1.ApplicationNumber: US-59154856-A
1.PublishNumber: US-2864790-A
2.Date Publish: 19581216
3.Inventor: GROOTE MELVIN DE
SHEN KWAN-TING

4.Inventor Harmonized: DE GROOTE MELVIN()
KWAN-TING SHEN()

5.Country: US
6.Claims:

7.Description:
(en)CERTAIN POLYEPOXIDE TREATED AMINE-MODI- FIED THERMOPLASTIC PHENOL-ALDEHYDE RESINS AND METHOD OF MAKING SAME Melvin De Groote, St. Louis, and Kwan-Ting Shea, Brentwood, Mo., assignors to Petrolite Corporation, Wilmtngton, DeL, a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Griginal application March 13, 1953, Se-
rial No. 342,283. Divided and this application June 7 15, 1956, Serial No. 591,548
10 Claims. (Cl. 260-45) This application is a division of our co-pend'ing application Serial No. 342,283, filed March- 13, '1953, now
abandoned.
Our invention is concerned with new chemical products or compounds useful as demulsifying agents in processes or procedures particularly adapted for preventing, breaking or resolving emulsions of the water-in-oil type and particularly petroleum emulsions. Our invention is also concerned with the application of such chemical products or compounds in various other arts and industries as well as with methods of manufacturing the new chemical products or compounds which are of outstanding value in demulsification.
Our co-pending application, Serial No. 338,575, filed February 24, 1953, now U. S. Patent 2,771,437, is concerned with certain new products, compounds, or compositions which are useful in various arts and particularly for the resolution of petroleum emulsions of the waterin-oil type. The products described in said co-pending application are obtained by first condensing certain phenol-aldehyde resins, therein described in detail, with certain basic non-hydroxylated polyamines, therein described in detail, and formaldehyde, which condensation is followed by the reaction of the resin condensate with certain phenolic polyepoxides, also therein described in detail, and cogenerically associated compounds formed in the preparation of the polyepoxides.
In the present instance the invention is concerned with the products which in essence are the counterpart of those described in-our aforementioned co-pending application, Serial No. 338,575, filed February 24, 1953, except that the polyepoxide used, and particularly the diepoxide, is nonaryl and hydrophile in character rather than hydrophobe.
Thus the present invetnion is concerned with the method of first condensing certain phenol-aldehyde resins, hereinafter described in detail, with certain basic nonhydroxylated polyamines, hereinafter described in detail, and formaldehyde, which condensation is followed by the reaction of the resin condensate Wl th certain nonaryl hydrophile polyepoxides, also hereinafter described in detail.
The present invention is characterized by the use of compounds derived from diglycidyl ethers which do not introduce any hydrophobe properties in its usual meaning but in fact are more apt to introduce hydrophile properties. Thus, the diepoxides employed in the present invention are characterized by the fact that the divalent radial connecting the terminal epoxide radicals contains less. than S-carbon atoms in an uninterrupted chain. 7
The'diepoxi'des employed in the present process are obtained from glycols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, glycerol, diglycerol, triglycerol, and similar compounds. Such products are well known and are characterized by the fact that there are not more than 4 uninterrupted carbon atoms in any group which is part of the radical joining the epoxide groups. Of necessity States Patent" Patented Dec. 16, 1958 such diepoxides must be nonaryl or aliphatic in charactor. The diglycidyl ethers ofco-pendmg application, Serial No. 333,575, are invariably and inevitably aryl in character. 7
The diepoxides employed in the present process are usually obtained by reacting a glycol or equivalent compound, such as glycerol or diglycerol, with epichlorohydrin and subsequently with an alkali. Such diepoxides have been described in the literature and particularly the patent literature. See, for example, Italian Patent No. 400,973, dated August 8, 1951; see, also, British Patent 518,057, dated December 10, 1938; and U. S. Patent No. 2,070,990 dated February 16, l937, to Gross et al. Reference is made also to U. S. Patent No. 2,581,464, dated January 8, 1952, to Zech. This particular last mentioned patent describes a composition of the following general formula:
Halogen z in which x is at least 1, z varies from less than 1 to more than 1, and x and z together are at least 2 and not more than 6, and R is the residue of the polyhydric alcohol remaining after replacement of at least 2 of the hydroxyl groups thereof with the epoxide ether groups of the above formula, and any remaining groups of the residue being free hydroxyl groups.
It is obvious from what is said in the patent that variants can be obtained in which the halogen is replaced by a hydroxyl radical; thus the formula would become Reference to being thermoplastic characterizes them as being liquids at ordinarytemperature or readily con vertible to liquids by merely heating below the point of pyrolysis and thus dilferentiates them from infusible resins. Reference to being soluble in an organic solvent means any of the usual organic solvents such as alcohols, ketones, esters, ethers, mixed solvents, etc. Reference to solubility is merely to differentiate from a reactant which is not soluble and might be not only insoluble but also infusible. Furthermore, solubility is a factor insofar that it sometimes is desirable to dilute the compound containing the epoxy rings before reacting with an amine condensate. In such instances, of course, the solvent selected would have to be one which is not susceptible to oxyalkylation, as, for example, kerosene, benzene, toluene, dioxane, possibly various ketones, chlorinated solvents, dibutyl ether, dihexyl ether, ethyleneglycol diethylether, diethyleneglycol diethylether, and dimethoxytetraethyleneglycol.
The expression epoxy is not usually limited to the 1,2-epoxy ring. The 1,2-epoxy ring is sometimes referred to as the oxirane ring to distinguish it from other epoxy rings. Hereinafter the word epoxy unless indicated otherwise, will be used to mean the oxirane ring, i. e., the 1,2-epoxy ring. Furthermore, where a compound has two or more oxirane rings they will be referred to as polyepoxides. They usually represent, of course, 1,2-epoxide rings or oxirane rings in the alpha-omega position. This is a departure, of course, from the standpoint of strictly formal nomenclature as in the example of the simplest diepoxide which contains at least 4 carbon atoms and is formally described as 1,2-epoxy-3,4-epoxybutane (1,2-3,4 diepoxybutane).
It well may be that even though the previously suggested formula represents the principal component, or components, of the resultant or reaction product described in the previous text, it may be important to note that somewhat similar compounds, generally of much higher molecular weight, have been described as complex resinous epoxides which are polyether derivatives of polyhydric compounds containing an average of more than one epoxide group per molecule and free from functional groups other than epoxide and hydroxyl groups. The compounds here included are limited to the monomers or the low molal members of such series and generally contain two epoxide rings per molecule and may be entirely free from a hydroxyl group; This is important because the instant invention is directed towards products which are not insoluble resins and have certain solubility characteristics not inherent in the usual thermosetting resins. Simply for purpose of illustration to show a typical diglycidyl ether of the kind herein employed, reference is made to the following formula:
or if derived from cyclic diglycerol the structure would be thus:
Commercially available compounds seem to be largely the former with comparatively small amounts, in fact comparatively minor amounts, of the latter.
Having obtained a reactant having generally 2 epoxy rings as depicted in'the next to last formula preceding, or low molal polymers thereof, it becomes obvious the reaction can take place with any amine-modified phenolaldehyde resin by virtue of the fact that there are always present reactive hydroxyl groups which are part of the phenolic nuclei and there may be present reactive hydrogen atoms attached to a' nitrogen atom, or an oxygen atom, depending on the presence of a hydroxylated group or secondary amino group.
To illustrate the products which represent the subject matter of the present invention reference will be made to a reaction involving a mole of the oxyalkylating agent, i. e., the compound having two oxirane rings and an amine condensate. Proceeding with the example previously described it is obvious the reaction ratio of two moles of the amine condensate to one mole of the oxyalkylating agent gives a product which may be indicated as follows:
in which n is a small whole number less than 10, and usually less than 4, and including 0, and R representsa divalent radical as previously described being free from any radical having more than 4 uninterrupted carhon atoms in a single chain, and the characterizationcondensate is simply an abbreviation for the condensate which is described in greater detail subsequently.
Such final product in turn also must be soluble but solubility is not limited to an organic solvent but may include water, or for that matter, a solution of water containing an acid such as hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, gluconic acid, etc. In other words, the nitrogen groups present, whether two or more, may or may not be significantly basic and it is immaterial whether aqueous solubility represents an anhydro base or the free base (combination with water) or a salt form such as the acetate, chloride, etc. The purpose in this instance is to differentiate from insoluble resinous materials, particularly those resulting from gelation or cross-linking. Not only does this property serve to differentiate from instances where an insoluble material is desired but also serves to emphasize the fact that in many instances the preferred compounds have distinct water-solubility or are distinctly dispersible in 5% gluconic acid. For instance, the products freed from any solvent can be shaken with 5 to 20 times their weight of 5% gluconic acid at ordinary temperature and show at least some tendency towards being self-dispersing. The solvent which is generally tried is xylene. If xylene alone does not serve then a mixture of xylene and methanol, for instance, parts of xylene and 20 parts of methanol, or 70 parts of xylene and 30 parts of methanol, can be used. Sometimes it is desirable to add a small amount of acetone to the xylene-methanol mixture, for instance, 5% to 10% of acetone.
The polyepoxide-treated condensates obtained in the manner described are, in turn, oxyalkylation-susceptible and valuable derivatives can be obtained by further reaction with ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, ethylene imine, etc.
Similarly, the polyepoxide-derived compounds can be reacted with a product having both a nitrogen group and a 1,2-epoxy group, such as 3-dialkylaminoepoxypropane. See U. S. Patent No. 2,520,093, dated August 22, 1950, to Gross.
Although the herein described products have a number of industrial applications, they are of particular value for resolving petroleum emulsions of the water-in-oil type that are commonly referred to as cut oil, roily oil, emulsified oil, etc., and which comprise fine droplets of naturally-occurring waters or brines dispersed in a more or less permanent state throughout the oil which constitutes the continuous phase of the emulsion.
The new products are useful as wetting, detergent and leveling agents in the laundry, textile and dyeing dustries; as wetting agents and detergents in the acid washing of building stone and brick; as wetting agents and spreaders in the application of asphalt in road building and the like; as a flotation reagent in the flotation separation of various aqueous suspensions containing nega tively charged particles, such as sewage, coal washing Waste water, and various trade wastes and the like; as germicides, insecticides; emulsifying agents, as, 'for example, for cosmetics, spray oils, water-repellent textile finishes; as lubricants, etc.
As far as the use of the herein described products goes for purpose of resolution of petroleum emulsions of the water-in-oil type, we particularly prefer to use those which as such or in the form of the free base or hydrate, i. combination with water or particularly in the form of a low molal organic acid salt such as the gluconates or the acetate or hydroxyacetate, have sufficiently hydrophile character to at least meet the test set forth in U. S. Patent No. 2,499,368, dated March 7, 1950, to De Groote et al. In said patent such test for emulsification using a water-insoluble solvent, generally xylene, is described as an index of surface activity.
In the present instance the various condensation products as such or in the form of the free base or in the form of the acetate, may not necessarily be xylene-soluble although they are in many instances. If such compounds are not xylene-soluble the obvious chemical equivalent or equivalent chemical test can be made by simply using some suitable solvent, preferably a water-soluble solvent such as ethyleneglycol diethylether, or a low molal alcohol, or a mixture to dissolve the appropriate product being examined and then mix with the equal weight of xylene, followed by addition of water. Such test is obviously the same for the reason that there will be two phases on vigorous shaking and surface activity makes its presence manifest. It is understood the reference in the hereto appended claims as to the use of xylene in the emulsification test includes such obvious variant.
For purpose of convenience what is said hereinafter will be divided into seven parts:
Part 1 is concerned with the .hydrophile nonaryl polyepoxides and particularly diepoxides employed as reactants;
Part 2 is concerned with the phenol-aldehyde resin which is subjected to modification by condensation to yield the amine-modified resin;
Part 3 is concerned with a basic nonhydroxylated polyamine having at least one secondary amino group and having not over 32 carbon atoms in any radical attached to any amino nitrogen atom, and with the further'proviso that the polyamine be free from any primary amino radical, any substituted irnidazoline radical, and any substituted terahydropyrimidine radical;
Part 4 is concerned with reactions involving the resin, the amine, and formadlehyde to produce specific products or compounds which are then subjected to reaction with polyepoxides, and particularly diepoxides;
Part 5 is concerned with reactions involving the two preceding types of materials and examples obtained by such reaction. Generally speaking, this involves nothing more than reaction between 2 moles of a previously-prepared amine-modified phenol-aldehyde resin condensate as described and one mole of a hydrophile polyepoxide so as to yield a new and larger resin molecule, or comparable product;
Part 6 is concerned with the resolution of petroleum emulsions of the water-in-oil type by means of the previously described chemical compounds of reaction products; and
V s dated February 16, 1937, to Groll, and is of the following formula referred to R" is CH OCH and n is 1.
Part 7 is concerned with uses for the products herein 7 described, either as such of after modification, including any applications other than those involving resolution of petroleum emulsions of the water-in-oil type.
PART 1 In some instances the compounds are essentially derivatives of etherized epichlorohydrin or methyl epichlorohydrin. Needless to say, such compounds can be derived.
from glycerol monochlorohydrin by etherizationprior to ring closure. An example is illustrated in the previously mentioned Italian Patent No. 400,973:
0HioH-oHi-0OE=oH--Om Another type of diepoxide is diisobutenyl dioxide as de scribed in aforementioned U.,S..Patent No, 2,070,990,
However, for practical purposes the only diepoxide available in quantities other than laboratory quantities is a derivative of glycerol or epichlorohydrin. This particular diepoxide is obtained from diglycerol which is largely acyclic diglycerol, and epichlorohydrin or equivalent thereof in that the epichlorohydrin itself may supply the glycerol or diglycerol radical in addition to the epoxy rings. As has been suggested previously, instead of starting with glycerol or a glycerol derivative, one could start with any one of a number of glycols or polyglycols and it is more convenient to include as part of the terminal oxirane ring radical the oxygen atom that was derived from epichlorohydrin or, as might be the case, methyl epichlorohydrin. So presented the formula becomes:
In the above formula R is selected from groups such as the following:
It is to be noted that in the above epoxides there is a complete absence of (a) aryl radicals and (b) radicals in which 5 or more carbon atoms are united in a single is derived actually or theoretically, or at least derivable,
hydrofrom the diol HOROH, in which the oxygen-linked gen atoms were replaced by number which is 2 or .more, must be water-soluble. Such limitation excludes polyepoxid'es if actually derived orin which R is C H (OH) it is obvious that reaction with another mole of epichlorohydrin with appropriate ring closure would produce a triepoxide or, similarly, if R happened to be C H (OH)OC H (OH), one could obtain a tetraepoxide. Actually, such procedure generally yields triepoxides, or mixtures with higher epoxides and perhaps in other instances mixtures in which diepoxides are also present. Our preference is to use the diepoxides.
There is available commercially at least one diglycidyl ether free from aryl groups and also free from any radical having 5 or more carbon atoms in an uninterrupted chain. This particular diglycidyl ether is obtained by the use of epichlorohydrin in such a manner that approximately 4 moles of epichlorohydrin yield one mole of the diglyeidyl ether, or, stated another way, it can be considered as being formed from one mole of diglycerol and 2 moles of epichlorohydrin so as to give the appropriate diepoxide. The molecular weight is approximately 370 and the number of epoxide groups per molecule are approximately 2. For this reason in the first of a series of subsequent examples this particular diglycidyl ether is used, although obviously any of the others previously described would be just as suitable. For convenience, this diepoxide will be referred to as diglycidyl ether A. Such material corresponds in a general way to the previous formula.
Using laboratory procedure we have reacted diethyleneglycol with epichlorohydrin and subsequently with alkali so as to produce a product which, on examination, corresponded approximately to the following compound:
The molecular weight of the product was assumed to be 230 and the product was available in laboratory quantitles only. For this reason, the subsequent table referring to the use of this particular diepoxide, which will be referred to as diglycidyl ether B, is in grams instead of pounds.
Probably the simplest terminology for these polyepoxides, and particularly diepoxides, to differentiate from comparable aryl compounds is to use the terminology epoxyalkanes and, more particularly, polyepoxyalkanes or diepoxyalkanes. The difficulty is that the majority of these compounds represent types in which a carbon atom chain is interruptedby an oxygen atom and, thus, they are not strictly alkane derivatives. may be hydroxylated or represent a heterocyclic ring. The principal class properly may be referred to aspolyepoxypolyglycerols, or diepoxypolyglyeerols.
Other examples of diepoxides involving a heterocyclic ring having, for example, 3 carbon atoms and 2 oxygen atoms, are obtainable by the conventionalreaction. of combining erythritol with a'carbonyl compound, such as formaldehyde or acetone so as to formthe 5-membered ring, followed by conversion of the terminal hydroxyl groups into epoxy radicals.
PART 2 It is well known that one can readily purchase on the open market, or prepare, fusible, organic solvent- Furthermore, they soluble, water-insoluble resin polymers of a composition approximated in an idealized form by the formula on on on V G [1 O n a n R In the above formula n represents a small whole number varying from 1 to 6, 7, or 8, or more, up to probably 10 or 12 units, particularly when the resin is subjected to heating under a vacuum as described in the literature. A limited sub-genus is in the instance of low molecular weight polymers where the total number of phenol nuclei varies from 3 to 6, i. e., It varies from 1 to 4; R represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon substituent, generally an alkyl radical having from 4 to 15 carbon atoms, such as butyl, amyl, hexyl, decyl or dodecyl radical. Where the divalent bridge radical is shown as being derived from formaldehyde it may, of course, be derived from any other reactive aldehyde having 8 carbon atoms or less.
'Because a resin is organic solvent-soluble does not mean it is necessarily soluble in any organic solvent. This is'particularly true where the resins are derived from trifunctional phenols as previously noted. However, even when obtained from a difunctional phenol, for instance paraphenylphenol, one may obtain a resin which is not soluble in a nonoxygenated solvent, such as benzene, or xylene, but requires an oxygenated solvent such as a low mclal alcohol, dioxane, or diethyleneglycol diethylether. Sometimes a mixture of the two solvents (oxygenated and nonoxygenated) will serve. See Example 9a of U. S. Patent No. 2,499,365, dated March 7, 1950, to De Groote and Keiser.
The resins herein employed as raw materials must be soluble in a nonoxygenated solvent, such as benzene or xylene. This presents no problem insofar that all that is required is to make a solubility test on commercially available resins, or else prepare resins which are xylene or benzene-soluble as described in aforementioned U. S. Patent No. 2,499,365, or in U. S. Patent No. 2,499,368, dated March 7., 1950, to De Groote and Keiscr. in said patent there are described oxyalkylation-susceptible, fusible, nonoxygenated, organic solvent-soluble, water-insoluble, low-stage phenol-aldehyde resins having an average molecular weight corresponding to at least 3 and not over 6 phenolic nuclei per resin molecule. These resins are difunctional only in regard to methylol-forming reactivity, are derived by reaction between a difunctional monohydric phenol and an aldehyde having not over 8 carbon atoms and reactive toward said phenol and are formed in the substantial absence of trifunctional phenols. The phenol is of the formula in which R is an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having at least 4 carbon atoms and not more than 24 carbon atoms, and substituted in the 2,4,6 position;
If one selected a resin of the kind just described previously and reacted approximately one mole of the resin with two moles of formaldehyde and two moles of a basic nonhydroxylated secondary amine as specified, following the same idealized over-simplification previously referred to, the resultant product might be illustrated thus:
' The basic nonhydroxylated amine may be designated thus:
In conducting reactions of this kind one does not necessarily obtain a hundred percent yield for obvious reasons. Certain side reactions may take place. For instance, 2 moles of amine may combine with one mole of the aldehyde, or only one mole of the amine may combine with the resin molecule, or even to a very slight extent, if at all, 2 resin units may combine without any amine in the reaction product, as indicated in the following formulas:
OH OH H OH OH H l H H l H I C C- C O- H H H H R n R R R o R As has been pointed out previously, as far as the resin unit goes one can use a mole of aldehyde other than formaldehyde, such as acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, or.
butyraldehyde. The resin unit may be exemplified thus:
0 H O H l O H RIIIO RIIILO R R n R in which R' is the divalent radical obtained from the particular aldehyde employed to form the resin. For reasons which are obvious the condensation product obtained appears to be described best in terms of the method of manufacture.
Resins can be made using an acid catalyst or basic catalyst or a catalyst having neither acid nor basic properties in the ordinary sense or without any catalyst at all. It is preferable that the resins employed be substantially neutral. In other words, if prepared by using a strong acid as a catalyst, such strong acid should be neutralized. Similarly, if a strong base is used as a catalyst it is preferable that the base be neutralized although We have found that sometimes the reaction described proceeded more rapidly in the presence of a small amount of a free base. The amount may be as small as a 200th of a percent and as much as a few lOths of a percent. Some times moderate increase in caustic soda and caustic potash may be used. However, the most desirable procedure in practically every case is to have the resin neutral.
In preparing resins one does not get a single polymer, i. e., one having just 3 units, or just 4 units, or just 5 units, or just 6 units, etc. It is usually a mixture; for instance, one approximating 4 phenolic nuclei will have some trimer and pentamer present. Thus, themolecular weight may be such that it corresponds to a fractional value for n as, for example, 3.5, 4.5 or 5.2.
In the actual manufacture of the resins we found no reason for using other than those which are lowest in price and most readily available commercially. For purposes of convenience suitable resins are characterized in the following table;
Table I M01. wt. Ex- Position R of resin ample R of R derived 'n. molecule number from (based on n+2) Tertiary butyl 3. 6 882. 5
Secondary butyL- 3. 5 882. 5 Tertiary amyl 3. 5 959. 5 Mixed secondary Ortho--. 3. 5 805.5
and tertiary amyi. Propyi Para..." d0 3. 5 805. 5 Tertiary hexyl d 3. 5 1, 036. 6 Octyi 3. 5 1, 190. 5 3. 5 1, 267. 5 3. 5 1, 344. 5 3. 5 1, 49s. 5 3. 5 945. 5
Tertiary amyl 3. 5 1, 022. 5 Non 3. 5 1, 330. 5 Tertiary butyl 3. 5 1, 071.5
Tertiary amyl 3. 5 1, 148. 5 Nonyl 3. 5 1, 45s. 5 Tertiary butylums. 3. 5 1. 008. 5
rich yde. Tertiary amyi 3. 5 1, 085.5 Nonyl 3. 5 1, 393. 5 Tertiary butyl 4. 2 996. 6
Tertiary amyl 4. 2 1, 083. 4 N l 4. 2 1, 430. 6 4. 8 1, 094. 4 4. 8 1, 189. 6 4. 8 1, 570. 4 1. 5 604. 0 1. 5 653. 0 1. 5 688.0
PART 3 As has been pointed out, the amine herein employed as a reactant is a basic secondary polyamine and preferably a strongly basic secondary polyamine free from hydroxyl groups, free from primary amino groups, free from substituted imidazoline groups, and free from substituted tetrahydropyrimidine groups, in which the hydrocarbon radicals present, whether monovalent or divalent are alkyl alicyclic, arylalkyl, or heterocyclic in character.
Previous reference has been made to a number of polyamines which are satisfactory for use as reactants in the instant condensation procedure. amines available are polyethylene amines and polypropylene amines. In the case of the polyethylene amines Such amines are susceptible to terminal alkylation or the equivalent, i. e., reactions which convert the terminal primary amino group or groups into a secondary or tertiary amine radical. In the case of polyamines having at least 3 nitrogen atoms or more, both terminal groups .could be converted into tertiary groups, or one terminal group could be converted into a tertiary group and the other into a secondary amino group. By way. of example the following formulas are included. It will be notedthey include some polyamines which, instead of The cheapest "if! being obtained from dichloride, propylene dichloride, or the like, are obtained from dichloroethyl ethers in which the divalent radical has a carbon atom chain interrupted by an oxygen atom:
CH3 CH3 NCzHsNCaHsN H CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 Another procedure for producing suitable polyamines is a reaction involving first an alkylene imine, such as ethylene imine or propylene imine, followed by an alkylating agent of the kind described, for example, dimethylsulfate; or else a reaction which involves an alkylene ox ide, such as ethylene oxide or propylene oxide, followed by the use of an alkylating agent or the comparable procedure in which a halide is used.
What has been said previously may be illustrated by reactions involving a secondary alkyl amine, or a secondary aralkyl amine, or a secondary alicyclic amine, such as dibutylamine, dibenzylamine, dicyclohexylamine, or mixed amines with an imine so as to introduce a primary amino group which can be reacted with an alkylating agent, such as dimethyl sulfate. In a somewhat similar procedure the secondary amine of the kind just specified can be reacted with an alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, or the like, and then reacted with an imine followed by the final step noted above in order to convert the primary amino group into a secondary amino group.
Reactions involving the same two classes of reactants previously described, i. e., a secondary amine plus an imine plus an alkylating agent, or a secondary amine plus an alkylene oxide plus an imine plus an alkylating agent, can be applied to another class of primary amines which are particularly desirable for the reason that they introduce a definite hydrophile effect by virtue of an ether linkage, or repetitious ether linkage, are certain basic polyether amines of the formula:
in which at is a small whole number having a value of l or more, and may be as much as 10 or 12; n is an integer having a value of 2 to 4, inclusive; m represents the numeral 1 to 2; and 111 represents a number to 1, with the proviso that the sum of m plus m equals 2; and R has its prior significance, particularly as a hydrocarbon radical.
Other somewhat similar secondary monoamines equally suitable for such conversion reactions in order to yield appropriate secondary amines, are those of the composition R-O (CH2)3 as described in U. S. Patent No. 2,375,659, dated May 8, 1945,to Jones et al. In the above formula R may be methyl, ethyl, propyl, amyl, octyl, etc.
Other suitable secondary amines which can be converted into appropriate polyamines can be obtained from products which are sold in the open market, such as may be obtained by alkylation of cyclohexylmethylamine or the alkylation of similar primary amines, or for that matter, amines of the kind described in U. S. Patent No. 2,482,546, dated September 20, 1949, to Kaszuba, provided there is no negative group or halogen attached to the phenolic nucleus. Examples include the following: beta-phenoxyethylamine, gamma-phenoxypropylamine, beta-phenoxy-alpha-methylethylamine, and beta-phenoxypropylamine.
Other secondary monamines suitable for conversion into polyamines are the kind described in British Patent No. 456,517 and may be illustrated by In light of the various examples of polyamines which have been used for illustration it may be well to refer again to the fact that previously the amine was shown as with the statement that such presentation is an oversimplification. It was pointed out that at least one occurrence of R must include a secondary amino radical of the kind specified. Actually, if the polyamine radical contains two or more secondary amino groups the amine may react to two different positions and thus the same amine may yield compounds in which R and R are dissimilar. This is illustrated by reference to two prior examples:
0 H; c H;
H N propylcneNpropyleneN (CH )zNC:HiNC2H4NCzH4NC2H-1N(CH3)! H H 11 In the first of the two above formulas if the reaction involves a terminal amino hydrogen obviously the radicals attached to the nitrogen atom, which in turn combines with the methylene bridge, would be dificrent than if the reaction took place at the intermediate secondary amino radical as differentiated from the terminal group. Again, referring to the second formula above, although a terminal amino radical is not involved it is obvious again that one could obtain two different structures for the radicals attached to the nitrogen atom united to the methylene bridge, depending whether the reaction took place at either one of the two outer secondary amino groups, or at the central secondary amino group. If there are two points of reactivity towards formaldehyde as illustrated by the above examples it is obvious that one might get a mixture in which in part the reaction took place at one point and in part at another point. Indeed, there are well known suitable polyamine reactions where a large variety of compounds might be obtained Over and above the specific examples which have appeared previously, attention is directed to the fact that added suitable polyamines are shown in subsequent Table II.
This can PART 4 The products obtained by the herein described processes represent cogeneric mixtures which are the result of a condensation reaction or reactions. Since the resin molecule cannot be defined satisfactorily by formula, although it may be so illustrated in an idealized simplification, it is difficult to actually depict the final product of the cogeneric mixture except in terms of the process itself.
Previous reference has been made to the fact that the procedure herein employed is comparable, in a general way, to that which corresponds to somewhat similar derivatives made either from phenols as differentiated from a resin, or in the manufacture of a phenol-amine aldehyde resin; or else from a particularly selected resin and an amine and formaldehyde in the manner described in Bruson Patent No. 2,031,557 in order to obtain a heat-reactive resin. Since the condensation products obtained are not heat-convertible and since manufacture is not restricted to a single phase system, and since temperatures up to 150 C. or thereabouts may be employed, it is obvious that the procedure becomes comparatively simple. indeed, perhaps no description is necessary over and above what has been said previously, in light of subsequent examples. However, for purpose of clarity the following details are included.
A convenient piece of equipment for preparation of these cogeneric mixtures is a resin pot of the kind described in aforementioned U. S. Patent No. 2,499,368. In most instances the resin selected is not apt to be a fusible liquid at the early or low temperature stage of reaction if employed as subsequently described; in fact, usually it is apt to be a solid at distinctly higher temperatures, for instance, ordinary room temperature. Thus, we have found it convenient to use a solvent and particularly one which can be removed readily at a comparatively moderate temperature, for instance, at 150 C. A suitable solvent is usually benzene, xylene, or a comparable petroleum hydrocarbon or a mixture of such or similar solvents. Indeed, resins which are not soluble except in oxygenated solvents or mixtures containing such solvents are not here included as raw materials. The reaction can be conducted in such a way that the initial reaction, and perhaps the bulk of the reaction, takes place in a polyphase system. However, if desirable, one can use an oxygenated solvent such as a low-boiling alcohol, including ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, etc. Higher alcohols can be used or one can use a comparatively non-volatile solvent such as dioxane or the diethylether of ethylene glycol. One can also use a mixture of benzene or xylene and such oxygenated solvents. Note that the use of such oxygenated solvent is not required in the sense that it is not necessary to use an initial resin which is soluble only in an oxygenated solvent as just noted, and it is not necessary to have a single phase system for reaction.
Actually, Water is apt to be present as a solvent for the reason that in most cases aqueous formaldehyde is employed, which may be the commercial product which is approximately 37%, or it may be diluted down to about 30% formaldehyde. However, paraformaldehyde can be 14 any event, water is present as water of reaction. If the solvent is completely removed at the end of the process, no problem is involved if the material is used for any subsequent reaction.
In the next succeeding paragraph it is pointed out that frequently it is convenient to eliminate all solvent, using a temperature of not over C. and employing vacuum, if required. This applies, of course, only to those circumstances where it is desirable or necessary to remove the solvent. Petroleum solvents, aromatic solvents, etc., can be used. The selection of solvent, such as benzene, xylene, or the like, depends primarily on cost, i. e., the use of the most economical solvent and also on three other factors, two of which have been previously mentioned; (a) is the solvent to remain in the reaction mass without removal? (b) is the reaction mass to be subjected to further reaction in which the solvent, for instance, an alcohol, either low boiling or high boiling, might interfere as in the case of oxyalkylation?; and the third factor is this, (0) is an effort to be made to purify the reaction mass by the usual procedure as, for example, a water-wash to remove the water soluble unreacted formaldehyde, if any, or a water-wash to remove any unreacted water-soluble polyamine, if employed and present after reaction? Such procedures are well known and, needless to say, certain solvents are more suitable than others. equal, we have found xylene the most satisfactory solvent.
We have found no particular advantage in using a low temperature in the early stage of the reaction because, and for reasons explained ,this is not necessary although it does apply in some other procedures that, in a gen-.
eral way, bear some similarity to the present procedure. There is no objection, of course, to giving the reaction an opportunity to proceed as far as it will at some low temperature, for instance, 30 to 40 but ultimately one must employ the higher temperature in order to obtain products of the kind herein described. If a lower temperature reaction is used initially the period is not critical, in fact, it may be anything from a few hours up to 24 hours. I have not, found any case where it was necessary or even desirable to hold the low temperature stage for more than 24 hours. In fact, we are not convinced there is any advantage in holding it at this stage for more than 3 or 4 hours at the most. This, again, is a matter of convenience largely for one reason. In heating and stirring the reaction mass there is a tendency for formaldehyde to be lost. Thus, if the reaction can be conducted at a lower temperature so as to use up part of the formaldehyde at such lower temperature,
then the amount of unreacted formaldehyde is decreased subsequently and makes it easier to prevent any loss. Here, again, this lower temperature is not necessary by virtue of heat convertibility as previously referred to.
If solvents and reactants are selected so the reactants and products of reaction are mutually soluble, then agitation is required only to the extent that it helps cooling or helps distribution of the incoming formaldehyde. This mutual solubility is not necessary as previously pointed out but may be convenient under cer' tain circumstances. On the other hand, if the products are not mutually soluble then agitation should be more vigorous for the reason that reaction probably takes place principally at the interfaces and the more vigorous the The. general proagitation the more interfacial area. cedure employed is invariably the same when adding the resin and the selected solvent, such as benzene or xylene. Refluxing should be long enough to insure that the resin added, preferably in a powdered form, 'is compolyamine is added and stirred. Depending on the polyamine selected, it may or may not be soluble in the resin Everything else being solution. If it is not soluble in the resin solution it may be soluble in the aqueous formaldehyde solution. If so, the resin then will dissolve in the formaldehyde solution as added, and if not, it is even possible that the initial reaction mass could be a three-phase system instead of a two-phase system although this would be extremely unusual. This solution, or mechanical mixture, if not completely soluble is cooled to at least the reaction temperature or somewhat below, for example 35 C. or slightly lower, provided this initial low temperature stage is employed. The formaldehyde is then added in a suitable form. For reasons pointed out we prefer to use a solution and whether to use a commercial 37% concentration is simply a matter of choice. In large scale manufacturing there may be some advantage in using a 30% solution of formaldehyde but apparently this is not true on a small laboratory scale or pilot plant scale. 30% formaldehyde may tend to decrease any formaldehyde loss or make it easier to control unreacted formaldehyde loss.
On a large scale if there is any difficulty with formaldehyde loss control, one can use a more dilute form of formaldehyde, for instance, a 30% solution. The reaction can be conducted in an autoclave and no attempt made to remove water until the reaction is over. Generally speaking, such a procedure is much less satisfactory for a number of reasons. For example, the reaction does not seem to go to completion, foaming takes place, and other mechanical or chemical difficulties are involved. We have found no advantage in using solid formaldehyde because even here water of reaction is formed.
Returning again to the preferred method of reaction and particularly from the standpoint of laboratory procedure employing a glass resin pot, when the reaction has proceeded as one can reasonably expect at a low temperature, for instance, after holding the reaction mass with or without stirring, depending on whether or not it is homogeneous, at 30 C. or 40 C. for 4' or hours, or at the most, up to -24 hours, we then complete the reaction by raising the temperature up to 150 C., or thereabouts as required. The initial low temperature procedure can be eliminated or reduced to merely the shortest period of time which avoids loss of polyamine or formaldehyde. At a higher temperature we use a phase-separating trap and subject the mixture to reflux condensation until the water of reaction and the water of solution of the formaldehyde is eliminated. We then permit the temperature to rise to somewhat about 100 C., and generally slightly above 100 C. and below 150 C. by eliminating the solvent or part of the solvent so the reaction mass stays within this predetermined range. This period of heating and refluxing, after the water is eliminated, is continued until the reaction mass is homogeneous and then for one to three hours longer.
The removal of the solvents is conducted in a conventional manner in the same way as the removal of solvents in resin manufacture as described in aforementioned U. S. Patent No. 2,499,368.
Needless to say, as far as the ratio of reactants goes we have invariably employed approximately one mole of the resin based on the molecular weight of the resin molecule, 2 moles of the secondary polyamine and 2 moles of formaldehyde. In some instances we have added a trace of caustic as an added catalyst but have found no particular advantage in this. In other cases we have used a slight excess of formaldehyde and, again, have not found any particular advantage in this. In other cases we have used a slight excess of amine and, again, have not found any particular advantage in so doing. Whenever feasible-we have checked the completeness of reaction in the usual ways, including the amount of water of reaction, molecular weight, and par ticularly in some instances have checked whether or not the end-product showed surface-activity, particularly in a dilute acetic acid solution. The nitrogen content after removal of unreacted polyamine, if any is present, is another index. 7
In light of what has beensaid previously, little more need he said as to the actual procedure employed for the preparation of the herein described condensation products. The following example will serve by way of illustration:
Example 1b The phenol-aldehyde resin is the one that has been identified previously as Example In. It was obtained from a para-tertiary butylphenol and formaldehyde. The resin was prepared using an acid catalyst which was completely neutralized at the end of the reaction. The molecular weight of the resin was 882.5. This corresponded to an average of about 3 /2 phenolic nuclei, as the value for n which excludes the 2 external nuclei, i. e., the resin was largely a mixture having 3 nuclei and 4 nuclei, excluding the 2 external nuclei, or 5 and 6 overall nuclei. The resin so obtained in a neutral state had a light amber color.
882 grams of the resin identified as la preceding were powdered and mixed with a somewhat lesser weight of xylene, i. e., 600 grams. The mixture was refluxed until solution was complete. It was then adjusted to approximately 30 to 35 C. and 176 grams of symmetrical dimethylethylene diamine added. The mixture was stirred vigorously and formaldehyde added slowly. In this particular instance the formaldehyde used was a 30% solution and 200 grams were employed which were added in a little short of 3 hours. The mixture was stirred vigorously and kept within a temperature range of 30 to 45 C. for about 19 hours. At the end of this time it was refluxed, using a phase-separating trap and a small amount of aqueous distillate withdrawn from time to time. The presence of unreacted formaldehyde was noted. Any unreacted formaldehyde seemed to disappear within approximately two to three hours after refluxing started. As soon as the odor of formaldehyde was no longer detectible the phase-separating trap was set so as to eliminate all the water of solution and reaction. After the water was eliminated part of the xylene was removed until the temperature reached approximately 152 C., or slightly higher. The mass Was kept at this higher temperature for three to four hours and reaction stopped. During this time, any additional water which was probably water of reaction which had formed, was eliminated by means of the trap. The residual xylene was permitted to stay in the cogeneric mixture. A small amount of the sample was heated on a water bath to remove the excess xylene and the residual material was dark red in color and had the consistency of a sticky fluid or tacky resin. The overall time for reaction was somewhat less than 30 hours. In other examples, it varied from a little over 20 hours up to 36 hours. The time can be reduced by cutting the low temperature period to approximately 3 to 6 hours.
Note that in Table II following there are a large number of added examples illustrating the same procedure. In each case the initial mixture was stirred and held at a fairly low temperature (30 to 40 C.) for a period of several hours. Then refluxing was employed until the odor of formaldehyde disappeared. After the odor of formaldehyde disappeared-the phase-separating trap was employed to separate out all the water, both the solution and condensation. After all the water had been separated enough xylene was taken out to have the final product reflux for several hours somewhere in the range of to C., or thereabouts. Usually the mixture yielded a clear solution by the time the bulk of the water, or all of the water, had been removed.
Note that as pointed out previously, this procedure is illustrated by 24 examples in Table II.
Table II Strength of Reac- Reac- Max. Resin Auiine used and amount formalde- Solvent used tion, tion distill. N0. used grs. hyde soln. and amt. temp time, temp.
' and amt. 0. hrs. C.
882 Amine A 176 a 30% 200 g Xylene 600 g- -23 26 152 480 30% 100 g Xylene 450 g. 20-21 24 150 633 30% 100 g Xylene 550 g 20-22 28 151 441 37% 81g-.- Xylene 400 g.-- 20-28 36 144 480 Xylene 450 g 22-30 25 156 633 Xylene 000 g- 21-28 32 150 882 21-23 145 480 Amine C 102 g 20-25 148 633 Amine C 102 20-27 35 143 473 Amine D 117 20-22 31 145 511 Amine D 117 a 21-26 24 146 665 Amine D 117 g-.- Xylene 550 g. 22-25 26 151 441 Amine E 158 a Xylene 400 g 25-38 32 150 480 Amine E 158 Xylene 400 g.... 21-24 30 162 595 Amine E 158 g..- Xylene 550 g- 21-26 27 145 441 Amine F 191 g--- Xylene 400 g 20-23 25 141 480 Amine F 191 g Xylene 400 g. 22-27 29 143 511 Amine F 191 a Xylene 450 g..-- 23-25 36 149 498 Amine F 191 g Xylene 450 g 21-26 32 148 542 Amine G 174 g Xylene 500 g. 21-23 30 148 547 Amine G 174 g..- Xylene 500 g 20-26 36 152 441 Amine G 174 g Xylene 440 g.--" 21-24 32 150 595 Amine H 282 a Xylene 500 g... 21-28 25 150 391 Amine H 141 g Xylene 350 g.. 21-22 28 151 As to the formulas of the above amines referred to as Amine A through Amine H, inclusive, see immediately below:
H\ H Amine A- /NC2H4I CH: CH:
H /.H Amine a- Nc,n.N
ca s 02 5 Amine C- NCsHlN CH3 CH:
H /H Amine D-- NC1H4 OZHIN CH; CH:
H3 H3 /C-C Amine E- 0 \soinmoam C--C H3 H1 /H Amine F- C2HB(O C2 |)4NGH2CH2C 2 Amine G NcsHiNczEi NoaHiN Amine H- CHz-CH, CHgCH CH:OCH HCNHC1.H4NHOH HC-O CH:
CHr-CH; CHBOHQ PART 5 Cognizance should be taken of one particular feature in connection with the reaction involving the polyepoxide and the amine condensate and that is this; the aminemodified phenol-aldehyde resin condensate is invariably basic and thus one need not add the usual catalysts which are used to promote such reactions. Generally speaking, the reaction will proceed at a satisfactory rate under suitable conditions without any catalyst at all.
Employing polyepoxides in combination with a nonbasic reactant the usual catalysts include alkaline materials such as caustic soda, caustic potash, sodium methylate, etc. Other catalysts may be acidic in nature and are of the kind characterized by iron and tin chloride. Furthermore, insoluble catalysts such as clays or specially prepared mineral catalysts have been used. If for any reason the reaction did not proceed rapidly enough with the diglycidyl ether or other analogous reactant, then a small amount of finely divided caustic soda or sodium methylate could be employed as a catalyst. The amount generally employed would be 1% or 2%. It goes without saying that the reaction can take place in an inert solvent, i. e., one that is not oxyalkylationsusceptible. Generally speaking, this is most conveniently an aromatic solvent such as xylene or a higher boiling coal tar solvent, or else a similar high boiling aromatic solvent obtained from petroleum. One can employ an oxygenated solvent such as the diethylether of ethylene glycol, or the diethylether of propylene glycol, or similar ethers, either alone or in combination with a hydrocarbon solvent. The selection of the solvent depends in part on the subsequent use of the derivatives or reaction products. It the reaction products are to be rendered solvent-free and it is necessary that the solvent. be readily removed as, for example, by the use of vacuum distillation, thus xylene or an aromatic petroleum will serve.
Example 10 The solution of the condensate in xylene was adjusted In this particular instance, and in to a 50% solution. practically all the others which appear in the subsequent tables, the examples are characterized by the fact that no alkaline catalyst was added. The reason is, of course,
19 that the condensate as such is strongly basic. If desired, a small amount of an alkaline catalyst could be added, such as finely powderedcaustic soda, sodium methylate, etc. If'such' alkaline catalyst is added it may speed up the reaction, but it may also cause an undesirable reaction, such as the polymerization of the diepoxide.
In any event, 116 grams of the condensate dissolved in approximately an equal weight of xylene were stirred and heated to a little over the boiling point of water. 18.5 grams of the diepoxide previously identified as diepoxide A, and dissolved in an equal weight of xylene, were added dropwise. The initial addition of the xylene solution carried the temperature to about 107 C. The remainder of the diepoxide was added in less than an hours time. During this period of time the reflux temperature rose to about 126 C. The product was allowed to reflux atslightly above 130 C. using a phase-separating trap. A small amount of' xylene was removed by means ofthe phase-separating trap so that the'refiuxing temperature rose gradually to' approximately 158 C. The mixture was refluxed at this temperature for a little less than- 4 hours. Experience has indicated that this period oftime was sufiicient to completethe reaction.
At the end of the period the xylene which had been removed during the reflux period was returned was returned to the mixture. A small amount of material was withdrawn and the xylene evaporated on a hot plate in order to examine the'physical properties.- The material was a darkredviscous'semi-solidx It was insoluble in water, it was insoluble in.5% gluconic acid,,and it was soluble in xylene, and particularly in a mixture of 80% xylene and' 20% methanol. However, if the material was dissolved in an oxygenated solvent and then shaken with 5% gluconic acid it showed a definite tendency to disperse, suspend, or form a sol, and particularly in a xylene-methanol mixed solvent as previously described,
with or without'the further additionof a little acetone.
The procedure employed of course is simple in light of what'has beensaid previously and in effect is a procedure similar to that employed in the use of glycide or methylglycide as oxyalkylating agents. See, for example, Part 1 of U: S. Patent No. 2,602,062, dated July 1, 1952, to De Groote.
Various examples obtained in substantially the same Table V Probable Rain cor1- gf gg g Amt. of Amtiol number 01 Ex. No. densalte rea'ctio'n product solvent, hydroxyls use grs. grs. per 1110 eproduet cum Tabla-VI I Probable" N. aise:- 552315 21* t t ta e d reaction g 2? 2, $3; use
product cine Nor1:.S0lubility in regard to all these compounds was substantially similar to that which was described in Example 10.
At times we have found a tendency for an insoluble mass to form or at least to obtain incipient cross-linking or gelling even when the molal ratio is in the order of 2 moles of resin to one of 'diepoxide. We have foundthis can be avoided by any one of the following procedures or their equivalent. Dilute'the resin or the diepoxide, or both, with an inert solvent, such as xylene or the like. In some instances an oxygenated solvent, such as the diethyl ether of ethyleneglycol may be employed. Another procedure which is helpful is to reduce the amount of catalyst used, or reduce the temperature of reaction by adding a small amount of initially lower boiling solvent manner are enumerated 1n the followmgtables: such as benzene, or use benzene entirely. Also, we have Table- III C Time Max. Ex den- Amt, E a- Z Amt, Xylene, Molar' of reactemp., Color and physical state No sate grs: used grs. grs. I ratio tion, 0.
used hrs.
A 18. 5 134. 5 2: 1 4 158 Dark brown semisoltd. A 18. 5 140. 5 2: 1i 4 DO. A 18.5 129. 5 2:1 4 164 Do. A 18. 5 137. 5 2:1 4 170 Do. A 18. 5; 138. 5 2:1 4 Do. A 18. 5 177. 5 2:1 4. 5 166 Do. A 18.5 140. 5 231 4. 5 162 Do. A 18. 5 161. 5 2: 1 5 DO. A 18.5 158. 5 2: 1 5 165 DO. A 18.5 164. 5 2: 1 5 160 D0.
Table I V Diem Ilme Mex. oxide Amt, Xylene, Molar of reactemp., Color and physical state grs. grs. ratio tion, 0. used hrs B 11 127 2: 1 4 160 Dark brown semisolid. B 11 133 2:1. 4 162 D0. B 11 122 2:1 4 158 D0 B 11 130 2:1 4. 5 162 Do B 11 131' 2:1 4.5 165 D0 B 11 170 2:1 5 170 D0. B 11 133 2:1 4 158 D0.- B 11 154 211 5 164 Do. B 11 151 2:1 5 170 D0. B 11 157 2:1 5 165 D0 90% or 95% instead of 100%.
. 21 found it desirable at times to use slightly less than apparently the theoretical amount of diepoxide, for instance The reason for this fact may reside in the possibility that the molecular weight dimensions on either the resin molecule or the diepoxide molecule may actually vary from the true molecular Weight by several percent.
Previously the condensate has been depicted in a simplified form which, for convenience, may be shown thus:
(Amine) CH (Resin) CH (Amine) [(Amine) CH2 (Amine)] [D. G. E.]
[(Amine) OHB(Amine)] [(Resin) OHz(Resin)] [D. G. E.]
[(Resln) CHz(Resin)] [(Amine) CH1 (Amine)] [D. G. E.]
All the above indicates the complexity of the reaction product obtained after treating the amine-modified resin condensate witht a polyepoxide and particularly diepoxide as herein described.
PART 6 Conventional demulsifying agents employed in the treatment of oil field emulsions are used as such, or after dilution with any suitable solvent, such as water, petroleum hydrocarbons,such as benzene, toluene, xylene, tar acid oil, cresol, anthracen'e oil, etc. Alcohols, particularly aliphatic alcohols, such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, denatured alcohol, propyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, octyl alcohol, etc., may be employed as diluents. Miscellaneous solvents such as pine oil, carbon tetrachloride, sulfur dioxide extract obtained in the refining of petroleum, etc., may be employed as diluents. Similarly, the material or materials employed as the demulsifying agent of our process may be admixed with one or more. of the solvents customarily used in connection with conventional demulsifying agents. Moreover, said material or materials may be used alone or in admixture with other suitable well-known classes of demulsifying agents.
It is well known that conventional demulsifying agents may be used in a water-soluble form, or in an oil-soluble form, or in a form exhibiting both oiland water-solubility. Sometimes they may be used in a form which exhibits relatively limited oil-solubility. However, since such reagents .are frequently used in a ratio of 1 to 10,000 or 1 to 20,000, or 1 to 30,000, or even 1 to 40,000, or 1 to 50,000 as in desalting practice, such an apparent insolubility in oil and water is not significant because said reagents undoubtedly have solubility within such concentrations. This same fact is true in regard to the material or materials of our invention when employed as demulsifying agents.
The materials of our invention, when employed as treating or demulsifying agents, are used in the conveneither one or both basic nitrogen atoms.
tional way, well known to the art, described, for ex ample, in Patent 2,626,929, dated January 27, 1953, Part 3, and reference is made thereto for a description of conventional procedures of demulsifying, including batch, continuous, and down-the-holedemulsification, the process essentially involving introducing a small amount of demulsifier into a large amount of emulsion with adequate admixture with or without the application of heat, and allowing the mixture to stratify.
As noted above, the products herein described may be used not only in diluted form, but also may be used admixed with some other chemical demulsifier. A mixture which illustrates such combination is the following:
Oxyalkylated derivative, for example, the product of Example 10, 20%;
A cyclohexylamin'e salt of a polypropylated napthalene monosulfonic acid, 24%;
An ammonium salt of a polypropylated napthalene monosulfonic acid, 24%;
A sodium salt of oil-soluble mahogany petroleum sul fonic acid, 12%;
A high-boiling aromatic petroleum solvent, 15%; Isopropyl alcohol, 5% The above proportions are all weight percents.
PART 7 The products herein described as such and prepared in accordance with this invention can be used as emulsifying agents, for oils, fats and waxes, as ingredients in in connection with other emulsifying agents; they may be.
employed to contribute hydrotropic effects; they may be used as anti-strippers in connection with asphalts; they may be used to prevent corrosion, particularly the corrosion of ferrous metals for various purposes and particularly in connection with the production of oil and gas, and
also in refineries where crude oil is converted into various commercial products. The products may be used industrially to inhibit or stop micro-organic growth or other objectionable lower forms of life, such as the growth of algae, or the like; they may be used to inhibit the growth of bacteria, moles, etc.; they are valuable additives to, lubricating oils, both those derived from petroleum and synthetic lubricating oils, and also to hydraulic brake fluids of the aqueous or non'aqueous type, some have definite anti-corrosive action. They may be used also in connection with other processes where they are injected into an oil or gas well for purpose of removing a mud sheath, increasing the ultimate flow of fluid from the surrounding strata, and particularly in secondary recovery operations using aqueous flood waters. They can also, be used in dry cleaners soaps. 1
With regard to the above statements, reference is made particularly to the use of the materials as such, or in the form of a salt; the salt form refers to a salt involving Obviously, the salt form involves a modification in which the hydrophile character can be either increased or decreased and, inversely, the hydrophobe character can be decreased or increased. For example, neutralizing the product with practically any low molal acid, such as acetic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, lactic acid, or nitric acid, is apt to markedly increase the hydrophile effect. One may also use acids of the type RO--CH CH OCH CH O-CH COOH in which R is a comparatively small alkyl radical, such as-methylg-etliylor propyl. Thehydrophile efiect may be-decreasedand-the-hydrophobe effect increased by neutralization with a mouocarbox-y detergent-forming 1 acid. These'are-acids -whiclr-have at least 8 and not more than 32-carbon atoms. They are obtained from higher fatty acids and include also resin acids such as abictic acid, and petroleum acids such as naphthenic acids and acids obtained by the oxidation of wax. One can also'obtain new products having unique properties by combina tion with polybasic acids, such as diglycolic acid, oxalic acid, dimerized acids from linseed oil, etc. The most common examples, of course, are the higher fatty acids having generally 10 to 18 carbon atoms. We found that a particularly valuable anti-corrosive agent can be obtained from any suitable resin and formaldehyde provided thesecondary amine is= dicyclohexylamine. The corrosion-inhibiting properties of this compound can be increasedby neutralization with either one or two moles of an oil-soluble sulfonicacid, particularly a sulfonic acid of the type known as mahogany sulfonic acid.
The oil-soluble sulfonic acids previously referred to may be synthetically derived by sulfonating-olefins, aliphatic fatty acids, or their esters, alkylated aromatics or their hydrox-yl derivatives, partially hydrogenated aromatics, etc., with sulfuric acid or other sulfonating agents. However, the soaps of so-called'mahogany acids which are usually produced during treatment of lubricating oil distillates with concentrated sulfuric acid (8 or higher concentration) remain in the oil after settling out sludge. These sulfonic'acids may be represented as where (R),, is one or more alkyl, alkaryl or aralkyl groups a'nd'the aromatic nucleus may be a single or condensed ring or a' partially hydrogenated ring. The lower molecular Weight acids can be extracted from the acid treated oil byadding a small amount of water, preferably after dilution of the oil with kerosene. However, the more desirable high molecular weight (350 500) acids, particularly those produced when treating petroleum distillates with fuming acid to produce white oil, are normally recovered as sodium soaps by neutralizing the acid oil with sodium hydroxide or carbonate and extracting with aqueous alcohol. The crude soap extract is first recovered as a water curd after removal of alcohol by distillation and a gravity separation of some of the contaminating salts (sodium carbonate, sulfates and sulfites). These materials still contain considerable quantities of salts and' consequently are normally purified by addition of a more concentrated alcohol followed by storage to permit settling of salt brine. The alcohol and water are then stripped out and the sodium salts so obtained converted into free acids;
Not only" can one obtain by-product sulfonic acids of the"niahogany type" which are perfectly satisfactory a'ndv'vithin themolecular range of 300 to 600 but also one can obtain somewhat similar materials which are obtained as the principal product of reaction and have all the usual characteristics of normal by-product sulfonic acids but in some instances contain two sulfonic groups, i. e., are'disulfonic acids. This type of mahogany acid, or better still, oil-soluble sulfonic acid, is'perfectly satis factory for the above described purpose.
Much of what has been said previously is concerned with derivatives in which the hydrophile properties are enhanced in comparison with the resin as such. A procedure designed primarily to enhance the hydrophobe properties of the resin involves derivatives obtained by a phenyl orsubstituted phenylglycidyl ether of the structure in which-R represents a hydrocarbon substituent such as benzyl group, and n represents 0, l, 2, or 3; n is zero in the instance of the unsubstituted phenyl radical. Such compounds are in essence oxyalkylating agents and reaction involves the introduction of a hydrophobe group and the formation of an alkanol hydroxyl radical.
As far as the use of the herein described products goes for purpose of resolution of petroleum emulsions of the watcr-in-oil type, we particularly prefer to use those which as such or in the form of the free base or hydrate, i. e., combination of water or particularly in the'form of a low molal organic acid such as the acetate or hydroxy-acetate, have sufiiciently hydrophile character to at least meet the test set forth in U. S. Patent No. 2,499,368, dated March 7, 1950, to De Groote et al. In said patent such test for emulsification using a waterinsoluble solvent, generally xylene, is described as an index of surface activity.
Having thus described our invention, what we claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is:
1. The method of first (A) condensing (a) a, fusible, non-oxygenated organic solvent-soluble, water-insoluble, phenol-aldehyde resin having an average molecular weight corresponding to at least 3 and not over 6 phenolic nuclei per resin molecule; said resin being difunctional only in regard to methylol-forming reactivity; said resin being derived by reaction between a difunctional monohydric phenol and an aldehyde having not over 8 carbon atoms and reactive toward said phenol; said resin being formed in the substantial absence of trifunctional phenols; said phenol being of the formula in which R is a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having at least 4 and not more than 24 carbon atoms and substituted in the 2, 4, 6 position; (b) a basic nonhydroxylated polyamine having at least one secondary amino group and having up to 32 carbon atoms in any radical attached to any amino nitrogen atom, and with the further proviso that the polyamine be free from any primary amino radical, any substituted imidazoline radical, and any substituted tetrahydropyrimidine radical; and (c) formaldehyde; said condensation reaction being conducted at a temperature sufficiently high to eliminate water and below the pyrolytic point of the reactants and resultants of reaction with the proviso that the molar ratio of reactants (a), (b) and (c) be approximately 1, 2 and 2 respectively; and with the proviso that the resinous condensation product'resulting from the process be heat-stable; followed by (B) reacting said resin condensate with nonaryl hydrophile compounds containing at least two 1,2-epoxy rings' obtained by replacement of an oxygen-linked hydrogen atom in a water-soluble polyhydric alcohol by the radical said 1,2-epoxy ring containing compounds being free from reactive functional groups other than 1,2-epoxy rings and hydroxyl groups and characterized by the fact that the divalent linkage uniting the terminal oxirane rings is free from any radical having more than 4 uninterrupted carbon atoms in a single chain; said 1,2-epoxy ring containing compounds being characterized by having present not more than 20 carbon atoms; with the further proviso that said reactive compounds (A) and (B) be members of the class consisting of non-thermo-setting solvent-soluble liquids and solids melting below the point of pyrolysis; with the added proviso that the reaction product be a member of the class of solvent-soluble liquids and solids melting below the point of pyrolysis; and said reaction between (A) and (B) being conducted below the pyrolytic point of the reactants and the resultants of reaction; and with the final proviso that the ratio of reactants be 2 moles of the resin condensate to 1 mole of the polyepoxide.
2. The product obtained by the method described in claim 1.
3. The method of first (A) condensing (a) a, fusible, non-oxygenated organic solvent-soluble, water-insoluble, phenol-aldehyde resin having an average molecular weight corresponding to at least 3 and not over 6 phenolic nuclei per resin molecule; said resin being difunctional only in regard to methylol-forming reactivity; said resin being derived by reaction between a difunctional monohydric phenol and an aldehyde having not over 8 carbon atoms and reactive toward said phenol; said resin being formed in the substantial absence of trifunctional phenols; said phenol being of the formula in which R is a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having at least 4 and not more than 24 carbon atoms and substituted in the 2,4,6 position; (b) a basic nonhydroxylated polyamine having at least one secondary amino group and having up to 32 carbon atoms in any radical attached to any amino nitrogen atom, and with the further proviso that the polyamine be free from any primary amino radical, any substituted imidazoline radical, and any substituted tetrahydro-pyrimidine radical; and (c) formaldehyde; said condensation reaction being conducted at a temperature sufiiciently high to eliminate water and below the pyrolytic point of the reactants and resultants of reaction with the proviso that the molar ratio of reactants (a), (h) and (c) be approximately 1, 2 and 2 respectively; and with proviso that the resinous condensation product resulting from the process be heat-stable; followed by (B) reacting said resin condensate with nonaryl hydrophile compounds containing two terminal 1,2-epoxy rings obtained by replacement of an oxygen-linked hydrogen atom in a water-soluble polyhydric alcohol by the radical H H H ]%C\7CH said 1,2 epoxy ring containing compounds being free from reactive functional groups other than 1,2-epoxy rings and hydroxyl groups and characterized by the fact that the divalent linkage uniting the terminal oxirane rings is free from any radical having more than 4 uninterrupted carbon atoms in a single chain; said 1,2-epoxy ring containing compounds being characterized by having present not more than carbon atoms; with the further proviso that said reactive compounds (A) and (B) be members of the class consisting of non-thermosetting solvent-soluble liquids and solids melting below the point of pyrolysis; with the added proviso that the reaction product be a member of the class of solventsoluble liquids and solids melting below the point of pyrolysis; and said reaction between (A) and (B) being conducted below the pyrolytic point of the reactants and the resultants of reaction; and with the final proviso that the ratio of reactants be 2 moles of the resin condensate to 1 mole of the diepoxide.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the diepoxide contains at least one reactive hydroxyl radical.
5. The method of first (A) condensing (a) a, fusible, non-oxygenated organic solvent-soluble, water-insoluble,
phenol-aldehyde resin having an average molecular weight corresponding to at least 3 and not over 6 phenolic nuclei per resin molecule; said resin being difunctional only in regard to methylol-forming reactivity; said resin being derived by reaction between a difunctional monohydric phenol and an aldehyde having not over 8 carbon atoms and reactive toward said phenol; said resin being formed in the substantial absence of trifunctional phenols; said phenol being of the formula in which R is a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having at least 4 and not more than 24 carbon atoms and substituted in the 2,4,6 position; (b) a basic nonhydroxylated polyamine having at least one secondary amino group and having up to 32 carbon atoms in any radical attached to any amino nitrogen atom, and with the further proviso that the polyamine be free from any primary amino radical, any substituted imidazoline radical, and any substituted tetrahydro-pyrimidine radical; and (0) formaldehyde said condensation reaction being conducted at a temperature sufiiciently high to eliminate water and below the pyrolytic point of the reactants and resultants of reaction with the proviso that the molar ratio of reactants (a), (b) and (c) be approximately 1, 2 and 2 respectively; and with the proviso that the resinous condensation product resulting from the process be heat-stable; followed by (B) reacting said resin condensate with a hydroxylated diepoxypolyglycerol containing two terminal 1,2-epoxy rings and having not more than 20 carbon atoms; with the further proviso that said reactive compounds (A) and (B) be members of the class consisting of non-thermosetting solvent-soluble liquids and solids melting below the point of pyrolysis; with the added proviso that the reaction product be a member of the class of solvent-soluble liquids and solids melting below the point of pyrolysis; and said reaction between (A) and (B) being conducted below the pyrolyt ic point of the reactants and the resultants of reaction; and with the final proviso that the ratio of reactants be 2 moles of the resin condensate to 1 mole of the diepoxide.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the polyglycerol derivative has not over 5 glycerol nuclei.
7. The method of claim 5 wherein the polyglycerol derivative has not over 5 glycerol nuclei, and the precursory phenol is para-substituted.
8. The method of claim 5 wherein the polyglycerol derivative has not over 5 glycerol nuclei, and the precursory phenol is para-substituted and contains at least 4 and not over 14 carbon atoms in the substituent group.
9. The method of claim 5 wherein the polyglycerol derivative has not over 5 glycerol nuclei, and the precursory phenol is para-substituted and contains at least 4 and not over 14 carbon atoms in the substituent group, and the precursory aldehyde is formaldehyde.
10. The method of claim 5 wherein the polyglycerol derivative has not over 5 glycerol nuclei, and the precursory phenol is para-substituted and contains at least 4 and not over 14 carbon atoms in the substituent group, and the precursory aldehyde is formaldehyde and the total number of phenolic nuclei in the initial resin are not over 5.
Bruson Feb. 18, 1936 Greenlee Sept. 12, 1950