(en)This application encompasses combination therapies including triciribine and related compounds and one or more platinum compounds and compositions with reduced toxicity for the treatment and prevention of tumors, cancer, and other disorders associated with abnormal cell proliferation.

1.ApplicationNumber: US-201314092335-A
1.PublishNumber: US-2015030585-A1
2.Date Publish: 20150129
3.Inventor: CHENG JIN Q.
SEBTI SAID M.

4.Inventor Harmonized: CHENG JIN Q(US)
SEBTI SAID M(US)

5.Country: US
6.Claims:
(en)This application encompasses combination therapies including triciribine and related compounds and one or more platinum compounds and compositions with reduced toxicity for the treatment and prevention of tumors, cancer, and other disorders associated with abnormal cell proliferation.

7.Description:
(en)The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/453,807, filed Apr. 23, 2012, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,673,868, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/118,848, filed May 12, 2008, which is abandoned, and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/096,082, filed Mar. 29, 2005, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,435,959, which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/557,599, filed Mar. 29, 2004, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.


1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This application relates to combination therapies including triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds and compositions with reduced toxicity for the treatment and prevention of tumors, cancer, and other disorders associated with abnormal cell proliferation.
2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Cancer is an abnormal growth of cells. Cancer cells rapidly reproduce despite restriction of space, nutrients shared by other cells, or signals sent from the body to stop reproduction. Cancer cells are often shaped differently from healthy cells, do not function properly, and can spread into many areas of the body. Abnormal growths of tissue, called tumors, are clusters of cells that are capable of growing and dividing uncontrollably. Tumors can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign tumors tend to grow slowly and do not spread. Malignant tumors can grow rapidly, invade and destroy nearby normal tissues, and spread throughout the body.
Cancers are classified according to the kind of fluid or tissue from which they originate, or according to the location in the body where they first developed. In addition, some cancers are of mixed types. Cancers can be grouped into five broad categories, carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, leukemias, and myelomas, which indicate the tissue and blood classifications of the cancer. Carcinomas are cancers found in body tissue known as epithelial tissue that covers or lines surfaces of organs, glands, or body structures. For example, a cancer of the lining of the stomach is called a carcinoma. Many carcinomas affect organs or glands that are involved with secretion, such as breasts that produce milk. Carcinomas account for approximately eighty to ninety percent of all cancer cases. Sarcomas are malignant tumors growing from connective tissues, such as cartilage, fat, muscle, tendons, and bones. The most common sarcoma, a tumor on the bone, usually occurs in young adults. Examples of sarcoma include osteosarcoma (bone) and chondrosarcoma (cartilage). Lymphoma refers to a cancer that originates in the nodes or glands of the lymphatic system, whose job it is to produce white blood cells and clean body fluids, or in organs such as the brain and breast. Lymphomas are classified into two categories: Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Leukemia, also known as blood cancer, is a cancer of the bone marrow that keeps the marrow from producing normal red and white blood cells and platelets. White blood cells are needed to resist infection. Red blood cells are needed to prevent anemia. Platelets keep the body from easily bruising and bleeding. Examples of leukemia include acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The terms myelogenous and lymphocytic indicate the type of cells that are involved. Finally, myelomas grow in the plasma cells of bone marrow. In some cases, the myeloma cells collect in one bone and form a single tumor, called a plasmacytoma. However, in other cases, the myeloma cells collect in many bones, forming many bone tumors. This is called multiple myeloma.
Tumor induction and progression are often the result of accumulated changes in the tumor-cell genome. Such changes can include inactivation of cell growth inhibiting genes, or tumor suppressor genes, as well as activation of cell growth promoting genes, or oncogenes. Hundreds of activated cellular oncogenes have been identified to date in animal models, however, only a small minority of these genes have proven to be relevant to human cancers (Weinberg et al., 1989 , Oncogenes and the Molecular Origins of Cancer Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; Stanbridge and Nowell, 1990, Cell 63: 867-874; Godwin et al., 1992 , Oncogenes and antioncogenes in gynecological malignancies , in W J Hoskins, C A Perez and R C Young (eds), Gynecological oncology: principles and practice , pp 87-116, Lippincott, Philadelphia). The activation of oncogenes in human cancers can result from factors such as increased gene copy number or structural changes. These factors can cause numerous cellular effects, for example, they can result in overexpression of a gene product. Several oncogenes involved in human cancer can be activated through gene overexpression.
It has become apparent that the successive genetic aberrations acquired by cancer cells result in defects in regulatory signal transduction circuits that govern normal cell proliferation, differentiation and programmed cell death (Hanahan et al., 2000, Cell 100: 57-700). This in turn results in fundamental defects in cell physiology which dictate malignancy. These defects include: a) self sufficiency in growth signals (i.e. overexpression of growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases such as EGFR and aberrant activation of downstream signal transduction pathways such as Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk 1/2 and Ras/PI3K/Akt), b) resistance to anti-growth signals (i.e. lower expression of TGFβ and its receptor), c) evading apoptosis (i.e. loss of proapoptotic p53; overexpression of pro-survival Bcl-2; hyperactivation of survival pathways such as those mediated by PI3K/Akt), d) sustained angiogenesis (i.e. high levels of secretion of VEGF) and f) tissue invasion and metastasis (i.e. extracellular proteases and prometastatic integrins) (Hanahan et al., 2000, Cell 100: 57-700).
Receptor tyrosine kinases such as EGFR, ErbB2, VEGFR and insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-1R) are intimately involved in the development of many human cancers including colorectal pancreatic, breast and ovarian cancers (Khaleghpour et al., 2004, Carcinogenesis 25: 241-8.; Sekharam et al., 2003, Cancer Res 63: 7708-16). Binding of ligands such as EGF, VEGF and IGF-1 to their receptors promotes stimulation of the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, autophosphorylation of specific tyrosines in the cytoplasmic domain of the receptors and recruitment of signaling proteins that trigger a variety of complex signal transduction pathways (Olayioye et al., 2000, Embo J 19: 3159-3167, Porter et al., 1998, Oncogene 17: 1343-52). This in turn leads to the activation of many tumor survival and oncogenic pathways such as the Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk 1/2, JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt pathways. Although all three pathways have been implicated in colon, pancreatic, breast and ovarian oncogenesis, those that are mediated by Akt have been shown to be critical in many steps of malignant transformation including cell proliferation, anti-apoptosis/survival, invasion and metastasis and angiogenesis (Datta et al., 1999, Genes Dev 13: 2905-2927).
Akt is a serine/threonine protein kinase (also known as PKB), which has 3 family members Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3. Stimulation of cells with growth or survival factors results in recruitment to the receptors of the lipid kinase phosphoinositide-3-OH-kinase (PI3K) which phosphorylates phosphoinositol-4,5-biphosphate (PIP 2 ) to PIP 3 which recruits Akt to the plasma membrane where it can be activated by phosphorylation on Thr308 and Ser473 (Akt1), Thr308 and Ser474 (Akt2) and Thr308 and Ser472 (Akt3) (Datta et al., 1999, Genes Dev 13: 2905-2927). Thus, PI3K activates Akt by phosphorylating PIP2 and converting to PIP3. The phosphatase PTEN dephosphorylates PIP3 to PIP2 and hence prevents the activation of Akt.
The majority of human cancers contain hyperactivated Akt (Datta et al., 1999, Genes Dev 13: 2905-2927; Bellacosa et al., 1995. Int J Cancer 64: 280-285; Sun et al., 2001, Am J Pathol 159: 431-437). In particular, Akt is overexpressed and/or hyperactivated in 57%, 32%, 27% and 36% of human colorectal, pancreatic, breast and ovarian cancers, respectivel (Roy et al., 2002, Carcinogenesis 23: 201-205; Altomare et al., 2003, J Cell Biochem 88: 470-476; Sun et al., 2001, Cancer Res 61: 5985-5991; Stal et al., 2003, Breast Cancer Res 5: R37-R44; Cheng et al., 1992, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 9267-9271; Yuan et al., 2000, Oncogene 19: 2324-2330). Hyperactivation of Akt is due to amplification and/or overexpression of Akt itself as well as genetic alterations upstream of Akt including overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinases and/or their ligands (Khaleghpour et al., 2004, Carcinogenesis 25: 241-248; Sekharam et al., 2003, Cancer Res 63: 7708-7716; Cohen et al., 1998, Biochem Soc Symp 63: 199-210; Muller et al., 1998, Biochem Soc Symp 63: 149-157; Miller et al., 1995, J Virol 69: 4390-4398; Slamon et al., 1987, Science 235: 177-182; Andrulis et al., 1998, J Clin Oncol 16: 1340-1349) and deletion of the phosphatase PTEN. Proof-of-concept of the involvement of Akt in oncogenesis has been demonstrated preclinically by showing that ectopic expression of Akt induces malignant transformation and promotes cell survival (Sun et al., 2001, Am J Pathol 159: 431-437; Cheng et al., 1997, Oncogene 14: 2793-2801) and that disruption of Akt pathways inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis (Jetzt et al., 2003, Cancer Res 63: 6697-6706).
Current treatments of cancer and related diseases have limited effectiveness and numerous serious unintended side effects. Despite demonstrated clinical efficacy of many anti-cancer drugs, severe systemic toxicity often halts the clinical development of promising chemotherapeutic agents. Further, overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinases such as EGFR and their ligands such as IGF-1, Aid overexpression and/or loss of PTEN (all of which result in hyperactivation of Akt) are associated with poor prognosis, resistance to chemotherapy and shortened survival time of cancer patients. Current research strategies emphasize the search for effective therapeutic modes with less risk.
Thus, a combination of a triciribine compound or a derivative thereof and one or more platinum compounds holds promise as a potential combination therapy for treating tumors, cancer, and abnormal cell proliferation.
3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention encompasses novel therapeutic regimens of triciribine, triciribine phosphate and related compounds in combination with one or more platinum compounds to treat tumors or cancer in a subject while limiting systemic toxicity. The invention is based on the discovery that tumors or cancers, which overexpress Akt kinase are particularly sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of TCN and related compounds and a synergistic affect would arise with a combination of one or more platinum compounds. The inventors have determined, contrary to the prior art and experience, how to successfully use triciribine and one or more platinum compounds to treat tumors and cancer by one or a combination of (i) administering triciribine and one or more platinum compounds to patients who exhibit enhanced sensitivity to the triciribine compound and or the one or more platinum compounds; (ii) use of a described dosage level that minimizes the toxicity of the triciribine compound and/or one or more platinum compounds but yet still exhibits efficacy; or (iii) use of a described dosage regimen that minimizes the toxicity of the triciribine compound and/or one or more platinum compounds.
In one illustrative embodiment of the invention, the invention encompasses a composition including:
(i) a compound of the formula I-IV:











wherein each R 2 ′, R 3 ′ and R 5 ′ are independently hydrogen, optionally substituted phosphate or phosphonate (including mono-, di-, or triphosphate or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); amide, sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl; sulfonyl, including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as for example as described in the definition of an aryl given herein; optionally substituted arylsulfonyl; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; or cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group that, in vivo, provides a compound wherein R 2 ′, R 3 ′ or R 5 ′ is independently H or mono-, di- or tri-phosphate;
wherein R x and R y are independently hydrogen, optionally substituted phosphate; acyl (including lower acyl); amide, alkyl (including lower alkyl); aromatic, polyoxyalkylene such as polyethyleneglycol, optionally substituted arylsulfonyl; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; or cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group. In one embodiment, the compound is administered as a 5′-phosphoether lipid or a 5′-ether lipid.
R 1 and R 2 each are independently H, optionally substituted straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, or alkynyl, CO-alkyl, CO-alkenyl, CO-alkynyl, CO-aryl or heteroaryl, CO-alkoxyalkyl, CO-aryloxyalkyl, CO-substituted aryl, sulfonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, aralkylsulfonyl;




(ii) one or more one or more platinum compounds as in Formula V.









wherein
R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted amine, aromatic amine, heteroaromatic amine, optionally substituted straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl, aromatic, heteroaromatic or cyclic ring formed among R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 ; R 5 and R 6 are each independently halogen, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted ester, optionally substituted alkyl amine, aromatic amine, heteroaromatic amine;

(iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
In another illustrative embodiment, the invention encompasses a method of treating a tumor or cancer in a mammal including administering to the mammal an effective amount of a composition including:
(i) a compound of formula I-IV:











wherein each R 2 ′, R 3 ′ and R 5 ′ are independently hydrogen, optionally substituted phosphate or phosphonate (including mono-, di-, or triphosphate or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); amide, sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl; sulfonyl, including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as for example as described in the definition of an aryl given herein; optionally substituted arylsulfonyl; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; or cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group that, in vivo, provides a compound wherein R 2 ′, R 3 ′ and R 5 ′ is independently H or mono-, di- or tri-phosphate;
wherein R x and R y are independently hydrogen, optionally substituted phosphate; acyl (including lower acyl); amide, alkyl (including lower alkyl); aromatic, polyoxyalkylene such as polyethyleneglycol, optionally substituted arylsulfonyl; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; or cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group. In one embodiment, the compound is administered as a 5′-phosphoether lipid or a 5′-ether lipid; and
R 1 and R 2 each are independently H, optionally substituted straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, or alkynyl, CO-alkyl, CO-alkenyl, CO-alkynyl, CO-aryl or heteroaryl, CO-alkoxyalkyl, CO-aryloxyalkyl, CO-substituted aryl, sulfonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, aralkylsulfonyl; and




(ii) one or more one or more platinum compounds as in formula V.









wherein:
R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted amine, aromatic amine, heteroaromatic amine, optionally substituted straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl, aromatic, heteroaromatic or cyclic ring formed among R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 ; R 5 and R 6 are each independently halogen, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted ester, optionally substituted alkyl amine, aromatic amine, heteroaromatic amine.

Methods are useful to treat tumors and cancers that are particularly susceptible to the toxic effects of TCN, TCN-P and/or related compounds. In another embodiment, methods are provided for treating a tumor in a mammal, particularly a human that includes (i) obtaining a biological sample from the tumor; (ii) determining whether the tumor overexpresses an Akt kinase, and (iii) treating the tumor that overexpresses Akt kinase with triciribine, triciribine phosphate or a related compound in combination with one or more platinum compounds, as described herein. In another embodiment, the level of Akt kinase expression can be determined by assaying the tumor or cancer for the presence of a phosphorylated Akt kinase, for example, by using an antibody that can detect the phosphorylated form. In another embodiment, the level of Akt expression can be determined by assaying a tumor or cancer cells obtained from a subject and comparing the levels to a control tissue. In certain embodiments, the Akt can be overexpressed at least 2, 2.5, 3 or 5 fold in the cancer sample compared to the control. In certain embodiments, the overexpressed Akt kinase can be a hyperactivated and phosphorylated Akt kinase.
In another embodiment of the invention, dosing regimens are provided that limit the toxic side effects of TCN and related compounds. In another embodiment, such dosing regimens minimize or eliminate toxic side effects, including, but not limited to, hepatoxicity, thrombocytopenia, hyperglycemia, vomiting, hypocalcemia, anemia, hypoalbunemia, myelosuppression, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperamylasemia, diarrhea, stomachitis and/or fever. In another embodiment, the administration of TCN, TCN-P or related compounds provides at least a partial, such as at least 15, 20 or 30%, or complete response in vivo in at least 15, 20, or 25% of the subjects.
In another embodiment, a method is provided to treat a subject who has been diagnosed with a tumor by administering to the subject an effective amount of TCN, TCN-P or a related compound and one or more platinum compounds according to a dosing schedule that includes administering the triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds approximately one time per week for approximately three weeks followed by a one week period wherein the triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds are not administered. In another embodiment, methods are provided to treat tumor or cancer in a subject by administering to the subject a dosing regimen of 10 mg/m 2 or less of TCN, TCN-P or a related compound and one or more platinum compounds each one time per week. In another embodiment, the triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds can be administered as a single bolus dose over a short period of time, for example, about 5, 10 or 15 minutes. In further embodiments, dosing schedules are provided in which the triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds are administered via continuous infusion for at least 24, 48, 72, 96, or 120 hours. In certain embodiments, the continuous administration can be repeated at least once a week, once every two weeks and/or once a month. In other embodiments, the triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds can be administered at least once every three weeks. In further embodiments, the compounds can be administered at least once a day for at least 2, 3, 4 or 5 days.
In further embodiments, the triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds as disclosed herein can be administered to patients in an amount that is effective in causing tumor regression. The administration the triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds can provide at least a partial, such as at least 15, 20 or 30%, or complete response in vivo in at least 15-20% of the subjects. In certain embodiments, at least 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 or 50 mg/m 2 of the triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds disclosed herein can be administered to a subject. The administration of the triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds can be conducted according to any of the therapeutic regimens disclosed herein. In particular embodiments, the dosing regimen can include administering less than 20 mg/m 2 of the triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds. In one embodiment, less than 10 mg/m 2 of the triciribine compound and less than about 10 mg/kg of one or more platinum compounds can be administered once a week. In further embodiments, dosages of or less than 2 mg/m 2 , 5 mg/m 2 , 10 mg/m 2 , 15 mg/m 2 , 20 mg/m 2 , 25 mg/m 2 , 35 mg/m 2 , 45 mg/m 2 , 55 mg/m 2 , 65 mg/m 2 , 75 mg/m 2 , 85 mg/m 2 , and/or 95 mg/m 2 of the triciribine compound and dosages of or less than 2 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 35 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg, 55 mg/kg, 65 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg, 85 mg/kg, and/or 95 mg/kg one or more platinum compounds can be administered to a subject. In another embodiment, less than 100 mg/m 2 of the triciribine compound can be administered to a subject via continuous infusion once a day for at least five days. In particular embodiments, the triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds as disclosed herein can be used for the treatment of pancreatic, prostate, colo-rectal and/or ovarian cancer.
In another embodiment, the triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds and/or therapeutic regimens of the present invention can be used to prevent and/or treat a carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, and/or myeloma. In other embodiments of the invention, the triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds can be used to treat solid tumors. In still further embodiments, the triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds and compositions disclosed herein can be used for the treatment of a tumor or cancer, such as, but not limited to cancer of the following organs or tissues: breast, prostate, bone, lung, colon, including, but not limited to colorectal, urinary, bladder, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, melanoma, kidney, renal, pancreas, pharnx, thyroid, stomach, brain, and/or ovaries. In a particular embodiment, the triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds can be used for the treatment of pancreatic, breast, colorectal and/or ovarian cancer. In further embodiments of the present invention, the triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds disclosed herein can be used in the treatment of angiogenesis-related diseases. In certain embodiments, methods are provided to treat leukemia via continuous infusion of, the triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds via continuous infusion for at least 24, 48, 72 or 96 hours. In other embodiments, the continuous infusion can be repeated, for example, at least once every two, three or four weeks.
In a particular embodiment, there is provided a method for the treatment of tumors, cancer, and others disorders associated with an abnormal cell proliferation in a host, the method includes administering to the host an effect amount of the triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds optionally in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
In one embodiment, the triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds and compositions can be administered in combination and can form part of the same composition, or be provided as a separate composition for administration at the same time or a different time.
In other embodiments, the triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds as disclosed herein can be used to treat tumors or cancers resistant to one or more known anti-cancer drugs, including the embodiments of tumors or cancers and compounds disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds as disclosed herein is administered in an effective amount for the treatment of a patient with a drug resistant tumor or cancer, for example, multidrug resistant tumors or cancer including, but not limited to, those resistant to taxol alone, rapamycin, tamoxifen, cisplatin, and/or gefitinib (iressa).
In certain embodiments, a method is provided including administering to a host in need thereof an effective amount of a triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds disclosed herein, or pharmaceutical composition including a triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds, in an effective amount for the treatment of the treatment of tumors, cancer, and others disorders associated with an abnormal cell proliferation in a host.
In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of a tumor or cancer is provided including an effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a salt, isomer, prodrug or ester thereof, to an individual in need thereof, wherein the cancer is for example, carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, or myeloma. The compound, or salt, isomer, prodrug or ester thereof, is optionally provided in a pharmaceutically acceptable composition including the appropriate carriers, such as water, which is formulated for the desired route of administration to an individual in need thereof. Optionally the compound is administered in combination or alternation with at least one additional therapeutic agent for the treatment of tumors or cancer.
Also within the scope of the invention is the use of a compound disclosed herein or a salt, solvate, prodrug or ester thereof in the treatment of a tumor or cancer, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and the use of a triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds disclosed herein or a salt, prodrug or ester thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancer or tumor, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.



4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1A-FIG . 1 D demonstrates the identification of API-2 (triciribine) as a candidate of Akt inhibitor from the NCI Diversity Set. A illustrates the chemical structure of API-2 (triciribine). B demonstrates that API-2 inhibits phosphorylation levels of AKT2 in AKT2-transformed NIH3T3 cells. Wile type AKT2-transformed NIH3T3 cells were treated with API-2 (1 μM) for indicated times and subjected to immunoblotting analysis with anti-phospho-Akt-T308 and -S473 antibodies (top and middle panels). The bottom panel shows expression of total AKT2. In C, it is shown that API-2 inhibits three isoforms of Akt. HEK293 cells were transfected with HA-Akt1, -AKT2 and -AKT3 and treated with API-2 (1 μM) or wortmannin (15 μM) prior to EGF stimulation, the cells were lysed and immunoprecipitated with anti-HA antibody. The immunoprecipitates were subjected to in vitro kinase assay (top) and immunoblotting analysis with anti-phospho-Akt-T308 (bottom) antibody. Middle panel shows expression of transfected Akt1, AKT2 and AKT3. D illustrates that API-2 did not inhibit Akt in vitro. In vitro kinase assay of constitutively active AKT2 recombinant protein in a kinase buffer containing 1 μM API-2 (lane 3).
FIG. 2A-FIG . 2 F demonstrates that API-2 does not inhibit PI3K, PDK1 and the closely related members of AGC kinase family. A demonstrates an in vitro PI3K kinase assay. HEK293 cells were serum-starved and treated with API-2 (1 μM) or Wortmannin (15 μM) fro 30 minutes prior to EGF stimulation. Cells were lysed and immunoprecipitated with anti-p110α antibody. The immunoprecipitates were subjected to in vitro kinase assay using PI-4-P as substrate. B illustrates the effect of API-2 on in vitro PDK1 activation (top panel), closed circles show inhibition by API-2. Open circles show inhibition by the positive control staurosporine, which is a potent PDK1 inhibitor (IC50=5 nM). Bottom panels are immunoblotting analysis of HEK293 cells that were transfected with Myc-PDK1 and treated with wortmannin or API-2 prior to EGF stimulation. The immunoblots were detected with indicated antibodies. C illustrates an immunoblot analysis of phosphorylation levels of PKCα with anti-phospho-PKCα-T638 (top) and total PKCa (bottom) antibodies following treatment with API-2 or a nonselective PKC inhibitor Ro31-8220. D shows an in vitro SGK kinase assay. HEK293 cells were transfected with HA-SGK and treated with API-2 or wortmannin prior to EGF stimulation. In vitro kinase was performed with HA-SGK immunoprecipitates using MBP as substrate (top). Bottom panel shows the expression of transfected HA-SGK. E illustrates the results of a PKA kinase assay. Immuno-purified PKA was incubated in ADB buffer (Upstate Biotechnology Inc) containing indicated inhibitors (API-2 or PKAI) and substrate Kemptide. The kinase activity was quantified. In F, a western blot is shown. OVCAR3 cells were treated with API-2 for indicated times. Cell lysates were immunoblotted with indicated anti-phospho-antibodies (panels 1-4) and anti-actin antibody (bottom).
FIG. 3A-FIG . 3 C demonstrates that API-2 inhibits Akt activity and cell growth and induces apoptosis in human cancer cells with elevated Akt. A is a western blot, following treatment with API-2, phosphorylation levels of Akt were detected with anti-phospho-Akt-T308 antibody in indicated human cancer cell lines. The blots were reprobed with anti-total Akt antibody (bottom panels). In B, a cell proliferation assay is shown. Cell lines as indicated in the figure were treated with different doses of API-2 for 24 h and 48 h and then analyzed with CellTiter 96 Cell Proliferation Assay kit (Promega). C provides an apoptosis analysis. Cells were treated with API-2 and stained with annexin V and PI and analyzed by FACScan.
FIG. 4A-FIG . 4 E shows that API-2 inhibits downstream targets of Akt and exhibits anti-tumor activity in cancer cell lines with elevated Akt in mouse xenograft. In A, it is demonstrated that API-2 inhibits Akt phosphorylation of tuberin, Bad, AFX and GSK-3β. Following treatment with API-2, OVAR3 cells were lysed and immunoblotted with indicated antibodies. B shows that API-2 inhibits tumor growth. Tumor cells were subcutaneously injected into nude mice with low level of Akt cells on left side and elevated level of Akt cells on right side. When the tumors reached an average size of about 100-150 mm 3 , animals were treated with either vehicle or 1 mg/kg/day API-2. Each measurement represents an average of 10 tumors. C illustrates a representation of the mice with OVCAR3 (right) and OVCAR5 (left) xenograft treated with API-2 or vehicle (control). D shows examples of tumor size (bottom) and weight (top) at the end of experiment. In E, immunoblot analysis of tumor lysates was performed with anti-phospho-Akt-S473 (top) and anti-AKT2 (bottom) antibodies in OVCAR-3-derived tumors that were treated (T3 and T4) and untreated (T1 and T2) with API-2.
FIG. 5 shows that API-2 (triciribine) inhibits Akt kinase activity in vitro. In vitro kinase assay was performed with recombinant of PDK1 and Akt in a kinase buffer containing phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-P3 (PIP3), API-2 and histone H2B as substrate. After incubation of 30 min, the reactions were separated by SDS-PAGE and exposed in a film.
FIG. 6 A-C 6 provides the mRNA and amino acid sequence of human Akt1, restriction enzyme sites are also noted.
FIG. 7A-7D provides the mRNA and amino acid sequence of human Akt2 restriction enzyme sites are also noted.
FIG. 8A-8C provides the mRNA and amino acid sequence of human Akt3 restriction enzyme sites are also noted.
FIG. 9A-9B shows that cisplatin (CDDP) resistant cell lines endogenously express hyperactive Akt. FIG. 9A shows a graph of cell survival for two ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780S and OV2008) and their cisplatin resistant ocunterparts (A2780CP and C13, respectively) treated with increasing amounts of cisplatin. The cisplatin resistant variants, A2780CP and C13, demonstrated increased survival in response to cisplatin. FIG. 9B shows that a comparison of cisplatin sensitive ovarian cancer cells, A2780S and OV2008, to their cisplatin resistant counterparts. The upper panels illustrate hyperactive Akt in the cisplatin resistant cell lines C13 and A2780S. The lower panels illustrate comparable total amounts of Akt are present in each cell type.
FIG. 10 illustrates that triciribine (TCN)(API-2) overcomes cisplatin resistance. Cisplatin resistant cell lines, A2780S and C13, were treated with 0, 5, 10, and 20 μM cisplatin. The white and striped bars represent treatment with cisplatin only. The black and grey bars represent treatment with cisplatin and 10 μM TCN. The co-treatment with TCN decreased cell survival, indicating TCN overcomes cisplatin resistance.
FIG. 11 illustrates the synergistic effect seen with TCN and cisplatin on the cell survival of C13 ovarian cancer cells. C13 cells were treated with 0, 1, 5, 10 and 20 μM TCN, with and without 10 μM cisplatin. The combination of cisplatin and TCN synergistically reduced cell survival.
FIG. 12A-FIG . 12 B illustrates that TCN enhances the ability of cisplatin to inhibit the growth of C13 ovarian cancells in nude mice xenografts. Nude mice received C13 xenografts, followed by treatment with vehicle (DMSO), cisplatin alone, TCN alone, or cisplatin and TCN, followed by analysis of tumor progression at 7, 14, 21, or 28 days post-inoculation. The left panel (A) shows a graph illustrating that the combination of cisplatin and TCN significantly reduces tumor growth. The right panel (B) depicts representative tumor mass in inoculated mice receiving the represented treatments.
FIG. 13A-FIG . 13 B shows the rapid activation of Akt pathway by mTOR inhibitors in human ovarian cancer cells. The upper panels (A) show western blots of OV3 cell lysates following the treatment with 1 nM mTOR inhibitor rapamycin for the time indiciated. Membranes were probed with antibodies specific to phosphorylated isoforms and to the total protein for comparison of Akt, p70S6K and FKHRL 1. The lower panels (B) illsuprate western blots of MCF7 cell lysates following treatment with the mTOR inhibitor RAD001 for the time indicated. Membranes were probed with antibodies specific to phosphorylated isoforms and to the total protein for comparison of Akt and p70S6K.
FIG. 14A-14B shows that activation of AKT pathway via mTOR inhibitors is attenuated by TCN. The left panel (A) illustrates the effect of TCN on Akt phosphorylation with rapamycin treatment in OV3 cells. The right panel (B) illustrates the same effect of TCN on Akt phosphorylation with RAD001 treatment in MCF7 cells.
FIG. 15A-FIG . 15 C illustrates the enhanced effect on cell growth through the combination of TCN with RAD001 or rapamycin. The top left panel (A) is a graph illustrating cell number counts of DU-145 cells over six days treated with control, rapamycin alone, TCN alone, or TCN and rapamycin. The top right panel (B) is a graph illustrating cell number counts of MCF7 cells over six days treated with control, RAD001 alone, TCN alone, or TCN and RAD001. The bottom panel (C) is a graph illustrating cell number counts of OV3 cells over six days treated with control, rapamycin alone, TCN alone, or TCN and rapamycin.
FIG. 16A-FIG . 16 D illustrates the induction of cell survival and chemoresistance through Aurora-A activation of Akt. The top panels (A) show successfully transfection and expression of Aurora-A in A2780S, A2780CP and OV2008 ovarian cancer cell lines. The second panel (B) is a graph illustrating that expression of Aurora-A in A2780S cells increases cell survival and resistance to paclitaxel. The third panel (C) is a graph illustrating that expression of Aurora-A in A2780S cells increases cell survival and resistance to cisplatin. The bottom panel (D) is a graph illustrating that expression of Aurora-A in OV2008 cells increases cell viability and resistance to cisplatin.
FIG. 17A-17C illustrates the effect of Aurora-A on cytochrome c release and Akt activation. FIG. 17A shows immunofluorescence of cytochrome c in A2780S cells transfected with empty vector or Aurora-A treated with or without cisplatin. Cisplatin induced release of cytochrome c is inhibited by expression of Aurora-A. FIG. 17B is a western blot showing expression of Aurora-A increases phosphorylation of Akt in cisplatin sensitive cells. FIG. 17C shows that increased concentrations of Aurora-A increase the phosphorylation and activation of Akt.
FIG. 18A-FIG . 18 D shows the effect of TCN (API-2) on Aurora-A induced cisplatin resistance. The top two graphs (A and B) show A2780S cells transfected with empty vector or Aurora-A, followed by treatment with cisplatin alone, API-2 alone or API-2 and cisplatin. The bottom two graphs (C and D) show OV2008 cells transfected with empty vector or Aurora-A, followed by treatment with cisplatin alone, API-2 alone or API-2 and cisplatin. TCN diminishes the resistance to cisplatin afforded by Aurora-A expression in both A2780S and OV2008 cells.
FIG. 19 shows a schematic cartoon of the roles API-2, Aurora-A, p53 and Akt play in cell survival.
FIG. 20 shows the effect of the Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib (Sprycel®) on Src phosphorylation and Akt phosphorylation in A375 cells. Inhibition of Src tyrosine kinases increases phosphorylation of Akt.



5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The inventors have determined, contrary to the prior art and experience, how to successfully use triciribine compounds in combination with one or more platinum compounds to treat tumors and cancer by one or a combination of (i) administering triciribine and one or more platinum compounds only to patients which according to a diagnostic test described below, exhibit enhanced sensitivity to the triciribine compound and/or the one or more platinum compounds; (ii) using a described dosage level that minimizes the toxicity of the triciribine compound and/or the one or more platinum compounds but yet still exhibits efficacy; or (iii) using a described dosage regimen that minimizes the toxicity of the triciribine compound and/or the one or more platinum compounds.
5.1. DEFINITIONS
As used herein, the term “compounds of the invention” refers to compounds encompassed by formulas I-IV, compounds of formula V, compounds of structures A-I and combinations thereof.
As used herein, the terms “cancer” and “cancerous” refer to or describe the physiological condition in mammals that is typically characterized by unregulated cell growth, i.e., proliferative disorders. Examples of such proliferative disorders include cancers such as carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, and leukemia, as well as other cancers disclosed herein. More particular examples of such cancers include breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, squamous cell cancer, small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, e.g., hepatic carcinoma, bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial carcinoma, kidney cancer, and thyroid cancer.
Other non-limiting examples of cancers are basal cell carcinoma, biliary tract cancer; bone cancer; brain and CNS cancer; choriocarcinoma; connective tissue cancer; esophageal cancer; eye cancer; cancer of the head and neck; gastric cancer; intra-epithelial neoplasm; larynx cancer; lymphoma including Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; melanoma; myeloma; neuroblastoma; oral cavity cancer (e.g., lip, tongue, mouth, and pharynx); pancreatic cancer; retinoblastoma; rhabdomyosarcoma; rectal cancer; cancer of the respiratory system; sarcoma; skin cancer; stomach cancer; testicular cancer; uterine cancer; cancer of the urinary system, as well as other carcinomas and sarcomas.
As used herein, the term “tumor” refers to all neoplastic cell growth and proliferation, whether malignant or benign, and all pre-cancerous and cancerous cells and tissues. For example, a particular cancer may be characterized by a solid mass tumor. The solid tumor mass, if present, may be a primary tumor mass. A primary tumor mass refers to a growth of cancer cells in a tissue resulting from the transformation of a normal cell of that tissue. In most cases, the primary tumor mass is identified by the presence of a cyst, which can be found through visual or palpation methods, or by irregularity in shape, texture or weight of the tissue. However, some primary tumors are not palpable and can be detected only through medical imaging techniques such as X-rays (e.g., mammography), or by needle aspirations. The use of these latter techniques is more common in early detection. Molecular and phenotypic analysis of cancer cells within a tissue will usually confirm if the cancer is endogenous to the tissue or if the lesion is due to metastasis from another site.
The term alkyl, as used herein, unless otherwise specified, includes a saturated straight, branched, or cyclic, primary, secondary, or tertiary hydrocarbon of for example C 1 to C 24 , and specifically includes methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, cyclopentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexylmethyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, and 2,3-dimethylbutyl. The alkyl is optionally substituted, e.g., with one or more substituents such as halo (F, Cl, Br or I), (e.g., CF 3 , 2-Br-ethyl, CH 2 F, CH 2 Cl, CH 2 CF 3 or CF 2 CF 3 ), hydroxyl (e.g. CH 2 OH), amino (e.g., CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHCH 3 or CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 ), alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, azido (e.g., CH 2 N 3 ), cyano (e.g., CH 2 CN), sulfonic acid, sulfate, phosphonic acid, phosphate, or phosphonate, either unprotected, or protected as necessary, as known to those skilled in the art, for example, as taught in Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons, hereby incorporated by reference.
The term lower alkyl, as used herein, and unless otherwise specified, refers to a C 1 to C 4 saturated straight, branched, or if appropriate, a cyclic (for example, cyclopropyl) alkyl group, including both substituted and unsubstituted forms.
The term alkylamino or arylamino includes an amino group that has one or two alkyl or aryl substituents, respectively.
The term amino acid includes naturally occurring and synthetic α, β, γ or δ amino acids, and includes but is not limited to, amino acids found in proteins, i.e. glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, proline, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine, aspartate, glutamate, lysine, arginine and histidine. In a preferred embodiment, the amino acid is in the L-configuration. Alternatively, the amino acid can be a derivative of alanyl, valinyl, leucinyl, isoleuccinyl, prolinyl, phenylalaninyl, tryptophanyl, methioninyl, glycinyl, serinyl, threoninyl, cysteinyl, tyrosinyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, aspartoyl, glutaroyl, lysinyl, argininyl, histidinyl, β-alanyl, β-valinyl, β-leucinyl, β-isoleuccinyl, β-prolinyl, β-phenylalaninyl, β-tryptophanyl, β-methioninyl, β-glycinyl, β-serinyl, β-threoninyl, β-cysteinyl, β-tyrosinyl, β-asparaginyl, β-glutaminyl, β-aspartoyl, β-glutaroyl, β-lysinyl, β-argininyl or β-histidinyl. When the term amino acid is used, it is considered to be a specific and independent disclosure of each of the esters of a natural or synthetic amino acid, including but not limited to α, β, γ or δ glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, proline, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine, aspartate, glutamate, lysine, arginine and histidine in the D and L-configurations.
The term “protected” as used herein and unless otherwise defined includes a group that is added to an oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorus atom to prevent its further reaction or for other purposes. A wide variety of oxygen and nitrogen protecting groups are known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis (see Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons).
The term aryl, as used herein, and unless otherwise specified, includes phenyl, biphenyl, or naphthyl, and preferably phenyl. The aryl group is optionally substituted with one or more moieties such as halo, hydroxyl, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, sulfonic acid, sulfate, phosphonic acid, phosphate, or phosphonate, either unprotected, or protected as necessary, as known to those skilled in the art, for example, as taught in Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons.
The term alkaryl or alkylaryl includes an alkyl group with an aryl substituent. The term aralkyl or arylalkyl includes an aryl group with an alkyl substituent.
The term halo, as used herein, includes chloro, bromo, iodo, and fluoro.
The term acyl includes a carboxylic acid ester in which the non-carbonyl moiety of the ester group is selected from straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl or lower alkyl, alkoxyalkyl including methoxymethyl, aralkyl including benzyl, aryloxyalkyl such as phenoxymethyl, aryl including phenyl optionally substituted with halogen, C 1 to C 4 alkyl or C 1 to C 4 alkoxy, sulfonate esters such as alkyl or aralkyl sulphonyl including methanesulfonyl, the mono, di or triphosphate ester, trityl or monomethoxytrityl, substituted benzyl, trialkylsilyl (e.g. dimethyl-t-butylsilyl) or diphenylmethylsilyl. Aryl groups in the esters optimally comprise a phenyl group. The term “lower acyl” refers to an acyl group in which the non-carbonyl moiety is lower alkyl.
As used herein, the term “substantially free of” or “substantially in the absence of” with respect to enantiomeric purity, refers to a composition that includes at least 85% or 90% by weight, preferably 95% to 98% by weight, and even more preferably 99% to 100% by weight, of the designated enantiomer. In a preferred embodiment, in the methods and compounds of this invention, the compounds are substantially free of other enantiomers.
Similarly, the term “isolated” refers to a compound composition that includes at least 85% or 90% by weight, preferably 95% to 98% by weight, and even more preferably 99% to 100% by weight, of the compound, the remainder comprising other chemical species or enantiomers.
The term “independently” is used herein to indicate that the variable, which is independently applied, varies independently from application to application. Thus, in a compound such as R″XYR″, wherein R″ is “independently carbon or nitrogen,” both R″ can be carbon, both R″ can be nitrogen, or one R″ can be carbon and the other R″ nitrogen.
The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug” is used throughout the specification to describe any pharmaceutically acceptable form (such as an ester, phosphate ester, salt of an ester or a related group) of a compound, which, upon administration to a patient, provides the compound. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic bases and acids. Suitable salts include those derived from alkali metals such as potassium and sodium, alkaline earth metals such as calcium and magnesium, among numerous other acids well known in the pharmaceutical art. Pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs refer to a compound that is metabolized, for example hydrolyzed or oxidized, in the host to form the compound of the present invention. Typical examples of prodrugs include compounds that have biologically labile protecting groups on a functional moiety of the active compound. Prodrugs include compounds that can be oxidized, reduced, aminated, deaminated, hydroxylated, dehydroxylated, hydrolyzed, dehydrolyzed, alkylated, dealkylated, acylated, deacylated, phosphorylated, dephosphorylated to produce the active compound.
The term “pharmaceutically acceptable esters” as used herein, unless otherwise specified, includes those esters of one or more compounds, which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of hosts without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and are effective for their intended use.
The term “subject” as used herein refers to an animal, preferably a mammal, most preferably a human. Mammals can include non-human mammals, including, but not limited to, pigs, sheep, goats, cows (bovine), deer, mules, horses, monkeys and other non-human primates, dogs, cats, rats, mice, rabbits or any other known or disclosed herein.
5.2. COMPOUNDS OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides for the use of TCN, TCN-P and related compounds in combination with one or more platinum compounds for use in particular therapeutic regimens for the treatment of proliferative disorders.
As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the term “triciribine compound(s)” and “triciribine and related compounds” refers to compounds having the following structures:











wherein each R 2 ′, R 3 ′ and R 5 ′ are independently hydrogen, optionally substituted phosphate or phosphonate (including mono-, di-, or triphosphate or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); amide, sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl; sulfonyl, including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as for example as described in the definition of an aryl given herein; optionally substituted arylsulfonyl; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; or cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group that, in vivo, provides a compound wherein R2′, R3′ or R5′ is independently H or mono-, di- or tri-phosphate;
wherein R x and R y are independently hydrogen, optionally substituted phosphate; acyl (including lower acyl); amide, alkyl (including lower alkyl); aromatic, polyoxyalkylene such as polyethyleneglycol, optionally substituted arylsulfonyl; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; or cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group. In one embodiment, the compound is administered as a 5′-phosphoether lipid or a 5′-ether lipid;
R 1 and R 2 each are independently H, optionally substituted straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, or alkynyl, CO-alkyl, CO-alkenyl, CO-alkynyl, CO-aryl or heteroaryl, CO-alkoxyalkyl, CO-aryloxyalkyl, CO-substituted aryl, sulfonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, aralkylsulfonyl.




In one embodiment, R2′ and R3′ are hydrogen. In another embodiment, R2′ and R5′ are hydrogen. In yet another embodiment, R2′, R3′ and R5′ are hydrogen. In yet another embodiment, R2′, R3′, R5′, R1 and R2 are hydrogen.
In another embodiment, the triciribine compound has the following structure:











wherein R 3 is H, optionally substituted straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, or alkynyl, NH 2 , NHR 4 , N(R 4 ) 2 , aryl, alkoxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, or substituted aryl; and
Each R 4 independently is H, acyl including lower acyl, alkyl including lower alkyl such as but not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl and cyclopropyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or aryl. In a subembodiment, R 3 is a straight chained C1-11 alkyl, iso-propyl, t-butyl, or phenyl.




In one embodiment, the triciribine compounds provided herein have the following structure:









In another embodiment, the triciribine compounds provided herein have the following structure:









In another embodiment, the triciribine compounds provided herein have the following structure:











wherein R 6 is H, alkyl, (including lower alkyl) alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, NH 2 , NHR 4 , NR 4 R 4 , CF 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 F, CH 2 Cl, CH 2 CF 3 , C(Y 3 ) 3 , C(Y 3 ) 2 C(Y 3 ) 3 , C(═O)OH, C(═O)OR 4 , C(═O)-alkyl, C(═O)-aryl, C(═O)-alkoxyalkyl, C(═O)NH 2 , C(═O)NHR 4 , C(═O)N(R 4 ) 2 , where each Y 3 is independently H or halo; and
each R 4 independently is H, acyl including lower acyl, alkyl including lower alkyl such as but not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl and cyclopropyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or aryl.




In a subembodiment, R 6 is ethyl, CH 2 CH 2 OH, or CH 2 -phenyl.
In another embodiment, the triciribine compounds provided herein have the following structure:











wherein R 7 is H, halo, alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, nitro, cyano, OH, OR 4 , NH 2 , NHR 4 , NR 4 R 4 , SH, SR 4 , CF 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 F, CH 2 Cl, CH 2 CF 3 , C(Y 3 ) 3 , C(Y 3 ) 2 C(Y 3 ) 3 , C(═O)OH, C(═O)OR 4 , C(═O)-alkyl, C(═O)-aryl, C(═O)-alkoxyalkyl, C(═O)NH 2 , C(═O)NHR 4 , C(═O)N(R 4 ) 2 , or N 3 , where each Y 3 is independently H or halo; and
each R 4 independently is H, acyl including lower acyl, alkyl including lower alkyl such as but not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl and cyclopropyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl.




In a subembodiment, R 7 is methyl, ethyl, phenyl, chloro or NH 2 .
In another embodiment, the triciribine compounds provided herein have the following structure:









In another embodiment, the triciribine compounds provided herein have the following structure:









As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the term “platinum compounds” refers to a compound of formula V.









wherein:
R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted amine, aromatic amine, heteroaromatic amine, optionally substituted straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl, aromatic, heteroaromatic or cyclic ring formed among R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 .

In an illustrative embodiment, the platinum compounds include, but are limited to, platinum compounds of structures A-I:
















It is to be understood that the compounds disclosed herein may contain chiral centers. Such chiral centers may be of either the (R) or (S) configuration, or may be a mixture thereof. Thus, the compounds provided herein may be enantiomerically pure, or be stereoisomeric or diastereomeric mixtures. It is understood that the disclosure of a compound herein encompasses any racemic, optically active, polymorphic, or steroisomeric form, or mixtures thereof, which preferably possesses the useful properties described herein, it being well known in the art how to prepare optically active forms and how to determine activity using the standard tests described herein, or using other similar tests which are will known in the art. Examples of methods that can be used to obtain optical isomers of the compounds include the following:
i) physical separation of crystals—a technique whereby macroscopic crystals of the individual enantiomers are manually separated. This technique can be used if crystals of the separate enantiomers exist, i.e., the material is a conglomerate, and the crystals are visually distinct; ii) simultaneous crystallization—a technique whereby the individual enantiomers are separately crystallized from a solution of the racemate, possible only if the latter is a conglomerate in the solid state; iii) enzymatic resolutions—a technique whereby partial or complete separation of a racemate by virtue of differing rates of reaction for the enantiomers with an enzyme iv) enzymatic asymmetric synthesis—a synthetic technique whereby at least one step of the synthesis uses an enzymatic reaction to obtain an enantiomerically pure or enriched synthetic precursor of the desired enantiomer; v) chemical asymmetric synthesis—a synthetic technique whereby the desired enantiomer is synthesized from an achiral precursor under conditions that produce assymetry (i.e., chirality) in the product, which may be achieved using chiral catalysts or chiral auxiliaries; vi) diastereomer separations—a technique whereby a racemic compound is reacted with an enantiomerically pure reagent (the chiral auxiliary) that converts the individual enantiomers to diastereomers. The resulting diastereomers are then separated by chromatography or crystallization by virtue of their now more distinct structural differences and the chiral auxiliary later removed to obtain the desired enantiomer; vii) first- and second-order asymmetric transformations—a technique whereby diastereomers from the racemate equilibrate to yield a preponderance in solution of the diastereomer from the desired enantiomer or where preferential crystallization of the diastereomer from the desired enantiomer perturbs the equilibrium such that eventually in principle all the material is converted to the crystalline diastereomer from the desired enantiomer. The desired enantiomer is then released from the diastereomer; viii) kinetic resolutions—this technique refers to the achievement of partial or complete resolution of a racemate (or of a further resolution of a partially resolved compound) by virtue of unequal reaction rates of the enantiomers with a chiral, non-racemic reagent or catalyst under kinetic conditions; ix) enantiospecific synthesis from non-racemic precursors—a synthetic technique whereby the desired enantiomer is obtained from non-chiral starting materials and where the stereochemical integrity is not or is only minimally compromised over the course of the synthesis; x) chiral liquid chromatography—a technique whereby the enantiomers of a racemate are separated in a liquid mobile phase by virtue of their differing interactions with a stationary phase. The stationary phase can be made of chiral material or the mobile phase can contain an additional chiral material to provoke the differing interactions; xi) chiral gas chromatography—a technique whereby the racemate is volatilized and enantiomers are separated by virtue of their differing interactions in the gaseous mobile phase with a column containing a fixed non-racemic chiral adsorbent phase; xii) extraction with chiral solvents—a technique whereby the enantiomers are separated by virtue of preferential dissolution of one enantiomer into a particular chiral solvent; xiii) transport across chiral membranes—a technique whereby a racemate is placed in contact with a thin membrane barrier. The barrier typically separates two miscible fluids, one containing the racemate, and a driving force such as concentration or pressure differential causes preferential transport across the membrane barrier. Separation occurs as a result of the non-racemic chiral nature of the membrane which allows only one enantiomer of the racemate to pass through.

In some embodiments, triciribine, triciribine phosphate (TCN-P), triciribine 5′-phosphate (TCN-P), or the DMF adduct of triciribine (TCN-DMF) are provided. TCN can be synthesized by any technique known to one skilled in the art, for example, as described in Tetrahedron Letters, 49: 4757-4760 (1971). TCN-P can be prepared by any technique known to one skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,123,524. The synthesis of TCN-DMF is described, for example, in INSERM, 81: 37-82 (1978). Other compounds related to TCN as described herein can be synthesized, for example, according to the methods disclosed in Gudmundsson et al., 2001, Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 20: 1823-1830; Porcari et al., 2000, J Med Chem 43: 2457-2463; Porcari et al., 1999, Nucleosides Nucleotides, 18:2475-2497; Porcari et al., 2000, J Med Chem, 43: 2438-2448; Porcari et al., 2003, Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids, 22: 2171-2193; Porcari et al., 2004, Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 23: 31-39; Schweinsberg et al., 1981, Biochem Pharmacol 30: 2521-2526; Smith et al., 2004, Bioorg Med Chem Lett 14: 3517-3520; Townsend et al., 1986, Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 1986: 41-44; and/or, Wotring et al., 1986, Cancer Treat Rep 70: 491-7.
5.3. PHARMACEUTICALLY ACCEPTABLE SALTS, HYDRATES AND PRODRUGS
In cases where compounds are sufficiently basic or acidic to form stable nontoxic acid or base salts, administration of the compound as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be appropriate. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic bases and acids. Suitable salts include those derived from alkali metals such as potassium and sodium, alkaline earth metals such as calcium and magnesium, among numerous other acids well known in the pharmaceutical art. In particular, examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts are organic acid addition salts formed with acids, which form a physiological acceptable anion, for example, tosylate, methanesulfonate, acetate, citrate, malonate, tartarate, succinate, benzoate, ascorbate, α-ketoglutarate, and α-glycerophosphate. Suitable inorganic salts may also be formed, including, sulfate, nitrate, bicarbonate, and carbonate salts.
In another embodiment, the triciribine compound is a solvate, for example, triciribine phosphate monohydrate (TCN-PM).
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be obtained using standard procedures well known in the art, for example, reacting a sufficiently basic compound such as an amine with a suitable acid affording a physiologically acceptable anion. Alkali metal (for example, sodium, potassium or lithium) or alkaline earth metal (for example calcium) salts of carboxylic acids can also be made.
Any of the nucleotides described herein can be administered as a nucleotide prodrug to increase the activity, bioavailability, stability or otherwise alter the properties of the nucleoside. A number of nucleotide prodrug ligands are known. In general, alkylation, acylation or other lipophilic modification of the mono, di or triphosphate of the nucleoside will increase the stability of the nucleotide. Examples of substituent groups that can replace one or more hydrogens on the phosphate moiety are alkyl, aryl, steroids, carbohydrates, including sugars, 1,2-diacylglycerol and alcohols. Many are described in R. Jones and N. Bischofberger, 1995, Antiviral Research 27: 1-17. Any of these can be used in combination with the disclosed nucleosides to achieve a desired effect.
In one embodiment, the triciribine or a related compound is provided as 5′-hydroxyl lipophilic prodrug. Nonlimiting examples of U.S. patents that disclose suitable lipophilic substituents that can be covalently incorporated into the nucleoside, preferably at the 5′-OH position of the nucleoside or lipophilic preparations, include U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,794 (Yatvin, et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,194,654 (Hostetler, et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,263 (Hostetler, et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,641 (Yatvin, et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,411,947 (Hostetler, et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,092 (Hostetler, et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,389 (Yatvin, et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,390 (Yatvin, et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,391 (Yatvin, et al.); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,728 (Basava, et al.), all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Foreign patent applications that disclose lipophilic substituents that can be attached to the triciribine or a related compound s of the present invention, or lipophilic preparations, include WO 89/02733, WO 90/00555, WO 91/16920, WO 91/18914, WO 93/00910, WO 94/26273, WO/15132, EP 0 350 287, EP 93917054.4, and WO 91/19721.
Additional nonlimiting examples of derivatives of triciribine or a related compound s are those that contain substituents as described in the following publications. These derivatized triciribine or a related compound s can be used for the indications described in the text or otherwise as antiviral agents, including as anti-HIV or anti-HBV agents. Ho, 1973, Cancer Res 33: 2816-2820; Holy, 1993 , Isopolar phosphorous - modified nucleotide analogues . in: De Clercq (ed.), Advances in Antiviral Drug Design , Vol. I, JAI Press, pp. 179-231; Hong et al., 1976, Biochem Biophys Rs Commun 88: 1223-1229; Hong et al, 1980, J Med Chem 28: 171-177; Hostetler et al., 1990, J Biol Chem 266: 11714-11717; Hostetler et al., 1994, Antiviral Res 24: 59-67; Hostetler et al., 1994, Antimicrobial Agents Chemother 38: 2792-2797; Hunston et al., 1984, J Med Chem 27: 440-444; Ji et al., 1990, J Med Chem 33: 2264-2270; Jones et al., 1984, J Chem Soc Perkin Trans I: 1471-1474; Juodka et al., 1974, Coll Czech Chem Comm 39: 363-968; Kataoka et al., 1989, Nucleic Acids Res Sym Ser 21: 1-2; Kataoka et al., 1991, Heterocycles 32: 1351-1356; Kinchington et al., 1992, Antiviral Chem Chemother 3: 107-112; Kodama et al., 1989, Jpn J Cancer Res 80: 679-685; Korty et al., 1979, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 310: 103-111; Kumar et al., 1990, J Med Chem 33: 2368-2375; LeBec et al., 1991, Tetrahedron Lett 32: 6553-6556; Lichtenstein et al., 1960, J Biol Chem 235: 457-465; Luethy et al., 1981, Mitt Geg Lebensmittelunters Hyg 72: 131-133 (Chem. Abstr. 95, 127093); McGuigan et al., 1989, Nucleic Acids Res 17: 6065-6075; McGuigan et al., 1990, Antiviral Chem Chemother 1: 107-113; McGuigan et al., 1990, Antiviral Chem Chemother 1: 355-360; McGuigan et al., 1990, Antiviral Chem Chemother 1: 25-33; McGuigan et al., 1991, Antiviral Res 15: 255-263; McGuigan et al., 1992, Antiviral Res 17: 311-321; McGuigan et al., 1993, Antiviral Chem Chemother 4: 97-101; McGuigan et al., 1993, J Med Chem 36: 1048-1052.
Alkyl hydrogen phosphonate derivatives of the anti-HIV agent AZT may be less toxic than the parent nucleoside analogue. Antiviral Chem Chemother 5: 271-277; Meyer et al., 1973, Tetrahedron Lett 269-272; Nagyvary et al., 1973, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 55: 1072-1077; Namane et al., 1992, J Med Chem 35: 3939-3044; Nargeot et al., 1983, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80: 2395-2399; Nelson et al., 1987, J Am Chem Soc 109: 4058-4064; Nerbonne et al., 1984, Nature 301: 74-76; Neumann et al., 1989, J Am Chem Soc 111: 4270-4277; Ohno et al., 1991, Oncology 48: 451-455. Palomino et al., 1989, J Med Chem 32: 622-625; Perkins et al., 1993, Antiviral Res 20(Supp. I): 84; Piantadosi et al., 1991, J Med Chem 34: 1408-1414; Pompon et al., 1994, Antiviral Chem Chemother 5: 91-98; Postemark, 1974, Anu Rev Pharmacol 14: 23-33; Prisbe et al., 1986, J Med Chem 29: 671-675; Pucch et al., 1993, Antiviral Res 22: 155-174; Pugaeva et al., 1969, Gig Trf Prof Zabol 13: 47-48 (Chem. Abstr. 72, 212); Robins, 1984, Pharm Res 11-18; Rosowsky et al., 1982, J Med Chem 25: 171-178; Ross, 1961, Biochem
Pharm 8: 235-240; Ryu et al., 1982, J Med Chem 25: 1322-1329; Saffhill et al., 1986, Chem Biol
Interact 57: 347-355; Saneyoshi et al., 1980, Chem Pharm Bull 28: 2915-2923; Sastry et al., 1992, Mol Pharmacol 41: 441-445; Shaw et al., 1994, 9th Annual AAPS Meeting, San Diego, Calif. (Abstract); Shuto et al., 1987, Tetrahedron Lett 28: 199-202; Shuto et al., 1988, Chem Pharm Bull 36: 209-217. One preferred phosphate prodrug group is the S-acyl-2-thioethyl group, also referred to as “SATE.”
Additional examples of prodrugs that can be used are those described in the following patents and patent applications: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,614,548, 5,512,671, 5,770,584, 5,962,437, 5,223,263, 5,817,638, 6,252,060, 6,448,392, 5,411,947, 5,744,592, 5,484,809, 5,827,831, 5,696,277, 6,022,029, 5,780,617, 5,194,654, 5,463,092, 5,744,461, 4,444,766, 4,562,179, 4,599,205, 4,493,832, 4,221,732, 5,116,992, 6,429,227, 5,149,794, 5,703,063, 5,888,990, 4,810,697, 5,512,671, 6,030,960, 2004/0259845, 6,670,341, 2004/0161398, 2002/082242, 5,512,671, 2002/0082242, and or PCT Publication Nos WO 90/11079, WO 96/39197, and/or WO 93/08807.
5.4. IN VIVO EFFICACY/DOSING REGIMENS
In another aspect of the present invention, dosing regimens are provided that limit the toxic side effects of TCN and related compounds. In one embodiment, such dosing regimens minimize the following toxic side effects, including, but not limited to, hepatoxicity, thrombocytopenia, hyperglycemia, vomiting, hypocalcemia, anemia, hypoalbunemia, myelosuppression, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperamylasemia, diarrhea, stomachitis and/or fever.
In another embodiment, the administration of TCN, TCN-P or related compounds and one or more platinum compounds provides at least a partial or complete response in vivo in at least 15-20% of the subjects. In particular embodiments, a partial reponse can be at least 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80 or 85% regression of the tumor. In other embodiments, this response can be evident in at least 15, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85 or 90% of the subjects treated with the therapy. In further embodiments, such response rates can be obtained by any therapeutic regimen disclosed herein.
In other embodiments, methods are provided to treat a subject that has been diagnosed with cancer by administering to the subject an effective amount of TCN, TCN-P, TCN-PM or a related compound and one or more platinum compounds according to a dosing schedule that includes administering the triciribine compound and/or the one or more platinum compounds one time per week for three weeks followed by a one week period wherein the drug is not administered (i.e., via a 28 day cycle). In other embodiments, such 28 day cycles can be repeated at least 2, 3, 4, or 5 times or until regression of the tumor is evident.
In further embodiments, a 42 day cycle is provided in which the compounds disclosed herein can be administered once a week for four weeks followed by a two week period in which the triciribine compound and/or one or more platinum compounds are not administered. In other embodiments, such 42 day cycles can be repeated at least 2, 3, 4, or 5 times or until regression of the tumor is evident. In a particular embodiment, less than 12, less than 11 or less than 10 mg/m 2 of TCN, TCN-P, TCN-PM or a related compound can be administered according to a 42 day cycle. In other particular embodiments, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 mg/m 2 of TCN, TCN-P, TCN-PM or a related compound can be administered according to a 42 day cycle. In another particular embodiment, about 1 to about 50 mg of a platinum compound is administered. In a particular embodiment, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100 mg/kg of a platinum compound can be administered according to a 42 day cycle.
In another embodiment, methods are provided to treat cancer in a subject by administering to the subject a dosing regimen of 10 mg/m 2 or less of TCN, TCN-P or a related compound and less than about 30 mg of one or more platinum compounds one time per week. In particular embodiments, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 mg/m 2 of TCN, TCN-P or a related compound as dislosed herein can be administered one time per week In another particular embodiment, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 mg/kg of a platinum compound can be administered one time per week.
In embodiments of the present invention, the compounds disclosed herein can be administered simultaneously as a single bolus dose over a short period of time, for example, about 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 or 60 minutes. In further embodiments, dosing schedules are provided in which the compounds are administered simultaneously via continuous infusion for at least 24, 48, 72, 96, or 120 hours. In certain embodiments, the administration of the triciribine compound and/or one or more platinum compounds via continuous or bolus injections can be repeated at a certain frequency at least: once a week, once every two weeks, once every three weeks, once a month, once every five weeks, once every six weeks, once every eight weeks, once every ten weeks and/or once every twelve weeks. The type and frequency of administrations can be combined in any manner disclosed herein to create a dosing cycle. The triciribine compound and/or one or more platinum compounds can be repeatedly administered via a certain dosing cycles, for example as a bolus injection once every two weeks for three months. The dosing cycles can be administered for at least: one, two three, four five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, eighteen or twenty four months. Alternatively, at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15 or 20 dosing cycles can be administered to a patient. The triciribine compound and/or one or more platinum compounds can be administered according to any combination disclosed herein, for example, the triciribine compound and/or one or more platinum compounds can be administered once a week every three weeks for 3 cycles.
In further embodiments, the compounds can be administered separately at least once a day for at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 days. Such administration can be followed by corresponding periods in which the triciribine compound and/or one or more platinum compounds are not administered.
The TCN, TCN-P, TCM-PM and related compounds and one or more platinum compounds as disclosed herein can be administered to patients in an amount that is effective in causing tumor regression. The administration of TCN, TCN-P or related compounds and one or more platinum compounds can provide at least a partial, such as at least 15, 20 or 30%, or complete response in vivo in at least 15-20% of the subjects. In certain embodiments, at least 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 or 50 mg/m 2 of a triciribine compound disclosed herein can be administered to a subject. In certain embodiments, at least about 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 165, 175, 200, 250, 300, or 350 mg/m 2 of TCN, TCN-P, TCN-PM or a related compound disclosed herein can be administered to a subject. In certain embodiments, 10, 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, or 400 mg of a platinum compound can be administered to a subject.
The administration of the compound can be conducted according to any of the therapeutic regimens disclosed herein. In particular embodiments, the dosing regimen includes administering less than about 20 mg/m 2 of TCN and related compounds and less than about 100 mg of a platinum compound either concurrently, sequentially, or conducted over a period of time. In one embodiment, less than 20 mg/m 2 of TCN or related compounds can be administered once a week concurrently with less than about 100 mg of a platinum compound. In another embodiment, less than 20 mg/m 2 of TCN or related compounds can be administered once a week and less than about 100 mg of a platinum compound can be administered the following week.
In further embodiments, 2 mg/m 2 , 5 mg/m 2 , 10 mg/m 2 , and/or 15 mg/m 2 of TCN or a related compound and less than about 30, 25, 20, 50, or 100 mg of a platinum compound can be administered to a subject. In another embodiment, less than 10 mg/m 2 of a triciribine compound and less than about 100 mg of a platinum compound can be administered to a subject via continuous infusion for at least five days. The present invention provides for any combination of dosing type, frequency, number of cycles and dosage amount disclosed herein.
5.5. SCREENING OF PATIENT POPULATIONS
In another aspect of the present invention, methods are provided to identify cancers or tumors that are susceptible to the toxic effects of triciribine (TCN) and related compounds. In one embodiment, methods are provided to treat a cancer or tumor in a mammal by (i) obtaining a biological sample from the tumor; (ii) determining whether the cancer or tumor overexpresses Akt kinase or hyperactivated and phosphorylated Akt kinase, and (iii) treating the cancer or tumor with triciribine or a related compound as described herein. In one embodiment, the biological sample can be a biopsy. In other embodiments, the biological sample can be fluid, cells and/or aspirates obtained from the tumor or cancer.
The biological sample can be obtained according to any technique known to one skilled in the art. In one embodiment, a biopsy can be conducted to obtain the biological sample. A biopsy is a procedure performed to remove tissue or cells from the body for examination. Some biopsies can be performed in a physician's office, while others need to be done in a hospital setting. In addition, some biopsies require use of an anesthetic to numb the area, while others do not require any sedation. In certain embodiments, an endoscopic biopsy can be performed. This type of biopsy is performed through a fiberoptic endoscope (a long, thin tube that has a close-focusing telescope on the end for viewing) through a natural body orifice (i.e., rectum) or a small incision (i.e., arthroscopy). The endoscope is used to view the organ in question for abnormal or suspicious areas, in order to obtain a small amount of tissue for study. Endoscopic procedures are named for the organ or body area to be visualized and/or treated. The physician can insert the endoscope into the gastrointestinal tract (alimentary tract endoscopy), bladder (cystoscopy), abdominal cavity (laparoscopy), joint cavity (arthroscopy), mid-portion of the chest (mediastinoscopy), or trachea and bronchial system (laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy).
In another embodiment, a bone marrow biopsy can be performed. This type of biopsy can be performed either from the sternum (breastbone) or the iliac crest hipbone (the bone area on either side of the pelvis on the lower back area). The skin is cleansed and a local anesthetic is given to numb the area. A long, rigid needle is inserted into the marrow, and cells are aspirated for study; this step is occasionally uncomfortable. A core biopsy (removing a small bone ‘chip’ from the marrow) may follow the aspiration.
In a further embodiment, an excisional or incisional biopsy can be performed on the mammal. This type of biopsy is often used when a wider or deeper portion of the skin is needed. Using a scalpel (surgical knife), a full thickness of skin is removed for further examination, and the wound is sutured (sewed shut with surgical thread). When the entire tumor is removed, it is referred to as an excisional biopsy technique. If only a portion of the tumor is removed, it is referred to as an incisional biopsy technique. Excisional biopsy is often the method usually preferred, for example, when melanoma (a type of skin cancer) is suspected.
In still further embodiments, a fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy can be used. This type of biopsy involves using a thin needle to remove very small pieces from a tumor. Local anesthetic is sometimes used to numb the area, but the test rarely causes much discomfort and leaves no scar. FNA is not, for example, used for diagnosis of a suspicious mole, but may be used, for example, to biopsy large lymph nodes near a melanoma to see if the melanoma has metastasized (spread). A computed tomography scan (CT or CAT scan) can be used to guide a needle into a tumor in an internal organ such as the lung or liver.
In other embodiments, punch shave and/or skin biopsies can be conducted. Punch biopsies involve taking a deeper sample of skin with a biopsy instrument that removes a short cylinder, or “apple core,” of tissue. After a local anesthetic is administered, the instrument is rotated on the surface of the skin until it cuts through all the layers, including the dermis, epidermis, and the most superficial parts of the subcutis (fat). A shave biopsy involves removing the top layers of skin by shaving it off. Shave biopsies are also performed with a local anesthetic. Skin biopsies involve removing a sample of skin for examination under the microscope to determine if, for example, melanoma is present. The biopsy is performed under local anesthesia.
In particular embodiment, methods are provided to determine whether the tumor overexpresses an Akt kinase. Akt kinase overexpression can refer to the phosphorylation state of the kinase. Hyperphosphorylation of Akt can be detected according to the methods described herein. In one embodiment, a tumor biopsy can be compared to a control tissue. The control tissue can be a normal tissue from the mammal in which the biopsy was obtained or a normal tissue from a healthy mammal. Akt kinase overexpression or hyperphosphorylation can be determined if the tumor biopsy contains greater amounts of Akt kinase and/or Akt kinase phosphorylation than the control tissue, such as, for example, at least approximately 1.5, 2, 2.25, 2.5, 2.75, 3, 3.25, 3.5, 3.75, 4, 4.25, 4.5, 4.75, 5, 5.5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10-fold greater amounts of Akt kinase than contained in the control tissue.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method to detect aberrant Akt kinase expression in a subject or in a biological sample from the subject by contacting cells, cell extracts, serum or other sample from the subjects or said biological sample with an immunointeractive molecule specific for an Akt kinase or antigenic portion thereof and screening for the level of immunointeractive molecule-Akt kinase complex formation, wherein an elevated presence of the complex relative to a normal cell is indicative of an aberrant cell that expresses or overexpresses Akt. In one example, cells or cell extracts can be screened immunologically for the presence of elevated levels of Akt kinase.
In an alternative embodiment, the aberrant expression of Akt in a cell is detected at the genetic level by screening for the level of expression of a gene encoding an Akt kinase wherein an elevated level of a transcriptional expression product (i.e., mRNA) compared to a normal cell is indicative of an aberrant cell. In certain embodiments, real-time PCR as well as other PCR procedures can be used to determine transcriptional activity. In one embodiment, mRNA can be obtained from cells of a subject or from a biological sample from a subject and cDNA optionally generated. The mRNA or cDNA can then be contacted with a genetic probe capable of hybridizing to and/or amplifying all or part of a nucleotide sequence encoding Akt kinase or its complementary nucleotide sequence and then the level of the mRNA or cDNA can be detected wherein the presence of elevated levels of the mRNA or cDNA compared to normal controls can be assessed.
Yet another embodiment of the present invention contemplates the use of an antibody, monoclonal or polyclonal, to Akt kinase in a quantitative or semi-quantitative diagnostic kit to determine relative levels of Akt kinase in suspected cancer cells from a patient, which can include all the reagents necessary to perform the assay. In one embodiment, a kit utilizing reagents and materials necessary to perform an ELISA assay is provided. Reagents can include, for example, washing buffer, antibody dilution buffer, blocking buffer, cell staining solution, developing solution, stop solution, anti-phospho-protein specific antibodies, anti-Pan protein specific antibodies, secondary antibodies, and distilled water. The kit can also include instructions for use and can optionally be automated or semi-automated or in a form which is compatible with automated machine or software. In one embodiment, a phosphor-ser-473 Akt antibody that detects the activated form of AKT (Akt phosphorylated at serine 474) can be utilized as the antibody in a diagnostic kit. See, for example, Yuan et al., 2000, Oncogene 19: 2324-2330.
5.6. AKT KINASES
Akt, also named PKB 3 , represents a subfamily of the serine/threonine kinase. Three members, AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3, have been identified in this subfamily. Akt is activated by extracellular stimuli in a PI3K-dependent manner (Datta et al., 1999, Genes Dev 13: 2905-2927). Full activation of Akt requires phosphorylation of Thr 308 in the activation loop and Ser 473 in the C-terminal activation domain. Akt is negatively regulated by PTEN tumor suppressor. Mutations in PTEN have been identified in various tumors, which lead to activation of Akt pathway (Datta Datta et al., 1999, Genes Dev 13: 2905-2927). In addition, amplification, overexpression and/or activation of Akt have been detected in a number of human malignancies (Datta et al., 1999, Genes Dev 13: 2905-2927; Cheng et al., 2001 , AKT signal transduction pathway in oncogenesis in Schwab D (ed.) Encyclopedic Reference of Cancer Springer pp 35-7). Ectopic expression of Akt, especially constitutively active Akt, induces cell survival and malignant transformation whereas inhibition of Akt activity stimulates apoptosis in a range of mammalian cells (Datta et al., 1999, Genes Dev 13: 2905-2927; Cheng et al., 2001 , AKT signal transduction pathway in oncogenesis in Schwab D (ed.) Encyclopedic Reference of Cancer Springer pp 35-7; Sun et al., 2001, Am J Path, 159: 431-437; Cheng et al., 1997, Oncogene 14: 2793-2801). Further, activation of Akt has been shown to associate with tumor invasiveness and chemoresistance (West et al., 2002, Drug Resist Updat 5: 234-248).
Activation of the Akt pathway plays a pivotal role in malignant transformation and chemoresistance by inducing cell survival, growth, migration, and angiogenesis. The present invention provides methods to determine levels of Akt kinase overexpression and/or hyperactivated and phosphorylated Akt kinase.
The Akt kinase can be any known Akt family kinase, or kinase related thereto, including, but not limited to Akt 1, Akt 2, Akt 3. The mRNA and amino acid sequences of human Akt1, Akt2, and Akt 3 are illustrated in FIGS. 6 a - c , 7 a - d , and 8 a - c , respectively.
5.7. DIAGNOSTIC ASSAYS
Immunological Assays
In one embodiment, a method is provided for detecting the aberrant expression of an Akt kinase in a cell in a mammal or in a biological sample from the mammal, by contacting cells, cell extracts or serum or other sample from the mammal or biological sample with an immunointeractive molecule specific for an Akt kinase or antigenic portion thereof and screening for the level of immunointeractive molecule-Akt kinase complex formations and determining whether an elevated presence of the complex relative to a normal cell is present.
The immunointeractive molecule can be a molecule having specificity and binding affinity for an Akt kinase or its antigenic parts or its homologs or derivatives thereof. In one embodiment, the immunointeractive molecule can be an immunglobulin molecule. In other embodiments, the immunointeractive molecules can be an antibody fragments, single chain antibodies, and/or deimmunized molecules including humanized antibodies and T-cell associated antigen-binding molecules (TABMs). In one particular embodiment, the antibody can be a monoclonal antibody. In another particular embodiment, the antibody can be a polyclonal antibody. The immunointeractive molecule can exhibit specificity for an Akt kinase or more particularly an antigenic determinant or epitope on an Akt kinase. An antigenic determinant or epitope on an Akt kinase includes that part of the molecule to which an immune response is directed. The antigenic determinant or epitope can be a B-cell epitope or where appropriate a T-cell epitope. In one embodiment, the antibody is a phosphor-ser 473 Akt antibody.
One embodiment of the present invention provides a method for diagnosing the presence of cancer or cancer-like growth in a mammal, in which aberrant Akt activity is present, by contacting cells or cell extracts from the mammal or a biological sample from the subject with an Akt kinase-binding effective amount of an antibody having specificity for the Akt kinase or an antigenic determinant or epitope thereon and then quantitatively or qualitatively determining the level of an Akt kinase-antibody complex wherein the presence of elevated levels of said complex compared to a normal cell is determined.
Antibodies can be prepared by any of a number of means known to one skilled in the art. For example, for the detection of human Akt kinase, antibodies can be generally but not necessarily derived from non-human animals such as primates, livestock animals (e.g. sheep, cows, pigs, goats, horses), laboratory test animals (e.g. mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits) and/or companion animals (e.g. dogs, cats). Antibodies may also be recombinantly produced in prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cells. Generally, antibody based assays can be conducted in vitro on cell or tissue biopsies. However, if an antibody is suitably deimmunized or, in the case of human use, humanized, then the antibody can be labeled with, for example, a nuclear tag, administered to a patient and the site of nuclear label accumulation determined by radiological techniques. The Akt kinase antibody can be a cancer targeting agent. Accordingly, another embodiment of the present invention provides deimmunized forms of the antibodies for use in cancer imaging in human and non-human patients.
In general, for the generation of antibodies to an Akt kinase, the enzyme is required to be extracted from a biological sample whether this be from animal including human tissue or from cell culture if produced by recombinant means. The Akt kinase can be separated from the biological sample by any suitable means. For example, the separation may take advantage of any one or more of the Akt kinase's surface charge properties, size, density, biological activity and its affinity for another entity (e.g. another protein or chemical compound to which it binds or otherwise associates). Thus, for example, separation of the Akt kinase from the biological fluid can be achieved by any one or more of ultra-centrifugation, ion-exchange chromatography (e.g. anion exchange chromatography, cation exchange chromatography), electrophoresis (e.g. polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focussing), size separation (e.g., gel filtration, ultra-filtration) and affinity-mediated separation (e.g. immunoaffinity separation including, but not limited to, magnetic bead separation such as Dynabead (trademark) separation, immunochromatography, immuno-precipitation). The separation of Akt kinase from the biological fluid can preserve conformational epitopes present on the kinase and, thus, suitably avoids techniques that cause denaturation of the enzyme. In a further embodiment, the kinase can be separated from the biological fluid using any one or more of affinity separation, gel filtration and/or ultra-filtration.
Immunization and subsequent production of monoclonal antibodies can be carried out using standard protocols known in the art, such as, for example, described by Kohler and Milstein (Kohler and Milstein, 1975, Nature 256: 495-499; Kohler and Milstein, 1976, Eur J Immunol 6: 511-519, Coligan et al. Current Protocols in Immunology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,) or Toyama et al., Monoclonal Antibody, Experiment Manual, Kodansha Scientific). Essentially, an animal is immunized with an Akt kinase-containing biological fluid or fraction thereof or a recombinant form of Akt kinase by standard methods to produce antibody-producing cells, particularly antibody-producing somatic cells (e.g. B lymphocytes). These cells can then be removed from the immunized animal for immortalization. In certain embodiment, a fragment of an Akt kinase can be used to the generate antibodies. The fragment can be associated with a carrier. The carrier can be any substance of typically high molecular weight to which a non- or poorly immunogenic substance (e.g. a hapten) is naturally or artificially linked to enhance its immunogenicity.
Immortalization of antibody-producing cells can be carried out using methods which are well-known in the art. For example, the immortalization may be achieved by the transformation method using Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (Kozbor et al., 1986, Methods in Enzymology 121: 140). In another embodiment, antibody-producing cells are immortalized using the cell fusion method (described in Coligan et al., supra), which is widely employed for the production of monoclonal antibodies. In this method, somatic antibody-producing cells with the potential to produce antibodies, particularly B cells, are fused with a myeloma cell line. These somatic cells may be derived from the lymph nodes, spleens and peripheral blood of primed animals, preferably rodent animals such as mice and rats. In a particular embodiment, mice spleen cells can be used. In other embodiments, rat, rabbit, sheep or goat cells can also be used. Specialized myeloma cell lines have been developed from lymphocytic tumours for use in hybridoma-producing fusion procedures (Kohler and Milstein, 1976, supra; Shulman et al., 1978, Nature 276: 269-270; Volk et al., 1982, J Virol 42: 220-227). Many myeloma cell lines can also be used for the production of fused cell hybrids, including, e.g. P3.times.63-Ag8, P3.times.63-AG8.653, P3/NS1-Ag4-1 (NS-1), Sp2/0-Ag14 and 5194/5.XXO.Bu.1. The P3.times.63-Ag8 and NS-1 cell lines have been described by Kohler and Milstein (1976, supra). Shulman et al. (1978, supra) developed the Sp2/0-Ag14 myeloma line. The S194/5.XXO.Bu.1 line was reported by Trowbridge (1978, J Exp Med 148: 313-323). Methods for generating hybrids of antibody-producing spleen or lymph node cells and myeloma cells usually involve mixing somatic cells with myeloma cells in a 10:1 proportion (although the proportion may vary from about 20:1 to about 1:1), respectively, in the presence of an agent or agents (chemical, viral or electrical) that promotes the fusion of cell membranes. Fusion methods have been described (Kohler and Milstein, 1975, supra; Kohler and Milstein, 1976, supra; Gefter et al., 1977, Somatic Cell Genet. 3: 231-236; Volk et al., 1982, supra). The fusion-promoting agents used by those investigators were Sendai virus and polyethylene glycol (PEG). In certain embodiments, means to select the fused cell hybrids from the remaining unfused cells, particularly the unfused myeloma cells, are provided. Generally, the selection of fused cell hybrids can be accomplished by culturing the cells in media that support the growth of hybridomas but prevent the growth of the unfused myeloma cells, which normally would go on dividing indefinitely. The somatic cells used in the fusion do not maintain long-term viability in in vitro culture and hence do not pose a problem. Several weeks are required to selectively culture the fused cell hybrids. Early in this time period, it is necessary to identify those hybrids which produce the desired antibody, so that they may subsequently be cloned and propagated. Generally, around 10% of the hybrids obtained produce the desired antibody, although a range of from about 1 to about 30% is not uncommon. The detection of antibody-producing hybrids can be achieved by any one of several standard assay methods, including enzyme-linked immunoassay and radioimmunoassay techniques as, for example, described in Kennet et al., Monoclonal Antibodies and Hybridomas: A New Dimension in Biological Analyses, Plenum Press, New York pp 376-384) and by FACS analysis (O'Reilly et al., 1998, Biotechniques 25: 824-830).
Once the desired fused cell hybrids have been selected and cloned into individual antibody-producing cell lines, each cell line may be propagated in either of two standard ways. A suspension of the hybridoma cells can be injected into a histocompatible animal. The injected animal will then develop tumours that secrete the specific monoclonal antibody produced by the fused cell hybrid. The body fluids of the animal, such as serum or ascites fluid, can be tapped to provide monoclonal antibodies in high concentration. Alternatively, the individual cell lines may be propagated in vitro in laboratory culture vessels. The culture medium containing high concentrations of a single specific monoclonal antibody can be harvested by decantation, filtration or centrifugation, and subsequently purified.
The cell lines can then be tested for their specificity to detect the Akt kinase of interest by any suitable immunodetection means. For example, cell lines can be aliquoted into a number of wells and incubated and the supernatant from each well is analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect fluorescent antibody technique, or the like. The cell line(s) producing a monoclonal antibody capable of recognizing the target LIM kinase but which does not recognize non-target epitopes are identified and then directly cultured in vitro or injected into a histocompatible animal to form tumours and to produce, collect and purify the required antibodies.
The present invention provides, therefore, a method of detecting in a sample an Akt kinase or fragment, variant or derivative thereof comprising contacting the sample with an antibody or fragment or derivative thereof and detecting the level of a complex containing the antibody and Akt kinase or fragment, variant or derivative thereof compared to normal controls wherein elevated levels of Akt kinase is determined. Any suitable technique for determining formation of the complex may be used. For example, an antibody according to the invention, having a reporter molecule associated therewith, may be utilized in immunoassays. Such immunoassays include but are not limited to radioimmunoassays (RIAs), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) immunochromatographic techniques (ICTs), and Western blotting which are well known to those of skill in the art. Immunoassays can also include competitive assays. The present invention encompasses qualitative and quantitative immunoassays.
Suitable immunoassay techniques are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,016,043; 4,424,279; and 4,018,653. These include both single-site and two-site assays of the non-competitive types, as well as the traditional competitive binding assays. These assays also include direct binding of a labeled antigen-binding molecule to a target antigen.
The invention further provides methods for quantifying Akt protein expression and activation levels in cells or tissue samples obtained from an animal, such as a human cancer patient or an individual suspected of having cancer. In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for quantifying Akt protein expression or activation levels using an imaging system quantitatively. The imaging system can be used to receive, enhance, and process images of cells or tissue samples, that have been stained with AKT protein-specific stains, in order to determine the amount or activation level of AKT protein expressed in the cells or tissue samples from such an animal. In embodiments of the methods of the invention, a calibration curve of AKT1 and AKT2 protein expression can be generated for at least two cell lines expressing differing amounts of AKT protein. The calibration curve can then used to quantitatively determine the amount of AKT protein that is expressed in a cell or tissue sample. Analogous calibration curves can be made for activated AKT proteins using reagents specific for the activation features. It can also be used to determine changes in amounts and activation state of AKT before and after clinical cancer treatment.
In one particular embodiment of the methods of the invention, AKT protein expression in a cell or tissue sample can be quantified using an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the amount of AKT protein in a sample. Such methods are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2002/0015974.
In other embodiments enzyme immunoassays can be used to detect the Akt kinase. In such assays, an enzyme is conjugated to the second antibody, generally by means of glutaraldehyde or periodate. The substrates to be used with the specific enzymes are generally chosen for the production of, upon hydrolysis by the corresponding enzyme, a detectable colour change. It is also possible to employ fluorogenic substrates, which yield a fluorescent product rather than the chromogenic substrates. The enzyme-labeled antibody can be added to the first antibody-antigen complex, allowed to bind, and then the excess reagent washed away. A solution containing the appropriate substrate can then be added to the complex of antibody-antigen-antibody. The substrate can react with the enzyme linked to the second antibody, giving a qualitative visual signal, which may be further quantitated, usually spectrophotometrically, to give an indication of the amount of antigen which was present in the sample. Alternately, fluorescent compounds, such as fluorescein, rhodamine and the lanthanide, europium (EU), can be chemically coupled to antibodies without altering their binding capacity. When activated by illumination with light of a particular wavelength, the fluorochrome-labeled antibody adsorbs the light energy, inducing a state to excitability in the molecule, followed by emission of the light at a characteristic colour visually detectable with a light microscope. The fluorescent-labeled antibody is allowed to bind to the first antibody-antigen complex. After washing off the unbound reagent, the remaining tertiary complex is then exposed to light of an appropriate wavelength. The fluorescence observed indicates the presence of the antigen of interest. Immunofluorometric assays (IFMA) are well established in the art and are particularly useful for the present method. However, other reporter molecules, such as radioisotope, chemiluminescent or bioluminescent molecules can also be employed.
In a particular embodiment, antibodies to Akt kinase can also be used in ELISA-mediated detection of Akt kinase especially in serum or other circulatory fluid. This can be accomplished by immobilizing anti-Akt kinase antibodies to a solid support and contacting these with a biological extract such as serum, blood, lymph or other bodily fluid, cell extract or cell biopsy. Labeled anti-Akt kinase antibodies can then be used to detect immobilized Akt kinase. This assay can be varied in any number of ways and all variations are encompassed by the present invention and known to one skilled in the art. This approach can enable rapid detection and quantitation of Akt kinase levels using, for example, a serum-based assay.
In one embodiment, an Akt Elisa assay kit may be used in the present invention. For example, a Cellular Activation of Signaling ELISA kit for Akt S473 from SuperArray Bioscience can be utilized in the present invention. In one embodiment, the antibody can be an anti-pan antibody that recognizes Akt S473. Elisa assay kit containing an anti-Akt antibody and additional reagents, including, but not limited to, washing buffer, antibody dilution buffer, blocking buffer, cell staining solution, developing solution, stop solution, secondary antibodies, and distilled water.
Nucleotide Detection
In another embodiment, a method to detect Akt kinases is provided by detecting the level of expression in a cell of a polynucleotide encoding an Akt kinase. Expression of the polynucleotide can be determined using any suitable technique known to one skilled in the art. In one embodiment, a labeled polynucleotide encoding an Akt kinase can be utilized as a probe in a Northern blot of an RNA extract obtained from the cell. In other embodiments, a nucleic acid extract from an animal can be utilized in concert with oligonucleotide primers corresponding to sense and antisense sequences of a polynucleotide encoding the kinase, or flanking sequences thereof, in a nucleic acid amplification reaction such as RT PCR. A variety of automated solid-phase detection techniques are also available to one skilled in the art, for example, as described by Fodor et al. (1991, Science 251: 767-777) and Kazal et al. (1996, Nature Medicine 2: 753-759).
In other embodiments, methods are provided to detect akt kinase encoding RNA transcripts. The RNA can be isolated from a cellular sample suspected of containing Akt kinase RNA, e.g. total RNA isolated from human cancer tissue. RNA can be isolated by methods known in the art, e.g. using TRIZOL reagent (GIBCO-BRL/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.). Oligo-dT, or random-sequence oligonucleotides, as well as sequence-specific oligonucleotides can be employed as a primer in a reverse transcriptase reaction to prepare first-strand cDNAs from the isolated RNA. Resultant first-strand cDNAs can then amplified with sequence-specific oligonucleotides in PCR reactions to yield an amplified product.
Polymerase chain reaction or “PCR” refers to a procedure or technique in which amounts of a preselected fragment of nucleic acid, RNA and/or DNA, are amplified as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195. Generally, sequence information from the ends of the region of interest or beyond is employed to design oligonucleotide primers. These primers will be identical or similar in sequence to opposite strands of the template to be amplified. PCR can be used to amplify specific RNA sequences and cDNA transcribed from total cellular RNA. See generally Mullis et al. (1987, Quant Biol 51: 263; Erlich (ed.), PCR Technology, Stockton Press, NY). Thus, amplification of specific nucleic acid sequences by PCR relies upon oligonucleotides or “primers” having conserved nucleotide sequences wherein the conserved sequences are deduced from alignments of related gene or protein sequences, e.g. a sequence comparison of mammalian Akt kinase genes. For example, one primer is prepared which is predicted to anneal to the antisense strand and another primer prepared which is predicted to anneal to the sense strand of a cDNA molecule which encodes a Akt kinase. To detect the amplified product, the reaction mixture is typically subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis or other convenient separation technique and the relative presence of the Akt kinase specific amplified DNA detected. For example, Akt kinase amplified DNA may be detected using Southern hybridization with a specific oligonucleotide probe or comparing its electrophoretic mobility with DNA standards of known molecular weight. Isolation, purification and characterization of the amplified Akt kinase DNA can be accomplished by excising or eluting the fragment from the gel (for example, see references Lawn et al., 1981, Nucleic Acids Res 2: 6103; Goeddel et al., 1980, Nucleic Acids Res 8: 4057), cloning the amplified product into a cloning site of a suitable vector, such as the pCRII vector (Invitrogen), sequencing the cloned insert and comparing the DNA sequence to the known sequence of LIM kinase. The relative amounts of LIM kinase mRNA and cDNA can then be determined.
In one embodiment, real-time PCR can be used to determine transcriptional levels of Akt nucleotides. Determination of transcriptional activity also includes a measure of potential translational activity based on available mRNA transcripts. Real-time PCR as well as other PCR procedures use a number of chemistries for detection of PCR product including the binding of DNA binding fluorophores, the 5′ endonuclease, adjacent liner and hairpin oligoprobes and the self-fluorescing amplicons. These chemistries and real-time PCR in general are discussed, for example, in Mackay et al., 2002, Nucleic Acids Res 30: 1292-1305; Walker, 2001, J Biochem Mol Toxicology 15: 121-127; Lewis et al., 2001, J Pathol 195: 66-71.
In an alternate embodiment, the aberrant expression of Akt can be identified by contacting a nucleotide sequences isolated from a biological sample with an oligonucleotide probe having a sequence complementary to an Akt sequences selected from the nucleotide sequences of FIGS. 6 a - c , 7 a - d , or 8 a - c , or fragment thereof, and then detecting the sequence by hybridizing the probe to the sequence, and comparing the results to a normal sample. The hybridization of the probe to the biological sample can be detected by labeling the probe using any detectable agent. The probe can be labeled for example, with a radioisotope, or with biotin, fluorescent dye, electron-dense reagent, enzyme, hapten or protein for which antibodies are available. The detectable label can be assayed by any desired means, including spectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, radioisotopic, or chemical means. The probe can also be detected using techniques such as an oligomer restriction technique, a dot blot assay, a reverse dot blot assay, a line probe assay, and a 5′ nuclease assay. Alternatively, the probe can be detected using any of the generally applicable DNA array technologies, including macroarray, microarray and DNA microchip technologies. The oligonucleotide probe typically includes approximately at least 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 25 or 28 nucleotides that hybridize to the nucleotides selected from FIGS. 6 a - c , 7 a - d , and 8 a - c , or a fragment thereof. It is generally not preferred to use a probe that is greater than approximately 25 or 28 nucleotides in length. The oligonucleotide probe is designed to identify an Akt nucleotide sequence.
Kinase Assays
The activity of the Akt kinases can be measured using any suitable kinase assay known in the art. For example, and not by way of limitation, the methods described in Hogg et al (1994, Oncogene 9: 98-96), Mills et al (1992, J Biol Chem 267: 16000-006) and Tomizawa et al. (2001, FEBS Lett 492: 221-7), Schmandt et al. (1994, J Immunol 152: 96-105) can be used. Further serine, threonine and tyrosine kinase assays are described in Ausubel et al. (Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 1999, unit 17.6).
Akt kinase assays can generally use an Akt polypeptide, a labeled donor substrate, and a receptor substrate that is either specific or non-specific for Akt. In such assays Akt transfers a labeled moiety from the donor substrate to the receptor substrate, and kinase activity is measured by the amount of labeled moiety transferred from the donor substrate to the receptor substrate. Akt polypeptide can be produced using various expression systems, can be purified from cells, can be in the form of a cleaved or uncleaved recombinant fusion protein and/or can have non-Akt polypeptide sequences, for example a His tag or .beta.-galactosidase at its N- or C-terminus. Akt activity can be assayed in cancerous cells lines if the cancerous cell lines are used as a source of the Akt to be assayed. Suitable donor substrates for Akt assays include any molecule that is susceptible to dephosphorylation by Akt., such as, for example include .gamma.-labeled ATP and ATP analogs, wherein the label is 33 P, 32 P, 35 S or any other radioactive isotope or a suitable fluorescent marker. Suitable recipient substrates for Akt assays include any polypeptide or other molecule that is susceptible to phosphorylation by Akt. Recipient substrates can be derived from fragments of in vivo targets of Akt. Recipient substrates fragments can be 8 to 50 amino acids in length, usually 10 to 30 amino acids and particularly of about 10, 12, 15, 18, 20 and 25 amino acids in length. Further recipient substrates can be determined empirically using a set of different polypeptides or other molecules. Targets of Recipient substrates for TTK can be capable of being purified from other components of the reaction once the reaction has been performed. This purification is usually done through a molecular interaction, where the recipient substrates is biotinylated and purified through its interaction with streptavidin, or a specific antibody is available that can specifically recognize the recipient substrates. The reaction can be performed in a variety of conditions, such as on a solid support, in a gel, in solution or in living cells. The choice of detection methods depends on type of label used for the donor molecule and may include, for example, measurement of incorporated radiation or fluorescence by autoradiography, scintillation, scanning or fluorography.
6. METHODS OF TREATMENT
The compounds and pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be used in the treatment of a condition including tumors, cancer, and other disorders associated with abnormal cell proliferation. In one embodiment, the compounds of the present invention can be used to treat a carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, and/or myeloma. In other embodiments of the present invention, the compounds disclosed herein can be used to treat solid tumors.
The compounds of the present invention can be used for the treatment of cancer, such as, but not limited to cancer of the following organs or tissues: breast, prostate, lung, bronchus, colon, urinary, bladder, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, melanoma, kidney, renal, pancreas, pharnx, thyroid, stomach, brain, multiple myeloma, esophagus, liver, intrahepatic bile duct, cervix, larynx, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphatic leukemia, soft tissue, such as heart, Hodgkin lymphoma, testis, small intestine, chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphatic leukemia, anus, anal canal, anorectal, thyroid, vulva, gallbladder, pleura, eye, nose nasal cavity, middle ear, nasopharnx, ureter, peritoneum, omentum, mesentery, and gastrointestineal, high grade glioma, glioblastoma, colon, rectal, pancreatic, gastric cancers, hepatocellular carcinoma; head and neck cancers, carcinomas; renal cell carcinoma; adenocarcinoma; sarcomas; hemangioendothelioma; lymphomas; leukemias, mycosis fungoides. In additional embodiments, the compounds of the present invention can be used to treat skin diseases including, but not limited to, the malignant diseases angiosarcoma, hemangioendothelioma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma and Kaposi's sarcoma, and the non-malignant diseases or conditions such as psoriasis, lymphangiogenesis, hemangioma of childhood, Sturge-Weber syndrome, verruca vulgaris, neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, pyogenic granulomas, recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, venous ulcers, acne, rosacea, eczema, molluscum contagious, seborrheic keratosis, and actinic keratosis.
Compositions including the compounds of the invention can be used to treat these cancers and other cancers at any stage from the discovery of the cancer to advanced stages. In addition, compositions including compounds of the invention can be used in the treatment of the primary cancer and metastases thereof.
In other embodiments of the invention, the compounds described herein can be used for the treatment of cancer, including, but not limited to the cancers listed in Table 1 below.





TABLE 1



Types of Cancer








Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Adult
Hairy Cell Leukemia

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia,
Head and Neck Cancer

Childhood
Hepatocellular (Liver) Cancer, Adult (Primary)

Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Adult
Hepatocellular (Liver) Cancer, Childhood

Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Childhood
(Primary)

Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Adult

Adrenocortical Carcinoma, Childhood
Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Childhood

AIDS-Related Cancers
Hodgkin's Lymphoma During Pregnancy

AIDS-Related Lymphoma
Hypopharyngeal Cancer

Anal Cancer
Hypothalamic and Visual Pathway Glioma,

Astrocytoma, Childhood Cerebellar
Childhood

Astrocytoma, Childhood Cerebral
Intraocular Melanoma

Basal Cell Carcinoma
Islet Cell Carcinoma (Endocrine Pancreas)

Bile Duct Cancer, Extrahepatic
Kaposi's Sarcoma

Bladder Cancer
Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer

Bladder Cancer, Childhood
Kidney Cancer, Childhood

Bone Cancer, Osteosarcoma/Malignant
Laryngeal Cancer

Fibrous Histiocytoma
Laryngeal Cancer, Childhood

Brain Stem Glioma, Childhood
Leukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic, Adult

Brain Tumor, Adult
Leukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic, Childhood

Brain Tumor, Brain Stem Glioma,
Leukemia, Acute Myeloid, Adult

Childhood
Leukemia, Acute Myeloid, Childhood

Brain Tumor, Cerebellar Astrocytoma,
Leukemia, Chronic Lymphocytic

Childhood
Leukemia, Chronic Myelogenous

Brain Tumor, Cerebral
Leukemia, B Cell

Astrocytoma/Malignant Glioma,
Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer

Childhood
Liver Cancer, Adult (Primary)

Brain Tumor, Ependymoma, Childhood
Liver Cancer, Childhood (Primary)

Brain Tumor, Medulloblastoma,
Lung Cancer, Non-Small Cell

Childhood
Lung Cancer, Small Cell

Brain Tumor, Supratentorial Primitive
Lymphoma, AIDS-Related

Neuroectodermal Tumors, Childhood
Lymphoma, Burkitt's

Brain Tumor, Visual Pathway and
Lymphoma, Cutaneous T-Cell, see Mycosis

Hypothalamic Glioma, Childhood
Fungoides and Sezary Syndrome

Brain Tumor, Childhood
Lymphoma, Hodgkin's, Adult

Breast Cancer
Lymphoma, Hodgkin's, Childhood

Breast Cancer, Childhood
Lymphoma, Hodgkin's During Pregnancy

Breast Cancer, Male
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin's, Adult

Bronchial Adenomas/Carcinoids,
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin's, Childhood

Childhood
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin's During Pregnancy

Burkitt's Lymphoma
Lymphoma, Primary Central Nervous System

Carcinoid Tumor, Childhood
Macroglobulinemia, Waldenström's

Carcinoid Tumor, Gastrointestinal
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of

Carcinoma of Unknown Primary
Bone/Osteosarcoma

Central Nervous System Lymphoma,
Medulloblastoma, Childhood

Primary
Melanoma

Cerebellar Astrocytoma, Childhood
Melanoma, Intraocular (Eye)

Cerebral Astrocytoma/Malignant Glioma,
Merkel Cell Carcinoma

Childhood
Mesothelioma, Adult Malignant

Cervical Cancer
Mesothelioma, Childhood

Childhood Cancers
Metastatic Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Primary

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome,

Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
Childhood

Colon Cancer
Multiple Myeloma/Plasma Cell Neoplasm

Colorectal Cancer, Childhood
Mycosis Fungoides

Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma, see
Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary
Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Diseases

Syndrome
Myelogenous Leukemia, Chronic

Endometrial Cancer
Myeloid Leukemia, Adult Acute

Ependymoma, Childhood
Myeloid Leukemia, Childhood Acute

Esophageal Cancer
Myeloma, Multiple

Esophageal Cancer, Childhood
Myeloproliferative Disorders, Chronic

Ewing's Family of Tumors
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer

Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor,
Nasopharyngeal Cancer

Childhood
Nasopharyngeal Cancer, Childhood

Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor
Neuroblastoma

Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Adult

Eye Cancer, Intraocular Melanoma
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Childhood

Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma During Pregnancy

Gallbladder Cancer
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Gastric (Stomach) Cancer
Oral Cancer, Childhood

Gastric (Stomach) Cancer, Childhood
Oral Cavity Cancer, Lip and

Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor
Oropharyngeal Cancer

Germ Cell Tumor, Extracranial,
Osteosarcoma/Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma

Childhood
of Bone

Germ Cell Tumor, Extragonadal
Ovarian Cancer, Childhood

Germ Cell Tumor, Ovarian
Ovarian Epithelial Cancer

Gestational Trophoblastic Tumor
Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor

Glioma, Adult
Ovarian Low Malignant Potential Tumor

Glioma, Childhood Brain Stem
Pancreatic Cancer

Glioma, Childhood Cerebral
Pancreatic Cancer, Childhood

Astrocytoma
Pancreatic Cancer, Islet Cell

Glioma, Childhood Visual Pathway and
Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer

Hypothalamic
Parathyroid Cancer

Skin Cancer (Melanoma)
Penile Cancer

Skin Carcinoma, Merkel Cell
Pheochromocytoma

Small Cell Lung Cancer
Pineoblastoma and Supratentorial Primitive

Small Intestine Cancer
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Childhood

Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Adult
Pituitary Tumor

Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Childhood
Plasma Cell Neoplasm/Multiple Myeloma

Squamous Cell Carcinoma, see Skin
Pleuropulmonary Blastoma

Cancer (non-Melanoma)
Pregnancy and Breast Cancer

Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult
Pregnancy and Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Primary, Metastatic
Pregnancy and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Stomach (Gastric) Cancer
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma

Stomach (Gastric) Cancer, Childhood
Prostate Cancer

Supratentorial Primitive
Rectal Cancer

Neuroectodermal Tumors, Childhood
Renal Cell (Kidney) Cancer

T-Cell Lymphoma, Cutaneous, see
Renal Cell (Kidney) Cancer, Childhood

Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary
Renal Pelvis and Ureter, Transitional Cell

Syndrome
Cancer

Testicular Cancer
Retinoblastoma

Thymoma, Childhood
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Childhood

Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma
Salivary Gland Cancer

Thyroid Cancer
Salivary Gland Cancer, Childhood

Thyroid Cancer, Childhood
Sarcoma, Ewing's Family of Tumors

Transitional Cell Cancer of the Renal
Sarcoma, Kaposi's

Pelvis and Ureter
Sarcoma, Soft Tissue, Adult

Trophoblastic Tumor, Gestational
Sarcoma, Soft Tissue, Childhood

Unknown Primary Site, Carcinoma of,
Sarcoma, Uterine

Adult
Sezary Syndrome

Unknown Primary Site, Cancer of,
Skin Cancer (non-Melanoma)

Childhood
Skin Cancer, Childhood

Unusual Cancers of Childhood

Ureter and Renal Pelvis, Transitional Cell

Cancer

Urethral Cancer

Uterine Cancer, Endometrial

Uterine Sarcoma

Vaginal Cancer

Visual Pathway and Hypothalamic

Glioma, Childhood

Vulvar Cancer

Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia

Wilms' Tumor


















































































































































In further embodiments of the present invention, the compounds disclosed herein can be used in the treatment of angiogenesis-related diseases.
Antiangiogenic small molecules include thalidomide, which acts in part by inhibiting NFkB, 2-methoxyestradiol, which influences microtubule activation and hypoxia inducing factor (HIF1a) activation, cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX2) inhibitors, and low doses of conventional chemotherapeutic agents, including cyclophosphamide, and vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine) (D'Amato et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. A 91: 3964-3968; D'Amato et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. A 91: 4082-4085). In addition, certain tyrosine kinase inhibitors indirectly decrease angiogenesis by decreasing production of VEGF and other proangiogenic factors by tumor and stromal cells. These drugs include Herceptin, imatinib (Glivec), and Iressa (Bergers et al., 2003, J Clin Invest 111: 1287-1295; Ciardiello et al., 2001, Clin Cancer Res 7: 1459-1465; Plum et al., 2003, Clin Cancer Res 9: 4619-4626).
Recently, angiogenesis inhibitors have moved from animal models to human patients. Angiogenesis inhibitors represent a promising treatment for a variety of cancers. Recently, Avastin a high affinity antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has been shown to prolong life as a single agent in advanced renal cell carcinoma and prolong life in combination with chemotherapy in advanced colon cancer (Yang et al., 2003, New Eng J Med 349: 427-434; Kabbinavar et al., 2003, J Clin Oncol 21: 60-65).
Angiogenesis-related diseases include, but are not limited to, inflammatory, autoimmune, and infectous diseases; angiogenesis-dependent cancer, including, for example, solid tumors, blood born tumors such as leukemias, and tumor metastases; benign tumors, for example hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas, neurofibromas, trachomas, and pyogenic granulomas; rheumatoid arthritis; psoriasis; eczema; ocular angiogenic diseases, for example, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma, retrolental fibroplasia, rubeosis; Osler-Webber Syndrome; myocardial angiogenesis; plaque neovascularization; telangiectasia; hemophiliac joints; angiofibroma; and wound granulation. In addition, compositions of this invention can be used to treat diseases such as, but not limited to, intestinal adhesions, atherosclerosis, scleroderma, warts, and hypertrophic scars (i.e., keloids). Compositions of this invention can also be used in the treatment of diseases that have angiogenesis as a pathologic consequence such as cat scratch disease ( Rochele minalia quintosa), ulcers ( Helobacter pylori ), tuberculosis, and leprosy.
6.1. Treatment of Drug Resistant Tumors or Cancers
The invention provides compounds that can be used to treat drug resistant cancer, including the embodiments of cancers and the triciribine compound and/or the one or more platinum compounds disclosed herein.
Multidrug resistance (MDR) occurs in human cancers and can be a significant obstacle to the success of chemotherapy. Multidrug resistance is a phenomenon whereby tumor cells in vitro that have been exposed to one cytotoxic agent develop cross-resistance to a range of structurally and functionally unrelated compounds. In addition, MDR can occur intrinsically in some cancers without previous exposure to chemotherapy agents. Thus, in one embodiment, the present invention provides methods for the treatment of a patient with a drug resistant cancer, for example, multidrug resistant cancer, by administration of TCN, TCN-P or a related compound and one or more one or more platinum compounds as disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, TCN, TCN-P and related compounds and one or more one or more platinum compounds can be used to treat cancers that are resistant to taxol alone, rapamycin, tamoxifen, cisplatin, and/or gefitinib (iressa).
In one embodiment, TCN, TCN-P or a related compound and one or more one or more platinum compounds as disclosed herein can be used for the treatment of drug resistent cancers of the colon, bone, kidney, adrenal, pancreas, liver and/or any other cancer known in the art or described herein.
6.2. Combination Therapy
In one embodiment, the triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds of the invention can be administered together with other cytotoxic agents. In another embodiment, the triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds and compositions thereof, when used in the treatment of solid tumors, can be administered the use of radiation.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds and compositions disclosed herein can be combined with at least one additional chemotherapeutic agent. The additional agents can be administered in combination or alternation with the compounds disclosed herein. The drugs can form part of the same composition, or be provided as a separate composition for administration at the same time or a different time.
In one embodiment, the triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds disclosed herein can be combined with antiangiogenic agents to enhance their effectiveness, or combined with other antiangiogenic agents and administered together with other cytotoxic agents. In another embodiment, the triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds and compositions, when used in the treatment of solid tumors, can be administered with the agents selected from, but not limited to IL-12, retinoids, interferons, angiostatin, endostatin, thalidomide, thrombospondin-1, thrombospondin-2, captopryl, anti-neoplastic agents such as alpha interferon, COMP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, methotrexate and prednisone), etoposide, mBACOD (methortrexate, bleomycin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine and dexamethasone), PRO-MACE/MOPP (prednisone, methotrexate (w/leucovin rescue), doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, etoposide/mechlorethamine, vincristine, prednisone and procarbazine), vincristine, vinblastine, angioinhibins, TNP-470, pentosan polysulfate, platelet factor 4, angiostatin, LM-609, SU-101, CM-101, Techgalan, thalidomide, SP-PG and radiation. In further embodiments, the compounds and compositions disclosed herein can be administered in combination or alternation with, for example, drugs with antimitotic effects, such as those which target cytoskeletal elements, including podophylotoxins or vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine); antimetabolite drugs (such as 5-fluorouracil, cytarabine, gemcitabine, purine analogues such as pentostatin, methotrexate); alkylating agents or nitrogen mustards (such as nitrosoureas, cyclophosphamide or ifosphamide); drugs which target DNA such as the antracycline drugs adriamycin, doxorubicin, pharmorubicin or epirubicin; drugs which target topoisomerases such as etoposide; hormones and hormone agonists or antagonists such as estrogens, antiestrogens (tamoxifen and related compounds) and androgens, flutamide, leuprorelin, goserelin, cyprotrone or octreotide; drugs which target signal transduction in tumour cells including antibody derivatives such as herceptin; alkylating drugs such as platinum drugs (cis-platin, carbonplatin, oxaliplatin, paraplatin) or nitrosoureas; drugs potentially affecting metastasis of tumours such as matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors; gene therapy and antisense agents; antibody therapeutics; other bioactive compounds of marine origin, notably the didemnins such as aplidine; steroid analogues, in particular dexamethasone; anti-inflammatory drugs, including nonsteroidal agents (such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen) or steroids and their derivatives in particular dexamethasone; anti-emetic drugs, including 5HT-3 inhibitors (such as gramisetron or ondasetron), and steroids and their derivatives in particular dexamethasone. In still further embodiments, the compounds and compositions can be used in combination or alternation with the chemotherapeutic agents disclosed below in Table 2.





TABLE 2



Chemotherapeutic Agents








13-cis-Retinoic Acid
Neosar

2-Amino-6-Mercaptopurine
Neulasta

2-CdA
Neumega

2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine
Neupogen

5-fluorouracil
Nilandron

5-FU
Nilutamide

6-TG
Nitrogen Mustard

6-Thioguanine
Novaldex

6-Mercaptopurine
Novantrone

6-MP
Octreotide

Accutane
Octreotide acetate

Actinomycin-D
Oncospar

Adriamycin
Oncovin

Adrucil
Ontak

Agrylin
Onxal

Ala-Cort
Oprevelkin

Aldesleukin
Orapred

Alemtuzumab
Orasone

Alitretinoin
Oxaliplatin

Alkaban-AQ
Paclitaxel

Alkeran
Pamidronate

All-transretinoic acid
Panretin

Alpha interferon
Paraplatin

Altretamine
Pediapred

Amethopterin
PEG Interferon

Amifostine
Pegaspargase

Aminoglutethimide
Pegfilgrastim

Anagrelide
PEG-INTRON

Anandron
PEG-L-asparaginase

Anastrozole
Phenylalanine Mustard

Arabinosylcytosine
Platinol

Ara-C
Platinol-AQ

Aranesp
Prednisolone

Aredia
Prednisone

Arimidex
Prelone

Aromasin
Procarbazine

Arsenic trioxide
PROCRIT

Asparaginase
Proleukin

ATRA
Prolifeprospan 20 with Carmustine implant

Avastin
Purinethol

BCG
Raloxifene

BCNU
Rheumatrex

Bevacizumab
Rituxan

Bexarotene
Rituximab

Bicalutamide
Roveron-A (interferon alfa-2a)

BiCNU
Rubex

Blenoxane
Rubidomycin hydrochloride

Bleomycin
Sandostatin

Bortezomib
Sandostatin LAR

Busulfan
Sargramostim

Busulfex
Solu-Cortef

C225
Solu-Medrol

Calcium Leucovorin
STI-571

Campath
Streptozocin

Camptosar
Tamoxifen

Camptothecin-11
Targretin

Capecitabine
Taxol

Carac
Taxotere

Carboplatin
Temodar

Carmustine
Temozolomide

Carmustine wafer
Teniposide

Casodex
TESPA

CCNU
Thalidomide

CDDP
Thalomid

CeeNU
TheraCys

Cerubidine
Thioguanine

cetuximab
Thioguanine Tabloid

Chlorambucil
Thiophosphoamide

Cisplatin
Thioplex

Citrovorum Factor
Thiotepa

Cladribine
TICE

Cortisone
Toposar

Cosmegen
Topotecan

CPT-11
Toremifene

Cyclophosphamide
A platinum compound

Cytadren
Tretinoin

Cytarabine
Trexall

Cytarabine liposomal
Trisenox

Cytosar-U
TSPA

Cytoxan
VCR

Dacarbazine
Velban

Dactinomycin
Velcade

Darbepoetin alfa
VePesid

Daunomycin
Vesanoid

Daunorubicin
Viadur

Daunorubicin hydrochloride
Vinblastine

Daunorubicin liposomal
Vinblastine Sulfate

DaunoXome
Vincasar Pfs

Decadron
Vincristine

Delta-Cortef
Vinorelbine

Deltasone
Vinorelbine tartrate

Denileukin diftitox
VLB

DepoCyt
VP-16

Dexamethasone
Vumon

Dexamethasone acetate
Xeloda

dexamethasone sodium
Zanosar

phosphate
Zevalin

Dexasone
Zinecard

Dexrazoxane
Zoladex

DHAD
Zoledronic acid

DIC
Zometa

Diodex
Gliadel wafer

Docetaxel
Glivec

Doxil
GM-CSF

Doxorubicin
Goserelin

Doxorubicin liposomal
granulocyte - colony stimulating factor

Droxia
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating


factor

DTIC
Halotestin

DTIC-Dome
Herceptin

Duralone
Hexadrol

Efudex
Hexalen

Eligard
Hexamethylmelamine

Ellence
HMM

Eloxatin
Hycamtin

Elspar
Hydrea

Emcyt
Hydrocort Acetate

Epirubicin
Hydrocortisone

Epoetin alfa
Hydrocortisone sodium phosphate

Erbitux
Hydrocortisone sodium succinate

Erwinia L-asparaginase
Hydrocortone phosphate

Estramustine
Hydroxyurea

Ethyol
Ibritumomab

Etopophos
Ibritumomab Tiuxetan

Etoposide
Idamycin

Etoposide phosphate
Idarubicin

Eulexin
Ifex

Evista
IFN-alpha

Exemestane
Ifosfamide

Fareston
IL-2

Faslodex
IL-11

Femara
Imatinib mesylate

Filgrastim
Imidazole Carboxamide

Floxuridine
Interferon alfa

Fludara
Interferon Alfa-2b (PEG conjugate)

Fludarabine
Interleukin-2

Fluoroplex
Interleukin-11

Fluorouracil
Intron A (interferon alfa-2b)

Fluorouracil (cream)
Leucovorin

Fluoxymesterone
Leukeran

Flutamide
Leukine

Folinic Acid
Leuprolide

FUDR
Leurocristine

Fulvestrant
Leustatin

G-CSF
Liposomal Ara-C

Gefitinib
Liquid Pred

Gemcitabine
Lomustine

Gemtuzumab ozogamicin
L-PAM

Gemzar
L-Sarcolysin

Gleevec
Meticorten

Lupron
Mitomycin

Lupron Depot
Mitomycin-C

Matulane
Mitoxantrone

Maxidex
M-Prednisol

Mechlorethamine
MTC

Mechlorethamine
MTX

Hydrochlorine
Mustargen

Medralone
Mustine

Medrol
Mutamycin

Megace
Myleran

Megestrol
Iressa

Megestrol Acetate
Irinotecan

Melphalan
Isotretinoin

Mercaptopurine
Kidrolase

Mesna
Lanacort

Mesnex
L-asparaginase

Methotrexate
LCR

Methotrexate Sodium

Methylprednisolone

Mylocel

Letrozole































































































































































































In certain embodiments, interferons (IFNs) can be used in combinations with the compounds of the present invention. Suitable intereferons include: interferon alpha-2a, interferon alpha-2b, pegylated interferon alpha, including interferon alpha-2a and interferon alpha 2b, interferon beta, interferon gamma, interferon tau, interferon omega, INFERGEN (interferon alphacon-1) by InterMune, OMNIFERON (natural interferon) by Viragen, ALBUFERON by Human Genome Sciences, REBIF (interferon beta-1a) by Ares-Serono, Omega Interferon by BioMedicine, Oral Interferon Alpha by Amarillo Biosciences, and interferon gamma, interferon tau, and/or interferon gamma-1β by InterMune.
In one embodiment TCN, TCN-P or a related compound and one or more platinum compounds as disclosed herein can be used in combination or alternation with additional chemotherapeutic agents, such as those described herein or in Table 3, for the treatment of drug resistant cancer, for example multiple drug resistant cancer. Drug resistent cancers can include cancers of the colon, bone, kidney, adrenal, pancreas, liver and/or any other cancer known in the art or described herein. In one embodiment, the additional chemotherapeutic agent can be a P-glycoprotein inhibitor. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the P-glycoprotein inhibitor can be selected from the following drugs: verapamil, cyclosporin (such as cyclosporin A), tamoxifen, calmodulin antagonists, dexverapamil, dexniguldipine, valspodar (PSC 833), biricodar (VX-710), tariquidar (XR9576), zosuquidar (LY335979), laniquidar (R101933), and/or ONT-093.
7. PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS
The compositions including triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds can optionally be administered with a pharmaceutical carrier or excipient. Pharmaceutical carriers suitable for administration of the compounds provided herein include any such carriers known to those skilled in the art to be suitable for the particular mode of administration. The triciribine compounds and in combination with one or more platinum compounds may be formulated as the sole pharmaceutically active ingredient in the composition or may be combined with one or more platinum compounds.
Compositions including the triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds may be suitable for oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), vaginal, or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intradermal, intraocular, intratracheal, intracisternal, intraperitoneal, and epidural) administration. Preferably the compositions are administered intravenously.
The compositions may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by conventional pharmaceutical techniques. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association one or more compositions of the present invention and one or more pharmaceutical carriers or excipients.
The triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds and compositions thereof can be formulated into suitable pharmaceutical preparations such as solutions, suspensions, tablets, dispersible tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained release formulations or elixirs, for oral administration or in sterile solutions or suspensions for parenteral administration, as well as transdermal patch preparation and dry powder inhalers. In one embodiment, the triciribine compounds described above are formulated into pharmaceutical compositions using techniques and procedures well known in the art (see, e.g., Ansel Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Fourth Ed., 1985, p. 126).
In the compositions, effective concentrations of one or more compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof may be mixed with one or more suitable pharmaceutical carriers. The compounds of the invention may be derivatized as the corresponding salts, esters, enol ethers or esters, acetals, ketals, orthoesters, hemiacetals, hemiketals, acids, bases, solvates, hydrates or prodrugs prior to formulation. The concentrations of the compounds in the compositions are effective for delivery of an amount, upon administration, that treats, prevents, or ameliorates one or more of the symptoms of the target disease or disorder. In one embodiment, the compositions are formulated for single dosage administration. To formulate a composition, the weight fraction of compound is dissolved, suspended, dispersed or otherwise mixed in a selected carrier at an effective concentration such that the treated condition is relieved, prevented, or one or more symptoms are ameliorated.
Compositions suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as, but not limited to, tablets, caplets, pills or dragees capsules, or cachets, each containing a predetermined amount of one or more of the compositions; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil emulsion or as a bolus, etc.
Liquid pharmaceutically administrable compositions can, for example, be prepared by dissolving, dispersing, or otherwise mixing a triciribine compound and optional pharmaceutical adjuvants in a carrier, such as, for example, water, saline, aqueous dextrose, glycerol, glycols, ethanol, and the like, to thereby form a solution or suspension. If desired, the pharmaceutical composition to be administered may also contain minor amounts of nontoxic auxiliary substances such as wetting agents, emulsifying agents, solubilizing agents, pH buffering agents, preservatives, flavoring agents, and the like, for example, acetate, sodium citrate, cyclodextrine derivatives, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, triethanolamine oleate, and other such agents. Methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will be apparent, to those skilled in this art; for example, see Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa.
Compositions of the present invention suitable for topical administration in the mouth include for example, lozenges, having the ingredients in a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles, having one or more triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds of the present invention in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes, having one or more of the compositions of the present invention administered in a suitable liquid carrier.
The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain one or more of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder; a lubricant; a diluent; a glidant; a disintegrating agent; a coloring agent; a sweetening agent; a flavoring agent; a wetting agent; an emetic coating; and a film coating. Examples of binders include microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth, glucose solution, acacia mucilage, gelatin solution, molasses, polyinylpyrrolidine, povidone, crospovidones, sucrose and starch paste. Lubricants include talc, starch, magnesium or calcium stearate, lycopodium and stearic acid. Diluents include, for example, lactose, sucrose, starch, kaolin, salt, mannitol and dicalcium phosphate. Glidants include, but are not limited to, colloidal silicon dioxide. Disintegrating agents include crosscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, alginic acid, corn starch, potato starch, bentonite, methylcellulose, agar and carboxymethylcellulose. Coloring agents include, for example, any of the approved certified water soluble FD and C dyes, mixtures thereof; and water insoluble FD and C dyes suspended on alumina hydrate. Sweetening agents include sucrose, lactose, mannitol and artificial sweetening agents such as saccharin, and any number of spray dried flavors. Flavoring agents include natural flavors extracted from plants such as fruits and synthetic blends of compounds which produce a pleasant sensation, such as, but not limited to peppermint and methyl salicylate. Wetting agents include propylene glycol monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, diethylene glycol monolaurate and polyoxyethylene laural ether. Emetic-coatings include fatty acids, fats, waxes, shellac, ammoniated shellac and cellulose acetate phthalates. Film coatings include hydroxyethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol 4000 and cellulose acetate phthalate.
Compositions suitable for topical administration to the skin may be presented as ointments, creams, gels, and pastes, having one or more of the compositions administered in a pharmaceutical acceptable carrier.
Compositions for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a suitable base including, for example, cocoa butter or a salicylate.
Compositions suitable for nasal administration, when the carrier is a solid, include a coarse powder having a particle size, for example, in the range of 20 to 500 microns which is administered in the manner in which snuff is taken, (i.e., by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close up to the nose). When the carrier is a liquid (for example, a nasal spray or as nasal drops), one or more of the compositions can be admixed in an aqueous or oily solution, and inhaled or sprayed into the nasal passage.
Compositions suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing one or more of the compositions and appropriate carriers.
Compositions suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents. The compositions may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example, sealed ampules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example, water for injections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets of the kind previously described above.
Pharmaceutical organic or inorganic solid or liquid carrier media suitable for enteral or parenteral administration can be used to fabricate the compositions. Gelatin, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, talc, vegetable and animal fats and oils, gum, polyalkylene glycol, water, or other known carriers may all be suitable as carrier media.
Compositions including triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds may be used in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier mediums and/or excipients. As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier medium” includes any and all carriers, solvents, diluents, or other liquid vehicles, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants, adjuvants, vehicles, delivery systems, disintegrants, absorbents, preservatives, surfactants, colorants, flavorants, or sweeteners and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired.
Additionally, the compositions including triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds may be combined with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and, optionally, sustained-release matrices, such as biodegradable polymers, to form therapeutic compositions. A “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” includes a non-toxic solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type.
It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compositions will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular host will depend upon a variety of factors, including for example, the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; activity of the specific composition employed; the specific composition employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration; route of administration; rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; the triciribine compound and/or the one or more platinum compounds used in combination or coincidential with the specific composition employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts. For example, it is well within the skill of the art to start doses of the composition at levels lower than those required to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and to gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.
Compositions including triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds are preferably formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. “Dosage unit form” as used herein refers to a physically discrete unit of the composition appropriate for the host to be treated. Each dosage should contain the quantity of composition calculated to produce the desired therapeutic affect either as such, or in association with the selected pharmaceutical carrier medium.
Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose or unit, daily sub-dose, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the administered ingredient. For example, approximately 1-5 mg per day of a compound disclosed herein can reduce the volume of a solid tumor in mice.
The dosage will depend on host factors such as weight, age, surface area, metabolism, tissue distribution, absorption rate and excretion rate. In one embodiment, approximately 0.5 to 7 grams per day of a triciribine compound disclosed herein may be administered to humans. Optionally, approximately 1 to 4 grams per day of the compound can be administered to humans. In certain embodiments 0.001-5 mg/day is administered to a human. The therapeutically effective dose level will depend on many factors as noted above. In addition, it is well within the skill of the art to start doses of the composition at relatively low levels, and increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.
Compositions including triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds may be used with a sustained-release matrix, which can be made of materials, usually polymers, which are degradable by enzymatic or acid-based hydrolysis or by dissolution. Once inserted into the body, the matrix is acted upon by enzymes and body fluids. A sustained-release matrix for example is chosen from biocompatible materials such as liposomes, polylactides (polylactic acid), polyglycolide (polymer of glycolic acid), polylactide co-glycolide (copolymers of lactic acid and glycolic acid), polyanhydrides, poly(ortho)esters, polypeptides, hyaluronic acid, collagen, chondroitin sulfate, carboxcylic acids, fatty acids, phospholipids, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, polyamino acids, amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine, polynucleotides, polyvinyl propylene, polyvinylpyrrolidone and silicone. A preferred biodegradable matrix is a matrix of one of either polylactide, polyglycolide, or polylactide co-glycolide (co-polymers of lactic acid and glycolic acid).
The triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds may also be administered in the form of liposomes. As is known in the art, liposomes are generally derived from phospholipids or other lipid substances. Liposomes are formed by mono- or multi-lamellar hydrated liquid crystals that are dispersed in an aqueous medium. Any non-toxic, physiologically-acceptable and metabolizable lipid capable of forming liposomes can be used. The liposome can contain, in addition to one or more compositions of the present invention, stabilizers, preservatives, excipients, and the like. Examples of lipids are the phospholipids and the phosphatidyl cholines (lecithins), both natural and synthetic. Methods to form liposomes are known in the art.
The triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds may be formulated as aerosols for application, such as by inhalation. These formulations for administration to the respiratory tract can be in the form of an aerosol or solution for a nebulizer, or as a microfine powder for insufflation, alone or in combination with an inert carrier such as lactose. In such a case, the particles of the formulation will, in one embodiment, have diameters of less than 50 microns, in one embodiment less than 10 microns.
Compositions including the triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds may be used in combination with other compositions and/or procedures for the treatment of the conditions described above. For example, a tumor may be treated conventionally with surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy combined with one or more compositions of the present invention and then one or more compositions of the present invention may be subsequently administered to the patient to extend the dormancy of micrometastases and to stabilize, inhibit, or reduce the growth of any residual primary tumor.
7.1. Additional Embodiments
The pharmaceutical compositions including triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds can be formulated according to known methods for preparing pharmaceutically useful compositions. Formulations are described in a number of sources which are well known and readily available to those skilled in the art. For example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa.) describes formulations which can be used in connection with the subject invention. Formulations suitable for administration include, for example, aqueous sterile injection solutions, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and nonaqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the condition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example, water for injections, prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powder, granules, tablets, etc. It should be understood that in addition to the ingredients particularly mentioned above, the formulations of the subject invention can include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question.
The methods of the present invention, for example, for inhibiting the growth of a cancerous cell, can be advantageously combined with at least one additional therapeutic method, including but not limited to chemotherapy, radiation therapy, therapy that selectively inhibits Ras oncogenic signaling, or any other therapy known to those of skill in the art of the treatment and management of cancer, such as administration of an anti-cancer agent.
Administration of API-2 (triciribine) as a salt may be carried out. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts are organic acid addition salts formed with acids which form a physiological acceptable anion, for example, tosylate, methanesulfonate, acetate, citrate, malonate, tartarate, succinate, benzoate, ascorbate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and alpha-glycerophosphate. Suitable inorganic salts may also be formed, including hydrochloride, sulfate, nitrate, bicarbonate, and carbonate salts.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be obtained using standard procedures well known in the art, for example by reacting a sufficiently basic compound such as an amine with a suitable acid affording a physiologically acceptable anion. Alkali metal (for example, sodium, potassium or lithium) or alkaline earth metal (for example calcium) salts of carboxylic acids can also be made.
The triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds can be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions and administered to a subject, such as a human or veterinary patient, in a variety of forms adapted to the chosen route of administration, i.e., orally or parenterally, by intravenous, intramuscular, topical or subcutaneous routes.
Thus, the triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds of the present invention may be systemically administered, e.g., orally, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle (i.e., carrier) such as an inert diluent or an assimilable edible carrier. They may be enclosed in hard or soft shell gelatin capsules, may be compressed into tablets, or may be incorporated directly with the food of the patient's diet. For oral therapeutic administration, the compounds may be combined with one or more excipients and used in the form of ingestible tablets, buccal tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, wafers, and the like. Such compositions and preparations should contain at least 0.1% of active agent. The percentage of the compositions and preparations may, of course, be varied and may conveniently be between about 2 to about 60% of the weight of a given unit dosage form. The amount of the active compound in such therapeutically useful compositions is such that an effective dosage level will be obtained.
The tablets, troches, pills, capsules, and the like may also contain the following: binders such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid and the like; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; and a sweetening agent such as sucrose, fructose, lactose or aspartame or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry flavoring may be added. When the unit dosage form is a capsule, it may contain, in addition to materials of the above type, a liquid carrier, such as a vegetable oil or a polyethylene glycol. Various other materials may be present as coatings or to otherwise modify the physical form of the solid unit dosage form. For instance, tablets, pills, or capsules may be coated with gelatin, wax, shellac or sugar and the like. A syrup or elixir may contain the compounds of the invention, sucrose or fructose as a sweetening agent, methyl and propylparabens as preservatives, a dye and flavoring such as cherry or orange flavor. Of course, any material used in preparing any unit dosage form should be pharmaceutically acceptable and substantially non-toxic in the amounts employed. In addition, the compounds of the invention may be incorporated into sustained-release preparations and devices.
The triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds may also be administered intravenously or intraperitoneally by infusion or injection. Solutions of the active agents or their salts can be prepared in water, optionally mixed with a nontoxic surfactant. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, triacetin, and mixtures thereof and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
The pharmaceutical dosage forms suitable for injection or infusion can include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions or sterile powders including the active ingredient which are adapted for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable or infusible solutions or dispersions, optionally encapsulated in liposomes. In all cases, the ultimate dosage form must be sterile, fluid and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. The liquid carrier or vehicle can be a solvent or liquid dispersion medium including, for example, water, ethanol, a polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and the like), vegetable oils, nontoxic glyceryl esters, and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the formation of liposomes, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions or by the use of surfactants. The prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, buffers or sodium chloride. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by the use in the compositions of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating compounds of the invention in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various of the other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filter sterilization. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and the freeze drying techniques, which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient present in the previously sterile-filtered solutions.
For topical administration, the triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds may be applied in pure-form, i.e., when they are liquids. However, it will generally be desirable to administer them to the skin as compositions or formulations, in combination with a dermatologically acceptable carrier, which may be a solid or a liquid.
Useful solid carriers include finely divided solids such as talc, clay, microcrystalline cellulose, silica, alumina and the like. Useful liquid carriers include water, alcohols or glycols or water-alcohol/glycol blends, in which the compounds of the invention can be dissolved or dispersed at effective levels, optionally with the aid of non-toxic surfactants. Adjuvants such as fragrances and additional antimicrobial agents can be added to optimize the properties for a given use. The resultant liquid compositions can be applied from absorbent pads, used to impregnate bandages and other dressings, or sprayed onto the affected area using pump-type or aerosol sprayers.
Thickeners such as synthetic polymers, fatty acids, fatty acid salts and esters, fatty alcohols, modified celluloses or modified mineral materials can also be employed with liquid carriers to form spreadable pastes, gels, ointments, soaps, and the like, for application directly to the skin of the user. Examples of useful dermatological compositions which can be used to deliver the compounds of the invention to the skin are disclosed in Jacquet et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,608,392), Geria (U.S. Pat. No. 4,992,478), Smith et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,559,157) and Woltzman (U.S. Pat. No. 4,820,508).
Useful dosages of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be determined by comparing their in vitro activity, and in vivo activity in animal models. Methods for the extrapolation of effective dosages in mice, and other animals, to humans are known to the art; for example, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,938,949.
In one non-limiting embodiment, the concentration of the active agent in a liquid composition, such as a lotion, can be from about 0.1-25 wt-%, or from about 0.5-10 wt.-%. In one embodiment, the concentration in a semi-solid or solid composition such as a gel or a powder can be about 0.1-5 wt.-%, preferably about 0.5-2.5 wt.-%. In one embodiment, single dosages for injection, infusion or ingestion will generally vary between 5-1500 mg, and may be administered, i.e., 1-3 times daily, to yield levels of about 0.1-50 mg/kg, for adults. A non-limiting dosage of the present invention can be between 7.5 to 45 mg per clay, administered orally, with appropriate adjustment for the body weight of an individual.
Accordingly, the present invention includes a pharmaceutical composition including triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Pharmaceutical compositions adapted for oral, topical or parenteral administration, including an amount of triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, constitute a preferred embodiment of the invention. The dose administered to a subject, particularly a human, in the context of the present invention should be sufficient to affect a therapeutic response in the patient over a reasonable time frame. One skilled in the art will recognize that dosage will depend upon a variety of factors including the condition of the animal, the body weight of the animal, as well as the severity and stage of the cancer.
A suitable dose is that which will result in a concentration of the triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds in tumor tissue which is known to affect the desired response. The preferred dosage is the amount which results in maximum inhibition of cancer cell growth, without unmanageable side effects. Administration of API-2 (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be continuous or at distinct intervals, as can be determined by a person of ordinary skill in the art.
Mammalian species which benefit from the disclosed methods for the inhibition of cancer cell growth, include, but are not limited to, primates, such as apes, chimpanzees, orangutans, humans, monkeys; domesticated animals (e.g., pets) such as dogs, cats, guinea pigs, hamsters, Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs, rabbits, and ferrets; domesticated farm animals such as cows, buffalo, bison, horses, donkey, swine, sheep, and goats; exotic animals typically found in zoos, such as bear, lions, tigers, panthers, elephants, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, giraffes, antelopes, sloth, gazelles, zebras, wildebeests, prairie dogs, koala bears, kangaroo, opossums, raccoons, pandas, hyena, seals, sea lions, elephant seals, otters, porpoises, dolphins, and whales. The terms “patient” and “subject” are used herein interchangeably and are intended to include such human and non-human mammalian species. Likewise, in vitro methods of the present invention can be earned out on cells of such mammalian species.
Patients in need of treatment using the methods of the present invention can be identified using standard techniques known to those in the medical profession.
The following examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.
8. EXAMPLES
8.1. Example 1
In Vitro Screening
Cell Lines and NCI Diversity Set
All cell lines can be purchased from ATCC or described previously (Cheng et al., 1997, Oncogene 14: 2793-2801; West et al., 2002, Drug Resist Updat 5: 234-248; Satyamoorthy et al., 2001, Cancer Res 61: 7318-7324). The NCI Structural Diversity Set is a library of 1,992 compounds selected from the approximately 140,000-compound NCI drug depository. In-depth data on the selection, structures, and activities of these diversity set compounds can be found on the NCI Developmental Therapeutics Program web site.
Screening for Inhibition of Akt-Transformed Cell Growth.
AKT2 transformed NIH3T3 cells or LXSN vector-transfected NIH3T3 control cells (Cheng et al., 1997, Oncogene 14: 2793-2801) are plated into 96-well tissue culture plate. Following treatment with 5 μM of NCI Diversity Set compound, cell growth can be detected with CellTier 96 One Solution Cell Proliferation kit (Promega). Compounds that inhibit growth in AKT2-transformed but not LXSN-transfected NIH3T3 cells are considered as candidates of Akt inhibitor and subjected to further analysis.
In Vitro Protein Kinase, Cell Survival and Apoptosis Assays.
In vitro kinase is performed as previously described (see, for example, Jiang et al., 2000, Mol Cell Biol 20: 139-148). Cell survival is assayed with MTS (Promega). Apoptosis was detected with annexin V, which is performed as previously described (Jiang et al., 2000, Mol Cell Biol 20: 139-148). Recombinant Akt and PDK1 are purchased from Upstate Biotechnology Inc.
Results
Identification of Small Molecule Inhibitor of Akt Signaling Pathway, API-2.
Frequent alterations of Akt has been detected in human cancer and disruption of Akt pathway induces apoptosis and inhibits tumor growth (Jetzt et al., 2003, Cancer Res 63: 697-706). Thus, Akt is considered as an attractive molecular target for development of novel cancer therapeutics. To identify small molecule inhibitor(s) of Akt, a chemical library of 1,992-compounds from the NCI (the NCI Diversity Set) is evaluated for agents capable of inhibition of growth in AKT2-transformed but not empty vector LXSN-transfected NIH3T3 cells. Repeated experiments showed that 32 compounds inhibited growth only in AKT2-transformaed cells. The most potent of these compounds, API-2 (NCI identifier: NSC 154020), can suppress cell growth at a concentration of 50 nM. FIG. 1A shows the chemical structure of API-2, which is also known as triciribine (Schweinsberg et al., 1981, Biochem Pharmacol 30: 2521-2526). The fact that API-2 inhibits selectively AKT-2 transformed cells over untransformed parental cells prompted us to determine whether API-2 is an inhibitor of AKT2 kinase. To this end, AKT2 is immunoprecipitated with anti-AKT2 antibody from AKT-2 transformed NIH3T3 cells following treatment with API-2. AKT2 immunoprecipitates were immunoblotted with anti-phospho-Akt antibodies. As shown in FIG. 1B , API-2 significantly inhibited AKT2 phosphorylation at both threonine-309 and serine-474, which are required for full activation of AKT2 (Datta et al., 1999, Genes Dev 13: 2905-2927). As three isoforms of Akt share high homology and similar structure, the effect of API-2 on their kinase activities is evaluated. HEK293 cells are transfected with HA-Akt1, -AKT2 and -AKT3, serum-starved overnight and treated with API-2 for 60 min prior to EGF (50 ng/ml) stimulation. Triple experiments showed that API-2 suppressed EGF-induced kinase activity and phosphorylation of Akt1, AKT2 and AKT3 ( FIG. 1C ). However, kinase activity of recombinant constitutively active AKT2 (Myr-AKT2) is not inhibited by API-2 in an in vitro kinase reaction ( FIG. 1D ), suggesting that API-2 does not directly inhibit Akt in vitro and that API-2 neither functions as ATP competitor nor as the substrate competitor that binds to active site of Akt.
API-2 does not Inhibit Known Upstream Activators of Akt.
It has been well documented that Akt is activated by extracellular stimuli and intracellular signal molecules, such as active Ras and Src, through a PI3K-dependent manner. Therefore, API-2 inhibition of Akt could result from targeting upstream molecule(s) of Akt. As PI3K and PDK1 are direct upstream regulators of Akt (Datta et al., 1999, Genes Dev 13: 2905-2927), whether API-2 inhibits PI3K and/or PDK1 is examined. HEK293 cells are serum-starved and then can be treated with API-2 or PI3K inhibitor, wortmannin, for 30 min prior to EGF stimulation. PI3K is immunoprecipitated with anti-p110α antibody. The immunoprecipitates are subjected to in vitro PI3K kinase assay using PI-4-P as a substrate. As shown in FIG. 2A , the EGF-induced PI3K activity is inhibited by wortmannin but not by API-2. To evaluate the effect of API-2 on PDK1, an assay in which recombinant PDK1 promotes the threonine-309 phosphorylation of AKT2 peptides is used in the presence of lipid vesicles containing phosphotidylinositol. As shown in FIG. 2B , the assay is potently inhibited by the control PDK1 inhibitor staurosporine (IC50=5 nM). In contrast, API-2 displayed only 21% inhibition of the assay at the highest concentration tested (5.1 μM). To further evaluate the effect of API-2 on PDK1 activation, the autophosphorylation level of PDK1 at serine-241, a residue that is phosphorylated by itself and is critical for its activity is examined (Datta et al., 1999, Genes Dev 13: 2905-2927), following API-2 treatment of HEK293 cells. Triplicate experiments show that phosphorylation levels of PDK1 are not inhibited by API-2 ( FIG. 2B ). However, PI3K inhibitor wortmannin can inhibit EGF-stimulated PDK1 ( FIG. 2B ).
API-2 is Highly Selective for the Akt Over PKC, PKA, SGK, STAT, JNK, p38, and ERK Signaling Pathways.
Akt belongs to AGC (PKA/PKG/PKC) kinase family, which also include PKA, PKC, serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase (SGK), p90 ribosomal S6 kinase, p70 S6K , mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase and PKC-related kinase. Among AGC kinase family, protein structures of PKA, PKC and SGK are more close to Akt kinase than other members. Therefore, next examined are the effects of API-2 on the enzymatic activities of these 3 kinases. HEK293 cells are transfected with HA-tagged PKA, PKCα or SGK. In vitro kinase assay and immunoblotting analysis show that the kinase activities of PKA and PKCα are inhibited by PKAI and Ro 31-8220, a PKC inhibitor, respectively, whereas API-2 exhibits no effect on their activities ( FIGS. 2C and 2E ). Further, serum-induced SGK kinase activity is attenuated by wortmannin but not by API-2 ( FIG. 2D ). In addition, it is determined whether API-2 has effect on other oncogenic survival pathways. Western blotting analyses with commercially available anti-phospho-antibodies reveals that phosphorylation levels of Stat3, JNK, p38 and Erk1/2 were not affected by API-2 treatment ( FIG. 2F ). These data indicate that API-2 specifically inhibits Akt signaling pathway.
API-2 Suppresses Cell Growth and Induces Apoptosis in Akt-Overexpressing/Activating Human Cancer Cell Lines.
The ability of API-2 to selectively inhibit the Akt pathway suggests that it should inhibit proliferation and/or induces apoptosis preferentially in those tumor cells with aberrant expression/activation of Akt. As activation of Akt in human malignancies commonly results from overexpression of Akt or PTEN mutations, API-2 is used to treat the cells that express constitutively active Akt, caused by overexpression of AKT2 (OVCAR3, OVCAR8, PANC1 and AKT2-transformed NIH3T3) or mutations of the PTEN gene (PC-3, LNCaP, MDA-MB-468), and cells that do not (OVCAR5, DU-145, T47D, COLO357 and LXSN-NIH3T3) as well as melanoma cells that are activated by IGF-1 to activate Akt or do not respond to growth stimulation by IGF-1 (Satyamoorthy et al., 2001, Cancer Res 61: 7318-7324). Immunoblotting analysis showed that phosphorylation levels of Akt are inhibited by API-2 only in the cells expressing elevated Akt or responding to IGF-1 simulation ( FIG. 3A ). Accordingly, API-2 inhibited cell growth to a much higher degree in Akt-overexpressing/activating cells as compared to those with low levels of Akt. As shown in FIG. 3B , API-2 treatment inhibited cell proliferation by approximate 50-60% in Akt-overexpressing/activating cell lines, LNCaP, PC-3, OVCAR3, OVCA8, PANC1, MDA-MB-468, and WM35, whereas only by about 10-20% in DU145, OVCAR5, COLO357, T47D and WM852 cells, which exhibit low levels of Akt or do not respond to growth stimulation by IGF-1. Moreover, API-2 induces apoptosis by 8-fold (OVCAR3), 6-fold (OVCAR8), 6-fold (PANC1), and 3-fold (AKT2-NIH3T3). No significant difference of apoptosis is observed between API-2 and vehicle (DMSO) treatment in OVCAR5, COLO357 and LXSN-NIH3T3 cells. Thus, API-2 inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis preferentially in cells that express aberrant Akt.
API-2 Inhibits Downstream Targets of Akt.
It has been shown that Akt exerts its cellular effects through phosphorylation of a number of proteins (Datta et al., 1999, Genes Dev 13: 2905-2927). More than 20 proteins have been identified as Akt substrates, including the members of Forkhead protein family (FKHR, AFX and FKHRL1), tuberlin/TSC2, p70 S6K , GSK-3β, p21 WAF1/Cip1 , p27 kip1 , MDM2, Bad, ASK1 and IKKα etc. It is next examined whether API-2 inhibits downstream targets of Akt. As anti-phospho-tuberlin, -Bad, -AFX, and -GSK-3β antibodies are commercially available, therefore, the effect of API-2 on their phosphorylation induced by Akt was determined. Following API-2 (1 μM) treatment, OVCAR3 cells were lysed and immunoblotted with the individual anti-phospho-antibody. FIG. 4A shows that API-2 considerably inhibited the phosphorylation levels of tuberlin leading to stabilization and upregulation of tuberin (Dan et al., 2002, J Biol Chem 277: 35364-35370). The phosphorylation levels of Bad, GSK-3β, and AFX are partially attenuated by API-2. These data suggest that API-2 induces cell death and cell growth arrest by inhibiting phosphorylation of its downstream targets. API-2 inhibition of Akt downstream targets at different degrees could be due to the fact that phosphorylation sites of these targets are also regulated by other kinase(s), for instance, Bad serine-136 is phosphorylated by PAK1 in addition to Akt (Schurmann et al., 2000, Mol Cell Biol 20: 453-461).
8.2 Example 2
Antitumor Activity in the Nude Mouse Tumor Xenograft Model
Tumor cells can be harvested, suspended in PBS, and can be injected s.c. into the right and left flanks (2×10 6 cells/flank) of 8-week-old female nude mice as reported previously (Sun et al., 1999, Cancer Res 59: 4919-4926). When tumors reach about 100-150 mm 3 , animals are randomized and dosed i.p. with 0.2 ml vehicle of the triciribine compound and/or one or more platinum compounds daily. Control animals receive DMSO (20%) vehicle, whereas treated animals can be injected with API-2 (1 mg/kg/day) in 20% DMSO.
API-2 Inhibits the Growth of Tumors in Nude Mice that Overexpress Akt.
Frequent overexpression/activation and/or amplification of AKT1 and AKT2 in human ovarian and pancreatic cancer was shown (Cheng et al., AKT signal transduction pathway in oncogenesis , in Schwab D (ed.) Encyclopedic Reference of Cancer , Springer, pp 35-7) Inhibition of Akt pathway by inhibitors of PI3K, HSP70, Src and farnesyltransferase resulted in cell growth arrest and induction of apoptosis (Solit et al., 2003, Cancer Res 63: 2139-2144; Xu et al., 2003, Cancer Res 63: 7777-7784). A recent study showed that the tumor growth of xenografts with elevated Akt was also significantly inhibited by intratumoral injection of adenovirus of dominant negative Akt (Jetzt et al., 2003, Cancer Res 63: 697-706). Because API-2 inhibits Aid signaling and induces apoptosis and cell growth arrest only in cancer cells with elevated levels of Akt ( FIG. 3 ), the growth of tumors with elevated levels of Akt should be more sensitive to API-2 than that of tumors with low levels of Akt in nude mice. To this end, s.c. Akt-overexpressing cells (OVCAR3, OVCAR8 and PANC-1) are s.c. implanted into the right flank, and those cell lines that express low levels of Akt (OVCAR5 and COLO357) into the left flank of mice. When the tumors reach an average size of about 100-150 mm 3 , the animals are randomized and treated i.p. with either vehicle or API-2 (1 mg/kg/day). As illustrated in FIG. 4B , OVCAR-5 and COLO357 tumors treated with vehicle grew to about 800-1,000 mm 3 49 days after tumor implantation. OVCAR3, OVCAR8 and PANC1 tumors treated with vehicle control grew to about 700-900 mm 3 49 days after tumor implantation. API-2 inhibited OVCAR3, OVCAR8 and PANC1 tumor growth by 90%, 88% and 80%, respectively. In contrast, API-2 has little effect on the growth of OVCAR5 and COLO357 cells in nude mice ( FIGS. 4B-4D and data not shown). At dose 1 mg/kg/day, API-2 had no effects on blood glucose level, body weight, activity and food intake of mice. In treated tumor samples, Akt activity was inhibited by API-2 without change of total Akt content ( FIG. 4E ). Taken together, these results indicate that API-2 selectively inhibits the growth of tumors with elevated levels of Akt.
8.3 Example 3
TCN Directly Inhibits Wild Type Akt Kinase Activity
API-2 (TCN) can directly inhibit wild type Akt kinase activity induced by PDK1 in vitro ( FIG. 1 ). This result supports that API-2 is a direct Akt inhibitor and that the underlying mechanism may be API-2 binding to PH domain and/or threonine-308 of Akt. An in vitro kinase assay is performed with recombinant of PDK1 and Akt in a kinase buffer containing phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-P3 (PIP3), API-2 and histone H2B as substrate. After incubation of 30 min, the reactions were separated by SDS-PAGE and exposed in a film.
8.4 Example 4
TCN is Effective in Cancer Resistant Cells
The effects of TCN (API-2) are tested in cisplatin, paclitaxel, and tamoxifen resistant A270CP, C-13, OVCAR433 and MCF7/TAM cells. API-2 overcame cisplatin, paclitaxel, and tamoxifen resistance in these cells
8.5 Example 5
TCN Overcomes Cisplatin Resistance in Cisplatin Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cells
Ovarian cancer cell lines sensitive to cisplatin, A2780S and OV2008, and their cisplatin resistant derivatives, A2780CP and C13, respectively, were treated with 0, 10, 20 and 30 μM cisplatin, followed by an assessment of the percentage of cells surviving the cisplatin. The resistance to cisplatin toxicity was confirmed in the A2780S and C13 cell lines ( FIG. 9A ). Lysates from all four cell types were resolved by SDS-PAGE and probed with antibodies to phosphorylated Akt and total Akt. The cisplatin resistant cell lines endogenously express significantly higher levels phosphorylated Akt ( FIG. 9B ).
It was next assessed what effects TCN would have on cisplatin resistance. A2780CP and C13 ovarian cancer cells were treated with 0, 5, 10 and 20 μM, with or without 10 μM TCN, followed by measurement of cell survival. The addition of TCN significantly lowered the resistance to cisplatin in both cell lines ( FIG. 10 ). C13 cells were then treated with 0, 1, 5, 10 and 20 μM TCN with or without 10 μM cisplatin, followed by measurement of cell survival. The combination of TCN and cisplatin synergistically reduced cell survival ( FIG. 11 ).
C13 cells were injected subcutaneously in nude mice, followed by treatment with vehicle (DMSO), cisplatin alone (2 mg/kg/day), TCN alone (2 mg/kg/day) or TCN and cisplatin. Tumor mass was assessed at weekly intervals for four weeks. The combination of cisplatin and TCN enhanced the ability to suppress the growth and prgression of the tumor ( FIG. 12 ).
8.6 Example 6
TCN Enhances the Effects of mTOR Inhibition
OV3 and MCF7 cells were treated with the mTOR inhibitors rapamycin and RAD001, respectively, over a 24 hour time course. Lysyates were resolved by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a membrane for western blotting. Membranes were probed with antibodies to phospho-Akt, total Akt, phospho-p70S6K, and total p70S6K. Membranes with lysates derived from OV3 cells were additionally probed with antibodies to phospho-FKHRL 1 and total FKHRL 1. The use of mTOR inhibitors lead to rapid activation of Akt pathway in both cell lines ( FIG. 13 ).
OV3 cells were then treated with either control, rapamycin, or rapamycin and TCN and MCF7 cells were treated with control, RAD001, or RAD001 and TCN. TCN markedly decreased the mTOR inhibitors' increase in Akt phosphorylation without a subsequent increase in p70S6K activity ( FIG. 14 ). DU-145, MCF7 and OV3 cell growth rates were then assessed over 6 days in the presence of control, mTOR inhibitor, TCN, or TCN and mTOR inhibitor. The inhibition on cell growth by mTOR inhibition was enhanced by TCN ( FIG. 15 ).
8.7 Example 7
TCN Overcomes Aurora-A Induced Cisplatin Resistance
Auruoa-A is a serine/threonine kinase involved in progression of the cell cycle. The effect of Aurora-A on sensitivity to cisplatin was examined. A2780S and A2780CP cells, as well as OV2008 cells, were transfected with empty vecotr or with a construct encoding an HA-tagged Aurora-A protein. Expression of Aurora-A was confirmed by western blotting lysates resolved by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a membrane ( FIG. 16 , top panels). The viability of cells was assessed in the presence of paclitaxel and cisplatin. A2780S and OV2008 cells transfected with Aurora-A showed improved viability over A2780S and OV2008 cells transfected with empty vector only ( FIG. 16 ).
It was next assessed what effect Aurora-A exhibited on the induction of apoptosis induced by cisplatin. A2780S cells were transfected with empty vector or with a construct encoding the Aurora-A protein. Cells were then treated with cisplatin. Immunofluorescent staining ( FIG. 17A ) shows that expression of Aurora-A inhibits cytochrome c release. Western blot analysis revealed that introduction of Aurora-A increases phosphohrylation of Akt, as well as Akt kinase activity ( FIGS. 17B and C).
Next, A2780S and OV2008 cells, transfected with either empty vector or Aurora-A, were treated with either cisplatin, TCN, or cisplatin and TCN. Both A2780S and OV2008 cells expressing Aurora-A showed markedly decreased resistance to cisplatin in the presence of TCN ( FIG. 18 ).
This invention has been described with reference to its preferred embodiments. Variations and modifications of the invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art from the foregoing detailed description of the invention. It is intended that all of these variations and modifications be included within the scope of this invention.