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(en)Process for preparing Xanthomonas heteropolysaccharide from Xanthomonas campestris NCIB 11854 and use of the latter, e.g. as viscosity modifier in an aqueous solution, and in a drilling fluid and use in connection with well treatments, and enhanced oil recovery.
1.ApplicationNumber: US-62616984-A
1.PublishNumber: US-4752580-A
2.Date Publish: 19880621
3.Inventor: DOWNS; JOHN D.
4.Inventor Harmonized: DOWNS JOHN D(GB)
5.Country: US
6.Claims:
(en)Process for preparing Xanthomonas heteropolysaccharide from Xanthomonas campestris NCIB 11854 and use of the latter, e.g. as viscosity modifier in an aqueous solution, and in a drilling fluid and use in connection with well treatments, and enhanced oil recovery.
7.Description:
(en)BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a process for preparing Xanthomonas heteropolysaccharides by fermenting a certain Xanthomonas species.
2. Description of the Prior Art
From U.S. Pat. No. 3,485,719 it is known that heteropolysaccharides can be prepared by subjecting a carbohydrate source to fermentation by the organism Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459. In this patent specification it is stated that the heteropolysaccharide produced from Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 has been shown to be an exceptionally effective agent when used in secondary oil recovery operations as well as exhibiting utility as a thickening agent for foodstuffs, cosmetics, etc., and also as an edible film-forming agent, and as an emulsifying agent, for example, in printing ink and as thickening agent in textile print pastes.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Applicant has now isolated a novel substrain of Xanthomonas campestris species which has been deposited at the National Collection of Industrial Bacteria, Torry Research Station, Aberdeen, under accession No. 11854. Compared with the microorganism Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459, the present microorganism, NCIB 11854 appears to exhibit a much higher specific growth rate in a defined medium coupled with a remarkably higher specific rate of polymer production.
Furthermore, the filterability of the heteropolysaccharide produced by the NCIB 11854 microorganism is as good as or is even better than that of the heteropolysaccharide produced by the Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459, especially at higher salinities. The present invention therefore provides a process for preparing Xanthomonas heteropolysaccharide which comprises growing the organism Xanthomonas campestris NCIB 11854 in an aqueous nutrient medium by aerobic fermentation of an assimilable carbohydrate and nitrogen source and recovering the heteropolysaccharide. The process may suitably be carried out as a batch-process or a fed-batch process with or without fill-and-draw or as a continuous process.
From productivity considerations a continuous process or a fill-and-draw process is preferred. Preferably, the organism is grown in the absence of yeast extract in a nutrient medium. The use of a chemically defined nutrient medium is advantageous since for a given productivity or for a given final cell concentration it appears easier to handle a nitrogen source such as sodium glutamate, ammonium or nitrate salts than complex nitrogen sources such as yeast extract or distillers dried solubles. Sodium glutamate is preferably used as a nitrogen source. The present invention further relates to the heteropolysaccharide as prepared by the process as hereinbefore described and to the use of the heteropolysaccharide as viscosity modifier in an aqueous solution for various conventional utilities.
A drilling fluid comprising water and 0.06-1.5% by weight of the above heteropolysaccharide is a further aspect of the present invention. The present invention also encompasses a method of treating a well comprising the introduction into the well of an aqueous medium comprising water and 0.05-1.5% by weight of the above heteropolysaccharide as well as a method for displacing a fluid through a well and/or a permeable subsurface formation communicating with the well by injecting into the well an aqueous solution comprising the above heteropolysaccharide. The present invention further relates to a biologically pure culture of Xanthomonas campestris NCIB 11854.
The present invention will now be further illustrated by the following Example.
EXAMPLE
Preparation of Heteropolysaccharide by Cultivation of Xanthomonas campestris sp. NCIB 11854 and a Comparison of Its Performance with that of Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459
Xanthomonas campestris NCIB 11854 was grown on three different chemically defined salt media (as shown in Table 1) in a Chemap GF 7 liter fermentation vessel under batch conditions as summarized in Table 2.
TABLE 1______________________________________CHEMICALLY DEFINED SALTS MEDIUM FOR THECULTURE OF XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS NCIB 11854 Concentration (mM).sup.(a)Component Medium 1 Medium 2 Medium 3______________________________________Glucose 24.5 (g1.sup.-1).sup.(b) 24.3 (g1.sup.-1) 23.4 (g1.sup.-1)(NH.sub.4).sub.2 SO.sub.4 12 (24 mM N).sup.(c) -- --NaNO.sub.3 -- 24 --Na Glutamate -- -- 24KH.sub.2 PO.sub.4 25 25 25Na.sub.2 HPO.sub.4 25 25 25MgSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O 2 2 2CaCl.sub.2.2H.sub.2 O 1 1 1FeSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O 0.2 0.2 0.2MnSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O 20 × 10.sup.-3 20 × 10.sup.-3 20 × 10.sup.-3CuSO.sub.4.5H.sub.2 O 20 × 10.sup.-3 20 × 10.sup.-3 20 × 10 .sup.CoCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2 O 10 × 10.sup.-3 10 × 10.sup.-3 10 × 10.sup.-3H.sub.3 BO.sub. 3 10 × 10.sup.-3 10 × 10.sup.-3 10 × 10.sup.-3Na.sub.2 MoO.sub.4.2H.sub.2 O 10 × 10.sup.-3 10 × 10.sup.-3 10 × 10.sup.-3KI 10 × 10.sup.-3 10 × 10.sup.-3 10 × 10.sup.-3______________________________________ .sup.(a) mM = millimolar. .sup.(b) g1.sup.-1 = grams/liter .sup.(c) mM = millimolar nitrogen.
TABLE 2______________________________________GROWTH CONDITIONS FOR THE CULTURE OFXANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS NCIB 11854Temperature 28° C.pH 6.8Impeller 3 × 4 Bladed Rushton turbineImpeller speed 1000 rpmCulture volume 4.5-5.0 literspH control 1N NaOH + 1N KOHDissolved O.sub.2 tension >80 mm HgAir flow rate 1.0 liters/minute______________________________________
In the first experiment the sole source of nitrogen for microbial growth was ammonium ion (24 mM), allowing exponential growth of cells to a maximum concentration of 3 gl -1 . In the second and third experiments the ammonium was substituted with nitrate (24 mM) and glutamate (24 mM) respectively. The results are shown in FIGS. 1-3.
As is clear from a comparison of these figures, glutamate as a nitrogen source is preferred since it gives a μmax, i.e. maximum cell growth rate of 0.12 h -1 , a qp value, i.e. specific rate of polymer production of 0.36 g.(g -1 )h -1 and a final polymer yield Yp of 0.59 g.g -1 . This combination of high μmax and high qp resulted in a final polymer productivity of 0.49 g.(1 -1 )h -1 , which is more than double the normal productivity of a heteropolysaccharide fermentation using Xanthamonas campestris NRRL B-1459.
Table 3 indicates under A the values of μmax, qp, qg, i.e. the specific glucose utilization rate, Yp, i.e. yield of polymer on glucose and p, i.e. polymer productivity for Xanthomonas campestris NCIB 11854 on the above defined salts growth medium and under B the respective values for Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459.
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________KINETIC DATA FROM THE CULTURE OF XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRISNCIB 11854 (A) AND XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS NRRL B-1459 (B)ON DEFINED SALTS GROWTH MEDIUMRun Nitrogen Source μmax (h.sup.-1) qp [g(g.sup.-1)h.sup.-1 ] qg [g(g.sup.-1)h.sup.-1 ] Yp [g(g.sup.-1)] p [g(1.sup.-1)h.sup.-1 ]__________________________________________________________________________1 Ammonia 0.09 0.275 0.60 0.53 0.392 Nitrate 0.084 0.35 0.60 0.52 0.383 Glutamate 0.12 0.36 0.68 0.59 0.49B1 Ammonia 0.03 0.08 ? 0.51 0.132 Glutamate 0.07 0.11 ? 0.41 0.21__________________________________________________________________________
This table clearly shows the better performance of Xanthomonas campestris NCIB 11854 compared with Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459.
In Table 4 the filterability of Xanthomonas campestris NCIB 11854 broth is compared with that of Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 broth for different salinities of the medium before and after enzyme treatment.
TABLE 4______________________________________FILTERABILITY OF 20cP SOLUTIONS.sup.(a) Filtration Time (sec) for 200 mlStrain Sample 5μ + P/F.sup.(b) 1.2μ.sup.(c)______________________________________A. In 1% NaCl + 0.1% CaCl.sub.2 at 30° C., 1 atm over pressureNCIB 11854 Broth 11.0 63.0 Enzyme treat. 9.5 29.3NRRL B-1459 Broth 17.5 59.6 Enzyme treat. 19.0 188.0B. In 1% NaCl + 0.1% CaCl.sub.2 at 70° C., 1 atm overpressureNCIB 11854 Broth 7.5 37.3 Enzyme treat. 5.5 17.0NRRL B-1459 Broth 35.8 50.7 Enzyme treat. 8.5 40.9C. In 15% NaCl + 1.5% CaCl.sub.2 at 30° C., 1 atm overpressureNCIB 11854 Broth 14.5 330 Enzyme treat. 22.1 101NRRL B-1459 Broth 30.8 81.7 Enzyme treat. >1000 >1000D. In 15% NaCl + 1.5% CaCl.sub.2 at 70° C., 1 atm overpressureNCIB 11854 Broth 17.0 299 Enzyme treat. >1000 >1000NRRL B-1459 Broth >1000 >1000______________________________________ .sup.(a) Viscosity measured at 7.5 sec shear rate, 30° C. .sup.(b) P/F = Prefilter for separation of coarse material. .sup.(c) Without Prefilter.
For the actual filtration, Millipore (trade mark) filters having a diameter of 47 mm have been used. 5μ and 1.2μ are sizes of the pores of these filters. As is clear from the above table, the filterability of Xanthomonas campestris NCIB 11854 broth before and after enzyme treatment is remarkably better than that of Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459.
Characterisation by the National Collection of Industrial Bacteria of Xanthomonas campestris NCIB 11854 and Xanthomonas campestris NCIB 11803=NRRL B-1459, hereafter referred to as NCIB 11854 and NCIB 11803 respectively.
The results were similar for NCIB 11803 and NCIB 11854 except where stated
Cell Morphology
A. Oxoid CMI Nutrient Broth+0.75% Difco Agar plates were inoculated with `young` growth and incubated for 71/2 hours at 25° C. Cells from the margins of c. 0.2 mm patches of growth were examined and photographed in situ under coverslips by phase-contrast. Mobility and the other features were determined in pools surrounding 0.1 mm glass beads scattered on other patches. Cells at the margins of growth occurred singly and in pairs, with cell dimensions of 0.4-0.5 μm width×1.2-2.5 μm length for NCIB 11803 and 0.5-0.6 μm×1.2-2.5 μm for NCIB 11854. In from the growth margin in pools, aggregates (symplasmata See Graham & Hodgkiss, 1967) of a hundred to several thousand cells were commonly seen with NCIB 11803 but much less frequently with NCIB 11854. Mobility was positive.
B. Using conditions as in A above but with 0.5% glucose added to the medium and 7 hours incubation result were similar except that cells were 0.1 μm wider and aggregates were not seen with NCIB 11854.
Colony Morphology
A. After 48 hours growth at 30° C. on Oxoid CM3 Nutrient Agar plates growth was good, and isolated colonies were yellow in colour, circular, entire, mucoid, smooth, string and convex. Colony diameter was 1-1.5 mm for 11803 and 1.5 mm for NCIB 11854.
B. After 72 hours growth at 30° C. on medium as in A above but with 1% glucose growth was good and isolated colonies were pale cream in colour, circular, entire, very mucoid, smooth and convex, while confluent growth was pale cream-yellow. Colony diameter was 2 mm for NCIB 11803 and 2-2.5 mm for 11854.
Selected Morphology
Mineral Base Palleroni 6 Doudoroff 1972 Modified (PD) (A. Rev. Phytophetol. 10, 73)
______________________________________Na.sub.2 HPO.sub.4 12H.sub.2 O 6.0 gKH.sub.2 PO.sub.4 2.4 gNH.sub.4 Cl 1.0 gMgSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O 0.5 gFeCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2 O 0.01 gCaCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2 O 0.01 gDeionized water 1 literthe ptt will be 6.8______________________________________
PD Mineral Base+0.1% Filter-Sterilized Glucose (PDG)
______________________________________Gelatin StabsNutrient Broth No. 2 (Oxoid) 2.5%Gelatin (Difco) 12.0%Gelatin PlatesNutrient Agar Oxoid CM3 2.8%Gelatin 1.0%Milk PlatesSkim Milk (Difco) Separately sterilised 3%Peptone (Difco) 0.1%Beef Extract Lab-Lemco 0.1%NaCl 0.5%Agar 1.5%pH 7.4 before autoclaving______________________________________
Biochemical Characteristics: at 30° C. except as stated Growth at °C. on CM3 Plates
______________________________________Temperature 5° 30° 37°Growth (non-quantitative) + + -______________________________________
pH Growth Range on CMI broth (adjusted pH)
______________________________________pH 3 5 7.2 8 9 10Growth -- 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+______________________________________
Growth in Presence of Salt
Basal media containing NaCl at concentrations of 2, 3, 4 and 5% were prepared according to the method of Hayward & Hodgkiss (1961). Cultures were incubated for 3 days.
NCIB 11854 was less salt tolerant than NCIB 11803 as follows
______________________________________NaCl % 2 3 4 5______________________________________NCIB 11803 growth 3+ 3+ 3+ -NCIB 11854 growth 3+ 3+ + -______________________________________
Hydrolysis of Gelatin and Casein
Cultures were incubated for 7 days. Gelatin stabs were at 20° C. NCIB 11854 showed a lesser degree of proteolytic activity than NCIB 11803 as follows
______________________________________ Gelatin Stab Gelatin Plate Milk Plate______________________________________NCIB 11803 + + +NCIB 11854 - + weak +______________________________________
Growth Factor Requirement Tests
Subcultures were made by straight wire three times in PDG medium made with glass distilled water. Satisfactory growth was obtained in about 4 days indicating there was no absolute requirement for growth factors.
Methionine Stimulation Test
One drop each of a faintly turbid young growing culture in PDG medium made with glass distilled water was inoculated into PDG with and without 10 μg/ml L-methionine in 1 ml amounts in 16 mm tubes. There was no stimulation of the growth rate by L-methionine.
Carbon Source Utilization
PD medium with 0.1% filter-sterilized sole carbon sources shown in Table 1 were inoculated and incubated for 14 days. Three apparently minor differences in growth between the strains were found.
Acid Production from Carbohydrates
The oxidation-fermentation medium of Hayward and Hodgkiss (1961) was supplemented with 1% filter-sterilized carbon sources shown in Table 1. The tubes were inoculated and incubated for 14 days. Acid was produced from galactose and melibiose by NCIB 11854 but not by NCIB 11803. The significance of this is doubtful particularly because both compounds were utilized as sole carbon sources by both NCIB 11854 and NCIB 11803.
______________________________________ Acid Growth from production from sole carbon O--F medium source NCIB NCIB NCIB NCIB 11803 11854 11803 11854______________________________________Carbohydrates andsugar derivatesD-Ribose - -D-Xylose trace - weak weakL-Arabinose weak weak - -L-Rhamnose - -D-Glucose + + + +D-Fructose + + + +Sucrose + + + +Trehalose + + + +Cellobiose weak + + +2-KetogluconateSaccharate - -Fatty acidsAcetate weak weakPropionate - -Butyrate - -Dicarboxylic acids→Malonate weak <+Hydroxy acids - -D (-)-Tartrate - -meso-Tartrate - -DL-3-Hydroxybutyrate - -DL-Lactate - -Glycollate - -Miscellaneousorganic acidsLevulinate - -Citraconate - -Mesaconate - -Sugar Polyalcoholsand glycolsErythritol - -Sorbitol - - - -meso-Inositol - - - -Adonitol - -Propylene glycol - -2,3-Butylene glycol - -D-Mannitol* weak + - <weakGlycerol* + + - <weakAlcoholsMethanol* - -Ethanol - -GeraniolNon-nitrogenous aromaticand other cyclic compoundsmeta-Hydroxybenzoatepara-Hydroxybenzoate - -TestosteroneAliphatic amino acidsL-Valine - -L-Arginine+ - -Amino acids containinga ring structureHistidine - -L-Tryptophan* - -Anthranilate* - -AminesBenzylamine* - -Tryptamine-AmylamineMiscellaneous nitro-genous compoundsBetainePantothenateCarbohydrates and sugardervitives continuedGalactose* - + + +Mannose* + + + +Lactose* - - - -Maltose* + + + +Melibiose* - + + +______________________________________ *Additional compound + In place of DL
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Gram-negative non-fermentatives Isolate NCIB 11803 11854 11803 11854 11803 11854°C. incubation 30 30 30 30 30 30__________________________________________________________________________Pyocyanin brown diffusible pigment Gas glucose Growth at °C.Fluorescence in the culture broth ONPG 5° + +L-Arg CSU Arg Moller - - 30° + +Betaine CSU Lys Moller - - 37° - -Glucose CSU Orn Moller - - Growth at pH 3 - -Lactate CSU NO.sup.-.sub.3 to NO.sup.-.sub.2 - - 5 3+ 3+Acetate CSU NO.sup.-.sub.3 to N.sub.2 - - 8 3+ 3+ Residual NO.sub.3 + + 9 3+ 3+Sensitivity DNA ase 10 3+ 3+Penicillin G - - Gel stab 20° +7 -7 Growth in NaClStreptomycin +++ +++ Gel plate + + 2% 3+ 3+ 3% 3+ 3+Chloramphen. +++ +++ Casein + weak+ 4% 3+ 3+Tetracycline +++ +++ Starch + + 5% - -Novobiocin + + Lecith egg - - brown diffusible pigmentPolymyxin B + ++ Lipase egg - - in the tryprone uxiter culture0/129 NH.sub.3 + +Levan Indole - -Growth factor - - H.sub.2 S (TSI) + lead - -requirement (glucose CSU) (glucose CSU) acetate paper weak+ weak+Urease Christenson - - Tween 80 MR - -Litmus milk peptonised peptonised VP - - reduced reduced Arg Thornley - -__________________________________________________________________________
These tests indicate limited differences so the main differences are that T.1188 exhibits better kinetics of polymer production in a defined medium, better growth with inorganic nitrogen, especially NH 4 + and stability in continuous culture in a defined medium.
References
1. Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 8th edn (1974). (R. E. Buchanan & N. E. Gibbons, eds). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
2. Cowan, S. T. & Steel, K. J. (1974). Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. Cambridge University Press.
1.PublishNumber: US-4752580-A
2.Date Publish: 19880621
3.Inventor: DOWNS; JOHN D.
4.Inventor Harmonized: DOWNS JOHN D(GB)
5.Country: US
6.Claims:
(en)Process for preparing Xanthomonas heteropolysaccharide from Xanthomonas campestris NCIB 11854 and use of the latter, e.g. as viscosity modifier in an aqueous solution, and in a drilling fluid and use in connection with well treatments, and enhanced oil recovery.
7.Description:
(en)BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a process for preparing Xanthomonas heteropolysaccharides by fermenting a certain Xanthomonas species.
2. Description of the Prior Art
From U.S. Pat. No. 3,485,719 it is known that heteropolysaccharides can be prepared by subjecting a carbohydrate source to fermentation by the organism Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459. In this patent specification it is stated that the heteropolysaccharide produced from Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 has been shown to be an exceptionally effective agent when used in secondary oil recovery operations as well as exhibiting utility as a thickening agent for foodstuffs, cosmetics, etc., and also as an edible film-forming agent, and as an emulsifying agent, for example, in printing ink and as thickening agent in textile print pastes.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Applicant has now isolated a novel substrain of Xanthomonas campestris species which has been deposited at the National Collection of Industrial Bacteria, Torry Research Station, Aberdeen, under accession No. 11854. Compared with the microorganism Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459, the present microorganism, NCIB 11854 appears to exhibit a much higher specific growth rate in a defined medium coupled with a remarkably higher specific rate of polymer production.
Furthermore, the filterability of the heteropolysaccharide produced by the NCIB 11854 microorganism is as good as or is even better than that of the heteropolysaccharide produced by the Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459, especially at higher salinities. The present invention therefore provides a process for preparing Xanthomonas heteropolysaccharide which comprises growing the organism Xanthomonas campestris NCIB 11854 in an aqueous nutrient medium by aerobic fermentation of an assimilable carbohydrate and nitrogen source and recovering the heteropolysaccharide. The process may suitably be carried out as a batch-process or a fed-batch process with or without fill-and-draw or as a continuous process.
From productivity considerations a continuous process or a fill-and-draw process is preferred. Preferably, the organism is grown in the absence of yeast extract in a nutrient medium. The use of a chemically defined nutrient medium is advantageous since for a given productivity or for a given final cell concentration it appears easier to handle a nitrogen source such as sodium glutamate, ammonium or nitrate salts than complex nitrogen sources such as yeast extract or distillers dried solubles. Sodium glutamate is preferably used as a nitrogen source. The present invention further relates to the heteropolysaccharide as prepared by the process as hereinbefore described and to the use of the heteropolysaccharide as viscosity modifier in an aqueous solution for various conventional utilities.
A drilling fluid comprising water and 0.06-1.5% by weight of the above heteropolysaccharide is a further aspect of the present invention. The present invention also encompasses a method of treating a well comprising the introduction into the well of an aqueous medium comprising water and 0.05-1.5% by weight of the above heteropolysaccharide as well as a method for displacing a fluid through a well and/or a permeable subsurface formation communicating with the well by injecting into the well an aqueous solution comprising the above heteropolysaccharide. The present invention further relates to a biologically pure culture of Xanthomonas campestris NCIB 11854.
The present invention will now be further illustrated by the following Example.
EXAMPLE
Preparation of Heteropolysaccharide by Cultivation of Xanthomonas campestris sp. NCIB 11854 and a Comparison of Its Performance with that of Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459
Xanthomonas campestris NCIB 11854 was grown on three different chemically defined salt media (as shown in Table 1) in a Chemap GF 7 liter fermentation vessel under batch conditions as summarized in Table 2.
TABLE 1______________________________________CHEMICALLY DEFINED SALTS MEDIUM FOR THECULTURE OF XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS NCIB 11854 Concentration (mM).sup.(a)Component Medium 1 Medium 2 Medium 3______________________________________Glucose 24.5 (g1.sup.-1).sup.(b) 24.3 (g1.sup.-1) 23.4 (g1.sup.-1)(NH.sub.4).sub.2 SO.sub.4 12 (24 mM N).sup.(c) -- --NaNO.sub.3 -- 24 --Na Glutamate -- -- 24KH.sub.2 PO.sub.4 25 25 25Na.sub.2 HPO.sub.4 25 25 25MgSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O 2 2 2CaCl.sub.2.2H.sub.2 O 1 1 1FeSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O 0.2 0.2 0.2MnSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O 20 × 10.sup.-3 20 × 10.sup.-3 20 × 10.sup.-3CuSO.sub.4.5H.sub.2 O 20 × 10.sup.-3 20 × 10.sup.-3 20 × 10 .sup.CoCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2 O 10 × 10.sup.-3 10 × 10.sup.-3 10 × 10.sup.-3H.sub.3 BO.sub. 3 10 × 10.sup.-3 10 × 10.sup.-3 10 × 10.sup.-3Na.sub.2 MoO.sub.4.2H.sub.2 O 10 × 10.sup.-3 10 × 10.sup.-3 10 × 10.sup.-3KI 10 × 10.sup.-3 10 × 10.sup.-3 10 × 10.sup.-3______________________________________ .sup.(a) mM = millimolar. .sup.(b) g1.sup.-1 = grams/liter .sup.(c) mM = millimolar nitrogen.
TABLE 2______________________________________GROWTH CONDITIONS FOR THE CULTURE OFXANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS NCIB 11854Temperature 28° C.pH 6.8Impeller 3 × 4 Bladed Rushton turbineImpeller speed 1000 rpmCulture volume 4.5-5.0 literspH control 1N NaOH + 1N KOHDissolved O.sub.2 tension >80 mm HgAir flow rate 1.0 liters/minute______________________________________
In the first experiment the sole source of nitrogen for microbial growth was ammonium ion (24 mM), allowing exponential growth of cells to a maximum concentration of 3 gl -1 . In the second and third experiments the ammonium was substituted with nitrate (24 mM) and glutamate (24 mM) respectively. The results are shown in FIGS. 1-3.
As is clear from a comparison of these figures, glutamate as a nitrogen source is preferred since it gives a μmax, i.e. maximum cell growth rate of 0.12 h -1 , a qp value, i.e. specific rate of polymer production of 0.36 g.(g -1 )h -1 and a final polymer yield Yp of 0.59 g.g -1 . This combination of high μmax and high qp resulted in a final polymer productivity of 0.49 g.(1 -1 )h -1 , which is more than double the normal productivity of a heteropolysaccharide fermentation using Xanthamonas campestris NRRL B-1459.
Table 3 indicates under A the values of μmax, qp, qg, i.e. the specific glucose utilization rate, Yp, i.e. yield of polymer on glucose and p, i.e. polymer productivity for Xanthomonas campestris NCIB 11854 on the above defined salts growth medium and under B the respective values for Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459.
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________KINETIC DATA FROM THE CULTURE OF XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRISNCIB 11854 (A) AND XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS NRRL B-1459 (B)ON DEFINED SALTS GROWTH MEDIUMRun Nitrogen Source μmax (h.sup.-1) qp [g(g.sup.-1)h.sup.-1 ] qg [g(g.sup.-1)h.sup.-1 ] Yp [g(g.sup.-1)] p [g(1.sup.-1)h.sup.-1 ]__________________________________________________________________________1 Ammonia 0.09 0.275 0.60 0.53 0.392 Nitrate 0.084 0.35 0.60 0.52 0.383 Glutamate 0.12 0.36 0.68 0.59 0.49B1 Ammonia 0.03 0.08 ? 0.51 0.132 Glutamate 0.07 0.11 ? 0.41 0.21__________________________________________________________________________
This table clearly shows the better performance of Xanthomonas campestris NCIB 11854 compared with Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459.
In Table 4 the filterability of Xanthomonas campestris NCIB 11854 broth is compared with that of Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 broth for different salinities of the medium before and after enzyme treatment.
TABLE 4______________________________________FILTERABILITY OF 20cP SOLUTIONS.sup.(a) Filtration Time (sec) for 200 mlStrain Sample 5μ + P/F.sup.(b) 1.2μ.sup.(c)______________________________________A. In 1% NaCl + 0.1% CaCl.sub.2 at 30° C., 1 atm over pressureNCIB 11854 Broth 11.0 63.0 Enzyme treat. 9.5 29.3NRRL B-1459 Broth 17.5 59.6 Enzyme treat. 19.0 188.0B. In 1% NaCl + 0.1% CaCl.sub.2 at 70° C., 1 atm overpressureNCIB 11854 Broth 7.5 37.3 Enzyme treat. 5.5 17.0NRRL B-1459 Broth 35.8 50.7 Enzyme treat. 8.5 40.9C. In 15% NaCl + 1.5% CaCl.sub.2 at 30° C., 1 atm overpressureNCIB 11854 Broth 14.5 330 Enzyme treat. 22.1 101NRRL B-1459 Broth 30.8 81.7 Enzyme treat. >1000 >1000D. In 15% NaCl + 1.5% CaCl.sub.2 at 70° C., 1 atm overpressureNCIB 11854 Broth 17.0 299 Enzyme treat. >1000 >1000NRRL B-1459 Broth >1000 >1000______________________________________ .sup.(a) Viscosity measured at 7.5 sec shear rate, 30° C. .sup.(b) P/F = Prefilter for separation of coarse material. .sup.(c) Without Prefilter.
For the actual filtration, Millipore (trade mark) filters having a diameter of 47 mm have been used. 5μ and 1.2μ are sizes of the pores of these filters. As is clear from the above table, the filterability of Xanthomonas campestris NCIB 11854 broth before and after enzyme treatment is remarkably better than that of Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459.
Characterisation by the National Collection of Industrial Bacteria of Xanthomonas campestris NCIB 11854 and Xanthomonas campestris NCIB 11803=NRRL B-1459, hereafter referred to as NCIB 11854 and NCIB 11803 respectively.
The results were similar for NCIB 11803 and NCIB 11854 except where stated
Cell Morphology
A. Oxoid CMI Nutrient Broth+0.75% Difco Agar plates were inoculated with `young` growth and incubated for 71/2 hours at 25° C. Cells from the margins of c. 0.2 mm patches of growth were examined and photographed in situ under coverslips by phase-contrast. Mobility and the other features were determined in pools surrounding 0.1 mm glass beads scattered on other patches. Cells at the margins of growth occurred singly and in pairs, with cell dimensions of 0.4-0.5 μm width×1.2-2.5 μm length for NCIB 11803 and 0.5-0.6 μm×1.2-2.5 μm for NCIB 11854. In from the growth margin in pools, aggregates (symplasmata See Graham & Hodgkiss, 1967) of a hundred to several thousand cells were commonly seen with NCIB 11803 but much less frequently with NCIB 11854. Mobility was positive.
B. Using conditions as in A above but with 0.5% glucose added to the medium and 7 hours incubation result were similar except that cells were 0.1 μm wider and aggregates were not seen with NCIB 11854.
Colony Morphology
A. After 48 hours growth at 30° C. on Oxoid CM3 Nutrient Agar plates growth was good, and isolated colonies were yellow in colour, circular, entire, mucoid, smooth, string and convex. Colony diameter was 1-1.5 mm for 11803 and 1.5 mm for NCIB 11854.
B. After 72 hours growth at 30° C. on medium as in A above but with 1% glucose growth was good and isolated colonies were pale cream in colour, circular, entire, very mucoid, smooth and convex, while confluent growth was pale cream-yellow. Colony diameter was 2 mm for NCIB 11803 and 2-2.5 mm for 11854.
Selected Morphology
Mineral Base Palleroni 6 Doudoroff 1972 Modified (PD) (A. Rev. Phytophetol. 10, 73)
______________________________________Na.sub.2 HPO.sub.4 12H.sub.2 O 6.0 gKH.sub.2 PO.sub.4 2.4 gNH.sub.4 Cl 1.0 gMgSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O 0.5 gFeCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2 O 0.01 gCaCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2 O 0.01 gDeionized water 1 literthe ptt will be 6.8______________________________________
PD Mineral Base+0.1% Filter-Sterilized Glucose (PDG)
______________________________________Gelatin StabsNutrient Broth No. 2 (Oxoid) 2.5%Gelatin (Difco) 12.0%Gelatin PlatesNutrient Agar Oxoid CM3 2.8%Gelatin 1.0%Milk PlatesSkim Milk (Difco) Separately sterilised 3%Peptone (Difco) 0.1%Beef Extract Lab-Lemco 0.1%NaCl 0.5%Agar 1.5%pH 7.4 before autoclaving______________________________________
Biochemical Characteristics: at 30° C. except as stated Growth at °C. on CM3 Plates
______________________________________Temperature 5° 30° 37°Growth (non-quantitative) + + -______________________________________
pH Growth Range on CMI broth (adjusted pH)
______________________________________pH 3 5 7.2 8 9 10Growth -- 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+______________________________________
Growth in Presence of Salt
Basal media containing NaCl at concentrations of 2, 3, 4 and 5% were prepared according to the method of Hayward & Hodgkiss (1961). Cultures were incubated for 3 days.
NCIB 11854 was less salt tolerant than NCIB 11803 as follows
______________________________________NaCl % 2 3 4 5______________________________________NCIB 11803 growth 3+ 3+ 3+ -NCIB 11854 growth 3+ 3+ + -______________________________________
Hydrolysis of Gelatin and Casein
Cultures were incubated for 7 days. Gelatin stabs were at 20° C. NCIB 11854 showed a lesser degree of proteolytic activity than NCIB 11803 as follows
______________________________________ Gelatin Stab Gelatin Plate Milk Plate______________________________________NCIB 11803 + + +NCIB 11854 - + weak +______________________________________
Growth Factor Requirement Tests
Subcultures were made by straight wire three times in PDG medium made with glass distilled water. Satisfactory growth was obtained in about 4 days indicating there was no absolute requirement for growth factors.
Methionine Stimulation Test
One drop each of a faintly turbid young growing culture in PDG medium made with glass distilled water was inoculated into PDG with and without 10 μg/ml L-methionine in 1 ml amounts in 16 mm tubes. There was no stimulation of the growth rate by L-methionine.
Carbon Source Utilization
PD medium with 0.1% filter-sterilized sole carbon sources shown in Table 1 were inoculated and incubated for 14 days. Three apparently minor differences in growth between the strains were found.
Acid Production from Carbohydrates
The oxidation-fermentation medium of Hayward and Hodgkiss (1961) was supplemented with 1% filter-sterilized carbon sources shown in Table 1. The tubes were inoculated and incubated for 14 days. Acid was produced from galactose and melibiose by NCIB 11854 but not by NCIB 11803. The significance of this is doubtful particularly because both compounds were utilized as sole carbon sources by both NCIB 11854 and NCIB 11803.
______________________________________ Acid Growth from production from sole carbon O--F medium source NCIB NCIB NCIB NCIB 11803 11854 11803 11854______________________________________Carbohydrates andsugar derivatesD-Ribose - -D-Xylose trace - weak weakL-Arabinose weak weak - -L-Rhamnose - -D-Glucose + + + +D-Fructose + + + +Sucrose + + + +Trehalose + + + +Cellobiose weak + + +2-KetogluconateSaccharate - -Fatty acidsAcetate weak weakPropionate - -Butyrate - -Dicarboxylic acids→Malonate weak <+Hydroxy acids - -D (-)-Tartrate - -meso-Tartrate - -DL-3-Hydroxybutyrate - -DL-Lactate - -Glycollate - -Miscellaneousorganic acidsLevulinate - -Citraconate - -Mesaconate - -Sugar Polyalcoholsand glycolsErythritol - -Sorbitol - - - -meso-Inositol - - - -Adonitol - -Propylene glycol - -2,3-Butylene glycol - -D-Mannitol* weak + - <weakGlycerol* + + - <weakAlcoholsMethanol* - -Ethanol - -GeraniolNon-nitrogenous aromaticand other cyclic compoundsmeta-Hydroxybenzoatepara-Hydroxybenzoate - -TestosteroneAliphatic amino acidsL-Valine - -L-Arginine+ - -Amino acids containinga ring structureHistidine - -L-Tryptophan* - -Anthranilate* - -AminesBenzylamine* - -Tryptamine-AmylamineMiscellaneous nitro-genous compoundsBetainePantothenateCarbohydrates and sugardervitives continuedGalactose* - + + +Mannose* + + + +Lactose* - - - -Maltose* + + + +Melibiose* - + + +______________________________________ *Additional compound + In place of DL
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Gram-negative non-fermentatives Isolate NCIB 11803 11854 11803 11854 11803 11854°C. incubation 30 30 30 30 30 30__________________________________________________________________________Pyocyanin brown diffusible pigment Gas glucose Growth at °C.Fluorescence in the culture broth ONPG 5° + +L-Arg CSU Arg Moller - - 30° + +Betaine CSU Lys Moller - - 37° - -Glucose CSU Orn Moller - - Growth at pH 3 - -Lactate CSU NO.sup.-.sub.3 to NO.sup.-.sub.2 - - 5 3+ 3+Acetate CSU NO.sup.-.sub.3 to N.sub.2 - - 8 3+ 3+ Residual NO.sub.3 + + 9 3+ 3+Sensitivity DNA ase 10 3+ 3+Penicillin G - - Gel stab 20° +7 -7 Growth in NaClStreptomycin +++ +++ Gel plate + + 2% 3+ 3+ 3% 3+ 3+Chloramphen. +++ +++ Casein + weak+ 4% 3+ 3+Tetracycline +++ +++ Starch + + 5% - -Novobiocin + + Lecith egg - - brown diffusible pigmentPolymyxin B + ++ Lipase egg - - in the tryprone uxiter culture0/129 NH.sub.3 + +Levan Indole - -Growth factor - - H.sub.2 S (TSI) + lead - -requirement (glucose CSU) (glucose CSU) acetate paper weak+ weak+Urease Christenson - - Tween 80 MR - -Litmus milk peptonised peptonised VP - - reduced reduced Arg Thornley - -__________________________________________________________________________
These tests indicate limited differences so the main differences are that T.1188 exhibits better kinetics of polymer production in a defined medium, better growth with inorganic nitrogen, especially NH 4 + and stability in continuous culture in a defined medium.
References
1. Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 8th edn (1974). (R. E. Buchanan & N. E. Gibbons, eds). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
2. Cowan, S. T. & Steel, K. J. (1974). Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. Cambridge University Press.
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