingestion by a plant insect pest inhibits the growth of this insect pest, as described e.g. in WO 2007/080126, WO 2006/129204, WO 2007/074405, WO 2007/080127 and WO 2007/035650.
Plants or plant cultivars (obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated according to the invention are tolerant to abiotic stresses. Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants containing a mutation imparting such stress resistance. Particularly useful stress tolerance plants include:
1) plants which contain a transgene capable of reducing the expression and/or the activity of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) gene in the plant cells or plants as described in WO 00/04173, WO 2006/045633, EP-A 1 807 519, or EP-A 2 018 431. 2) plants which contain a stress tolerance enhancing transgene capable of reducing the expression and/or the activity of the PARG encoding genes of the plants or plants cells, as described e.g. in WO 2004/090140. 3) plants which contain a stress tolerance enhancing transgene coding for a plant-functional enzyme of the nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide salvage synthesis pathway including nicotinamidase, nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase, nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenyl transferase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthetase or nicotine amide phosphorybosyltransferase as described e.g. in EP-A 1 794 306, WO 2006/133827, WO 2007/107326, EP-A 1 999 263, or WO 2007/107326.
Plants or plant cultivars (obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated according to the invention show altered quantity, quality and/or storage-stability of the harvested product and/or altered properties of specific ingredients of the harvested product such as:
1) transgenic plants which synthesize a modified starch, which in its physical-chemical characteristics, in particular the amylose content or the amylose/amylopectin ratio, the degree of branching, the average chain length, the side chain distribution, the viscosity behaviour, the gelling strength, the starch grain size and/or the starch grain morphology, is changed in comparison with the synthesised starch in wild type plant cells or plants, so that this is better suited for special applications. Said transgenic plants synthesizing a modified starch are disclosed, for example, in EP-A 0 571 427, WO 95/04826, EP-A 0 719 338, WO 96/15248, WO 96/19581, WO 96/27674, WO 97/11188, WO 97/26362, WO 97/32985, WO 97/42328, WO 97/44472, WO 97/45545, WO 98/27212, WO 98/40503, WO 99/58688, WO 99/58690, WO 99/58654, WO 00/08184, WO 00/08185, WO 00/08175, WO 00/28052, WO 00/77229, WO 01/12782, WO 01/12826, WO 02/101059, WO 03/071860, WO 04/056999, WO 05/030942, WO 2005/030941, WO 2005/095632, WO 2005/095617, WO 2005/095619, WO 2005/095618, WO 2005/123927, WO 2006/018319, WO 2006/103107, WO 2006/108702, WO 2007/009823, WO 00/22140, WO 2006/063862, WO 2006/072603, WO 02/034923, WO 2008/017518, WO 2008/080630, WO 2008/080631, EP 07090007.1, WO 2008/090008, WO 01/14569, WO 02/79410, WO 03/33540, WO 2004/078983, WO 01/19975, WO 95/26407, WO 96/34968, WO 98/20145, WO 99/12950, WO 99/66050, WO 99/53072, U.S. Pat. No. 6,734,341, WO 00/11192, WO 98/22604, WO 98/32326, WO 01/98509, WO 01/98509, WO 2005/002359, U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,790, U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,861, WO 94/04693, WO 94/09144, WO 94/11520, WO 95/35026, WO 97/20936, WO 2010/012796, WO 2010/003701, 2) transgenic plants which synthesize non starch carbohydrate polymers or which synthesize non starch carbohydrate polymers with altered properties in comparison to wild type plants without genetic modification. Examples are plants producing polyfructose, especially of the inulin and levan-type, as disclosed in EP-A 0 663 956, WO 96/01904, WO 96/21023, WO 98/39460, and WO 99/24593, plants producing alpha-1,4-glucans as disclosed in WO 95/31553, US 2002031826, U.S. Pat. No. 6,284,479, U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,107, WO 97/47806, WO 97/47807, WO 97/47808 and WO 00/14249, plants producing alpha-1,6 branched alpha-1,4-glucans, as disclosed in WO 00/73422, plants producing alternan, as disclosed in e.g. WO 00/47727, WO 00/73422, EP 06077301.7, U.S. Pat. No. 5,908,975 and EP-A 0 728 213, 3) transgenic plants which produce hyaluronan, as for example disclosed in WO 2006/032538, WO 2007/039314, WO 2007/039315, WO 2007/039316, JP-A 2006-304779, and WO 2005/012529. 4) transgenic plants or hybrid plants, such as onions with characteristics such as ‘high soluble solids content’, ‘low pungency’ (LP) and/or ‘long storage’ (LS), as described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/020,360 and 61/054,026.
Plants or plant cultivars (that can be obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated according to the invention are plants, such as cotton plants, with altered fiber characteristics. Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants contain a mutation imparting such altered fiber characteristics and include:
a) Plants, such as cotton plants, containing an altered form of cellulose synthase genes as described in WO 98/00549. b) Plants, such as cotton plants, containing an altered form of rsw2 or rsw3 homologous nucleic acids as described in WO 2004/053219. c) Plants, such as cotton plants, with increased expression of sucrose phosphate synthase as described in WO 01/17333. d) Plants, such as cotton plants, with increased expression of sucrose synthase as described in WO 02/45485. e) Plants, such as cotton plants, wherein the timing of the plasmodesmatal gating at the basis of the fiber cell is altered, e.g. through downregulation of fiber-selective β-1,3-glucanase as described in WO 2005/017157, or as described in WO 2009/143995. f) Plants, such as cotton plants, having fibers with altered reactivity, e.g. through the expression of N-acetylglucosaminetransferase gene including nodC and chitin synthase genes as described in WO 2006/136351.
Plants or plant cultivars (that can be obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated according to the invention are plants, such as oilseed rape or related Brassica plants, with altered oil profile characteristics. Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants contain a mutation imparting such altered oil profile characteristics and include:
a) Plants, such as oilseed rape plants, producing oil having a high oleic acid content as described e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,969,169, U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,946 or U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,392 or U.S. Pat. No. 6,063,947 b) Plants such as oilseed rape plants, producing oil having a low linolenic acid content as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,270,828, U.S. Pat. No. 6,169,190, or U.S. Pat. No. 5,965,755 c) Plant such as oilseed rape plants, producing oil having a low level of saturated fatty acids as described e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,434,283 or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/668,303
Plants or plant cultivars (that can be obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated according to the invention are plants, such as oilseed rape or related Brassica plants, with altered seed shattering characteristics. Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants contain a mutation imparting such altered seed shattering characteristics and include plants such as oilseed rape plants with delayed or reduced seed shattering as described in U.S. Patent Application 61/135,230, WO 2009/068313 and WO 2010/006732.
Plants or plant cultivars (that can be obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated according to the invention are plants, such as Tobacco plants, with altered posttranslational protein modification patterns, for example as described in WO 2010/121818 and WO 2010/145846.
Particularly useful transgenic plants which may be treated according to the invention are plants containing transformation events, or combination of transformation events, that are the subject of petitions for non-regulated status, in the United States of America, to the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) whether such petitions are granted or are still pending. At any time this information is readily available from APHIS (4700 River Road, Riverdale, Md. 20737, USA), for instance on its internet site (URL http://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/not_reg.html). On the filing date of this application the petitions for nonregulated status that were pending with APHIS or granted by APHIS were those which contains the following information:
Petition: the identification number of the petition. Technical descriptions of the transformation events can be found in the individual petition documents which are obtainable from APHIS, for example on the APHIS website, by reference to this petition number. These descriptions are herein incorporated by reference. Extension of Petition: reference to a previous petition for which an extension is requested. Institution: the name of the entity submitting the petition. Regulated article: the plant species concerned. Transgenic phenotype: the trait conferred to the plants by the transformation event. Transformation event or line: the name of the event or events (sometimes also designated as lines or lines) for which nonregulated status is requested. APHIS documents: various documents published by APHIS in relation to the Petition and which can be requested with APHIS.
Additional particularly useful plants containing single transformation events or combinations of transformation events are listed for example in the databases from various national or regional regulatory agencies (see for example http://gmoinfo.jrc.it/gmp_browse.aspx and http://www.agbios.com/dbase.php).
Particularly useful transgenic plants which may be treated according to the invention are plants containing transformation events, or a combination of transformation events, and that are listed for example in the databases for various national or regional regulatory agencies including Event 1143-14A (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 2006/128569); Event 1143-51B (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 2006/128570); Event 1445 (cotton, herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in US-A 2002-120964 or WO 02/034946); Event 17053 (rice, herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-9843, described in WO 2010/117737); Event 17314 (rice, herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-9844, described in WO 2010/117735); Event 281-24-236 (cotton, insect control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-6233, described in WO 2005/103266 or US-A 2005-216969); Event 3006-210-23 (cotton, insect control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-6233, described in US-A 2007-143876 or WO 2005/103266); Event 3272 (corn, quality trait, deposited as PTA-9972, described in WO 2006/098952 or US-A 2006-230473); Event 40416 (corn, insect control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-11508, described in WO 2011/075593); Event 43A47 (corn, insect control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-11509, described in WO 2011/075595); Event 5307 (corn, insect control, deposited as ATCC PTA-9561, described in WO 2010/077816); Event ASR-368 (bent grass, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-4816, described in US-A 2006-162007 or WO 2004/053062); Event B16 (corn, herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in US-A 2003-126634); Event BPS-CV127-9 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as NCIMB No. 41603, described in WO 2010/080829); Event CE43-67B (cotton, insect control, deposited as DSM ACC2724, described in US-A 2009-217423 or WO2006/128573); Event CF44-69D (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in US-A 2010-0024077); Event CF44-69D (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 2006/128571); Event CF46-02A (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 2006/128572); Event COT102 (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in US-A 2006-130175 or WO 2004/039986); Event COT202 (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in US-A 2007-067868 or WO 2005/054479); Event COT203 (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 2005/054480); Event DAS40278 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-10244, described in WO 2011/022469); Event DAS-59122-7 (corn, insect control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA 11384, described in US-A 2006-070139); Event DAS-59132 (corn, insect control—herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in WO 2009/100188); Event DAS68416 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-10442, described in WO 2011/066384 or WO 2011/066360); Event DP-098140-6 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-8296, described in US-A 2009-137395 or WO 2008/112019); Event DP-305423-1 (soybean, quality trait, not deposited, described in US-A 2008-312082 or WO 2008/054747); Event DP-32138-1 (corn, hybridization system, deposited as ATCC PTA-9158, described in US-A 2009-0210970 or WO 2009/103049); Event DP-356043-5 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-8287, described in US-A 2010-0184079 or WO 2008/002872); Event EE-1 (brinjal, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 2007/091277); Event FI117 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC 209031, described in US-A 2006-059581 or WO 98/044140); Event GA21 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC 209033, described in US-A 2005-086719 or WO 98/044140); Event GG25 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC 209032, described in US-A 2005-188434 or WO 98/044140); Event GHB119 (cotton, insect control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-8398, described in WO 2008/151780); Event GHB614 (cotton, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-6878, described in US-A 2010-050282 or WO 2007/017186); Event GJ11 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC 209030, described in US-A 2005-188434 or WO 98/044140); Event GM RZ13 (sugar beet, virus resistance, deposited as NCIMB-41601, described in WO 2010/076212); Event H7-1 (sugar beet, herbicide tolerance, deposited as NCIMB 41158 or NCIMB 41159, described in US-A 2004-172669 or WO 2004/074492); Event JOPLIN1 (wheat, disease tolerance, not deposited, described in US-A 2008-064032); Event LL27 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as NCIMB41658, described in WO 2006/108674 or US-A 2008-320616); Event LL55 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as NCIMB 41660, described in WO 2006/108675 or US-A 2008-196127); Event LLcotton25 (cotton, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-3343, described in WO 03/013224 or US-A 2003-097687); Event LLRICE06 (rice, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC-23352, described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,747 or WO 00/026345); Event LLRICE601 (rice, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-2600, described in US-A 2008-2289060 or WO 00/026356); Event LY038 (corn, quality trait, deposited as ATCC PTA-5623, described in US-A 2007-028322 or WO 2005/061720); Event MIR162 (corn, insect control, deposited as PTA-8166, described in US-A 2009-300784 or WO 2007/142840); Event MIR604 (corn, insect control, not deposited, described in US-A 2008-167456 or WO 2005/103301); Event MON15985 (cotton, insect control, deposited as ATCC PTA-2516, described in US-A 2004-250317 or WO 02/100163); Event MON810 (corn, insect control, not deposited, described in US-A 2002-102582); Event MON863 (corn, insect control, deposited as ATCC PTA-2605, described in WO 2004/011601 or US-A 2006-095986); Event MON87427 (corn, pollination control, deposited as ATCC PTA-7899, described in WO 2011/062904); Event MON87460 (corn, stress tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-8910, described in WO 2009/111263 or US-A 2011-0138504); Event MON87701 (soybean, insect control, deposited as ATCC PTA-8194, described in US-A 2009-130071 or WO 2009/064652); Event MON87705 (soybean, quality trait—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-9241, described in US-A 2010-0080887 or WO 2010/037016); Event MON87708 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA9670, described in WO 2011/034704); Event MON87754 (soybean, quality trait, deposited as ATCC PTA-9385, described in WO 2010/024976); Event MON87769 (soybean, quality trait, deposited as ATCC PTA-8911, described in US-A 2011-0067141 or WO 2009/102873); Event MON88017 (corn, insect control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-5582, described in US-A 2008-028482 or WO 2005/059103); Event MON88913 (cotton, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-4854, described in WO 2004/072235 or US-A 2006-059590); Event MON89034 (corn, insect control, deposited as ATCC PTA-7455, described in WO 2007/140256 or US-A 2008-260932); Event MON89788 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-6708, described in US-A 2006-282915 or WO 2006/130436); Event MS 11 (oilseed rape, pollination control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-850 or PTA-2485, described in WO 01/031042); Event MS8 (oilseed rape, pollination control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-730, described in WO 01/041558 or US-A 2003-188347); Event NK603 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-2478, described in US-A 2007-292854); Event PE-7 (rice, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 2008/114282); Event RF3 (oilseed rape, pollination control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-730, described in WO 01/041558 or US-A 2003-188347); Event RT73 (oilseed rape, herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in WO 02/036831 or US-A 2008-070260); Event T227-1 (sugar beet, herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in WO 02/44407 or US-A 2009-265817); Event T25 (corn, herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in US-A 2001-029014 or WO 01/051654); Event T304-40 (cotton, insect control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-8171, described in US-A 2010-077501 or WO 2008/122406); Event T342-142 (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 2006/128568); Event TC1507 (corn, insect control—herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in US-A 2005-039226 or WO 2004/099447); Event VIP1034 (corn, insect control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-3925., described in WO 03/052073), Event 32316 (corn, insect control—herbicide tolerance, eposited as PTA-11507, described in WO 2011/084632), Event 4114 (corn, insect control—herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-11506, described in WO 2011/084621).
Very particularly useful transgenic plants which may be treated according to the invention are plants containing transformation events, or a combination of transformation events, and that are listed for example in the databases for various national or regional regulatory agencies including Event BPS-CV127-9 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as NCIMB No. 41603, described in WO 2010/080829); Event DAS68416 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-10442, described in WO 2011/066384 or WO 2011/066360); Event DP-356043-5 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-8287, described in US-A 2010-0184079 or WO 2008/002872); Event EE-1 (brinjal, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 2007/091277); Event FI117 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC 209031, described in US-A 2006-059581 or WO 98/044140); Event GA21 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC 209033, described in US-A 2005-086719 or WO 98/044140), Event LL27 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as NCIMB41658, described in WO 2006/108674 or US-A 2008-320616); Event LL55 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as NCIMB 41660, described in WO 2006/108675 or US-A 2008-196127); Event MON87701 (soybean, insect control, deposited as ATCC PTA-8194, described in US-A 2009-130071 or WO 2009/064652); Event MON87705 (soybean, quality trait—herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-9241, described in US-A 2010-0080887 or WO 2010/037016); Event MON87708 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA9670, described in WO 2011/034704); Event MON87754 (soybean, quality trait, deposited as ATCC PTA-9385, described in WO 2010/024976); Event MON87769 (soybean, quality trait, deposited as ATCC PTA-8911, described in US-A 2011-0067141 or WO 2009/102873); Event MON89788 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-6708, described in US-A 2006-282915 or WO 2006/130436).
Application Rates and Timing
When using the inventive mixtures or compositions as fungicides, the application rates can be varied within a relatively wide range, depending on the kind of application. The application rate of the mixtures or compositions is
in the case of treatment of plant parts, for example leaves: from 0.1 to 10 000 g/ha, preferably from 10 to 1000 g/ha, more preferably from 10 to 800 g/ha, even more preferably from 50 to 300 g/ha (in the case of application by watering or dripping, it is even possible to reduce the application rate, especially when inert substrates such as rockwool or perlite are used); in the case of seed treatment: from 2 to 200 g per 100 kg of seed, preferably from 3 to 150 g per 100 kg of seed, more preferably from 2.5 to 25 g per 100 kg of seed, even more preferably from 2.5 to 12.5 g per 100 kg of seed; in the case of soil treatment: from 0.1 to 10 000 g/ha, preferably from 1 to 5000 g/ha.
These application rates are merely by way of example and are not limiting for the purposes of the invention.
The inventive mixtures or compositions can thus be used to protect plants from attack by the pathogens mentioned for a certain period of time after treatment. The period for which protection is provided extends generally for 1 to 28 days, preferably for 1 to 14 days, more preferably for 1 to 10 days, most preferably for 1 to 7 days, after the treatment of the plants with the mixtures or compositions, or for up to 200 days after a seed treatment.
The method of treatment according to the invention also provides the use or application of compounds according to formula (I) and one biological control agent as defined above in a simultaneous, separate or sequential manner If the single active ingredients are applied in a sequential manner, i.e. at different times, they are applied one after the other within a reasonably short period, such as a few hours or days. Preferably the order of applying the compounds according to formula (I) and the biological control agent as defined above is not essential for working the present invention.
The plants listed can particularly advantageously be treated in accordance with the invention with the inventive mixtures or compositions. The preferred ranges stated above for the mixtures or compositions also apply to the treatment of these plants. Particular emphasis is given to the treatment of plants with the mixtures or compositions specifically mentioned in the present text.
According to another aspect of the present invention, in the combination or composition according to the invention, the compound ratio A/B may be advantageously chosen so as to produce a synergistic effect. The term synergistic effect is understood to mean in particular that defined by Colby in an article entitled “Calculation of the synergistic and antagonistic responses of herbicide combinations” Weeds, (1967), 15, pages 20-22.
The latter article mentions the formula:
E
=
X
+
Y
-
XY
100
wherein E represents the expected percentage of inhibition of the pest for the combination of the two compounds at defined doses (for example equal to x and y respectively), X is the percentage of inhibition observed for the pest by compound (A) at a defined dose (equal to x), Y is the percentage of inhibition observed for the pest by compound (B) at a defined dose (equal to y). When the percentage of inhibition observed for the combination is greater than E, there is a synergistic effect.
The term “synergistic effect” also means the effect defined by application of the Tammes method, “Isoboles, a graphic representation of synergism in pesticides”, Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 70(1964), pages 73-80.
A synergistic effect in fungicides is always present when the fungicidal action of the active compound combinations exceeds the expected action of the active compounds.
The expected fungicidal action for a given combination of two or three active compounds can be calculated as follows, according to S. R. Colby (“Calculating Synergistic and Antagonistic Responses of Herbicide Combinations”, Weeds 1967, 15, 20-22):
If
X is the efficacy when employing active compound A at an application rate of in g/ha,
Y is the efficacy when employing active compound B at an application rate of n g/ha and
E is the efficacy when employing active compounds A and B at application rates of in and n g/ha,
then E=X+Y(X*Y)/100
Here, the efficacy is determined in %. 0% means an efficacy which corresponds to that of the control, whereas an efficacy of 100% means that no infection is observed.
If the actual fungicidal action exceeds the calculated value, the action of the combination is superadditive, i.e. a synergistic effect is present. In this case, the actually observed efficacy must exceed the value calculated using the above formula for the expected efficacy (E).
The invention is illustrated by the examples below. However, the invention is not limited to the examples
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