(en)Systems, methods, and non-transitory computer-readable storage media for translating source addresses in an overlay network. An access switch in an overlay network, such as a VXLAN, may receive an encapsulated packet from a tunnel endpoint in the overlay network. The encapsulated packet may originate from a host associated with the tunnel endpoint and be encapsulated at the tunnel endpoint with a first source tunnel endpoint address and a destination tunnel endpoint address. The access switch may replace the first source tunnel endpoint address in the encapsulated packet with a second source tunnel endpoint address of the access switch to yield a translated packet. The access switch may then transmit the translated packet towards the destination tunnel endpoint address.

1.ApplicationNumber: US-201414477762-A
1.PublishNumber: US-9876711-B2
2.Date Publish: 20180123
3.Inventor: CHU KIT CHIU
EDSALL THOMAS J.
YADAV NAVINDRA
MATUS FRANCISCO M.
DODDAPANENI KRISHNA
SINHA SATYAM

4.Inventor Harmonized: CHU KIT CHIU(US)
EDSALL THOMAS J(US)
YADAV NAVINDRA(US)
MATUS FRANCISCO M(US)
DODDAPANENI KRISHNA(US)
SINHA SATYAM(US)

5.Country: US
6.Claims:
(en)Systems, methods, and non-transitory computer-readable storage media for translating source addresses in an overlay network. An access switch in an overlay network, such as a VXLAN, may receive an encapsulated packet from a tunnel endpoint in the overlay network. The encapsulated packet may originate from a host associated with the tunnel endpoint and be encapsulated at the tunnel endpoint with a first source tunnel endpoint address and a destination tunnel endpoint address. The access switch may replace the first source tunnel endpoint address in the encapsulated packet with a second source tunnel endpoint address of the access switch to yield a translated packet. The access switch may then transmit the translated packet towards the destination tunnel endpoint address.

7.Description:
(en)RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/900,333, filed Nov. 5, 2013, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.


TECHNICAL FIELD
The present technology pertains to overlay networks, and more specifically pertains to address translations in overlay networks.
BACKGROUND
Overlay network technologies, such as Virtual Extensible Local Area Networks (VXLANs), offer a highly scalable solution to managing cloud computing deployments by allowing OSI layer 2 networks to expand beyond layer 3 network boundaries through network virtualization. Layer 2 data traffic, such as Media Access Control (MAC) Ethernet frames, can be encapsulated within layer 3 packets, such as User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packets, to travel across layer 3 boundaries to reach its destination within the overlay network.
Various tunnel endpoints within the overlay network, such as Virtual Tunnel Endpoints (VTEPs), can terminate overlay network packets by encapsulating and de-encapsulating packets through MAC-to-UDP encapsulation. Each tunnel endpoint may be provided with a unique IP/MAC address pair to make the encapsulation and routing encapsulated packets within the overlay network possible. In addition, all the tunnel endpoint IP addresses in the overlay network may need to be stored in lookup tables at every one of those tunnel endpoints so that those tunnel endpoints can determine where to transmit encapsulated traffic. However, as the number of tunnel endpoints in a given overlay network increases, these tables also need to scale linearly, which can consume a large amount of resources at the tunnel endpoints.
Maintaining a large number of lookup or routing tables can be a challenge when new endpoints, such as servers and virtual machines (VMs), are added to the overlay network, existing endpoints are removed from the network, or some of the endpoints migrate from one tunnel endpoint to another within the network. Whenever such changes occur in the network topology, many if not all lookup tables residing in tunnel endpoints throughout the overlay network may require an update, a modification, or a synchronization. This can pose a great challenge particularly in a large cloud computing environment where there are numerous virtual domains, virtual networks, and endpoints.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In order to describe the manner in which the above-recited and other advantages and features of the disclosure can be obtained, a more particular description of the principles briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only example embodiments of the disclosure and are not therefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, the principles herein are described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates an example network device according to some aspects of the subject technology;
FIGS. 2A-B illustrate example system embodiments according to some aspects of the subject technology;
FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic block diagram of an example architecture for a network fabric;
FIG. 4 illustrates an example overlay network;
FIG. 5 illustrates an example layout of an encapsulated packet;
FIG. 6 illustrates a schematic block diagram of an example overlay network with access switches functioning as proxies for tunnel endpoints;
FIG. 7 illustrates an example encapsulation table;
FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic block diagram of an example overlay network with source address translation;
FIGS. 9A-C illustrate source address translation in an example encapsulated packet;
FIG. 10 illustrates an example method embodiment; and
FIG. 11 illustrates another example method embodiment.



DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS
Various embodiments of the disclosure are discussed in detail below. While specific implementations are discussed, it should be understood that this is done for illustration purposes only. A person skilled in the relevant art will recognize that other components and configurations may be used without parting from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
Overview
Systems, methods, and computer-readable storage devices are disclosed which address the issues raised above regarding storing tunnel endpoint addresses in lookup tables. According to the various embodiments disclosed herein, an access switch in an overlay network can receive an encapsulated packet from a tunnel endpoint in the same overlay network. The encapsulated packet may have originated from a host behind the tunnel endpoint. The packet may have been encapsulated at the tunnel endpoint with a source tunnel endpoint address of the tunnel endpoint and a destination tunnel endpoint address.
The access switch can translate the encapsulated packet and its source tunnel endpoint address by replacing the source tunnel endpoint address in the encapsulated packet with the tunnel endpoint address of the access switch. Subsequently, the access switch may transmit the translated packet towards the destination tunnel endpoint address.
The proposed methods use the access switch to proxy for tunnel endpoints that are below it, such that only the tunnel endpoint address of the access switch would need to be stored at other tunnel endpoints' lookup tables. These methods may advantageously reduce the number of encapsulation information needed at tunnel endpoints, reduce the amount of host movements updates needed at tunnel endpoints, and can be implemented in access switch hardware with low hardware cost.
Description
A computer network is a geographically distributed collection of nodes interconnected by communication links and segments for transporting data between endpoints, such as personal computers and workstations. Many types of networks are available, with the types ranging from local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs) to overlay and software-defined networks, such as virtual extensible local area networks (VXLANs).
LANs typically connect nodes over dedicated private communications links located in the same general physical location, such as a building or campus. WANs, on the other hand, typically connect geographically dispersed nodes over long-distance communications links, such as common carrier telephone lines, optical lightpaths, synchronous optical networks (SONET), or synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) links. LANs and WANs can include layer 2 (L2) and/or layer 3 (L3) networks and devices.
The Internet is an example of a WAN that connects disparate networks throughout the world, providing global communication between nodes on various networks. The nodes typically communicate over the network by exchanging discrete frames or packets of data according to predefined protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). In this context, a protocol can refer to a set of rules defining how the nodes interact with each other. Computer networks may be further interconnected by an intermediate network node, such as a router, to extend the effective “size” of each network.
Overlay networks generally allow virtual networks to be created and layered over a physical network infrastructure. Overlay network protocols, such as Virtual Extensible LAN (VXLAN), Network Virtualization using Generic Routing Encapsulation (NVGRE), Network Virtualization Overlays (NVO3), and Stateless Transport Tunneling (STT), provide a traffic encapsulation scheme which allows network traffic to be carried across L2 and L3 networks over a logical tunnel. Such logical tunnels can be originated and terminated through virtual tunnel end points (VTEPs).
Moreover, overlay networks can include virtual segments, such as VXLAN segments in a VXLAN overlay network, which can include virtual L2 and/or L3 overlay networks over which VMs communicate. The virtual segments can be identified through a virtual network identifier (VNI), such as a VXLAN network identifier, which can specifically identify an associated virtual segment or domain.
Network virtualization allows hardware and software resources to be combined in a virtual network. For example, network virtualization can allow multiple numbers of VMs to be attached to the physical network via respective virtual LANs (VLANs). The VMs can be grouped according to their respective VLAN, and can communicate with other VMs as well as other devices on the internal or external network.
Network segments, such as physical or virtual segments; networks; devices; ports; physical or logical links; and/or traffic in general can be grouped into a bridge or flood domain. A bridge domain or flood domain can represent a broadcast domain, such as an L2 broadcast domain. A bridge domain or flood domain can include a single subnet, but can also include multiple subnets. Moreover, a bridge domain can be associated with a bridge domain interface on a network device, such as a switch. A bridge domain interface can be a logical interface which supports traffic between an L2 bridged network and an L3 routed network. In addition, a bridge domain interface can support internet protocol (IP) termination, VPN termination, address resolution handling, MAC addressing, etc. Both bridge domains and bridge domain interfaces can be identified by a same index or identifier.
Furthermore, endpoint groups (EPGs) can be used in a network for mapping applications to the network. In particular, EPGs can use a grouping of application endpoints in a network to apply connectivity and policy to the group of applications. EPGs can act as a container for buckets or collections of applications, or application components, and tiers for implementing forwarding and policy logic. EPGs also allow separation of network policy, security, and forwarding from addressing by instead using logical application boundaries.
Cloud computing can also be provided in one or more networks to provide computing services using shared resources. Cloud computing can generally include Internet-based computing in which computing resources are dynamically provisioned and allocated to client or user computers or other devices on-demand, from a collection of resources available via the network (e.g., “the cloud”). Cloud computing resources, for example, can include any type of resource, such as computing, storage, and network devices, virtual machines (VMs), etc. For instance, resources may include service devices (firewalls, deep packet inspectors, traffic monitors, load balancers, etc.), compute/processing devices (servers, CPU's, memory, brute force processing capability), storage devices (e.g., network attached storages, storage area network devices), etc. In addition, such resources may be used to support virtual networks, virtual machines (VM), databases, applications (Apps), etc.
Cloud computing resources may include a “private cloud,” a “public cloud,” and/or a “hybrid cloud.” A “hybrid cloud” can be a cloud infrastructure composed of two or more clouds that inter-operate or federate through technology. In essence, a hybrid cloud is an interaction between private and public clouds where a private cloud joins a public cloud and utilizes public cloud resources in a secure and scalable manner. Cloud computing resources can also be provisioned via virtual networks in an overlay network, such as a VXLAN.
The disclosed technology addresses the need in the art for translating tunnel endpoint addresses in overlay networks. Disclosed are systems, methods, and computer-readable storage media for receiving an encapsulated packet from a tunnel endpoint, translating the encapsulated packet and its tunnel endpoint address, and replacing transmitting the translated packet to the destination tunnel endpoint. A brief introductory description of example systems and networks, as illustrated in FIGS. 1 through 4 , is disclosed herein. A detailed description of source address translation, related concepts, and example variations, will then follow. These variations shall be described herein as the various embodiments are set forth. The disclosure now turns to FIG. 1 .
FIG. 1 illustrates an example network device 110 suitable for implementing the present invention. Network device 110 includes master central processing unit (CPU) 162 , interfaces 168 , and bus 115 (e.g., a PCI bus). When acting under the control of appropriate software or firmware, CPU 162 is responsible for executing packet management, error detection, and/or routing functions, such as miscabling detection functions, for example. CPU 162 preferably accomplishes all these functions under the control of software including an operating system and any appropriate applications software. CPU 162 may include one or more processors 163 such as a processor from the Motorola family of microprocessors or the MIPS family of microprocessors. In an alternative embodiment, processor 163 is specially designed hardware for controlling the operations of router 110 . In a specific embodiment, memory 161 (such as non-volatile RAM and/or ROM) also forms part of CPU 162 . However, there are many different ways in which memory could be coupled to the system.
Interfaces 168 are typically provided as interface cards (sometimes referred to as “line cards”). Generally, they control the sending and receiving of data packets over the network and sometimes support other peripherals used with the router 110 . Among the interfaces that may be provided are Ethernet interfaces, frame relay interfaces, cable interfaces, DSL interfaces, token ring interfaces, and the like. In addition, various very high-speed interfaces may be provided such as fast token ring interfaces, wireless interfaces, Ethernet interfaces, Gigabit Ethernet interfaces, ATM interfaces, HSSI interfaces, POS interfaces, FDDI interfaces and the like. Generally, these interfaces may include ports appropriate for communication with the appropriate media. In some cases, they may also include an independent processor and, in some instances, volatile RAM. The independent processors may control such communications intensive tasks as packet switching, media control and management. By providing separate processors for the communications intensive tasks, these interfaces allow master microprocessor 162 to efficiently perform routing computations, network diagnostics, security functions, etc.
Although the system shown in FIG. 1 is one specific network device of the present invention, it is by no means the only network device architecture on which the present invention can be implemented. For example, an architecture having a single processor that handles communications as well as routing computations, etc. is often used. Further, other types of interfaces and media could also be used with the router.
Regardless of the network device's configuration, it may employ one or more memories or memory modules (including memory 161 ) configured to store program instructions for the general-purpose network operations and mechanisms for roaming, route optimization and routing functions described herein. The program instructions may control the operation of an operating system and/or one or more applications, for example. The memory or memories may also be configured to store tables such as mobility binding, registration, and association tables, etc.
FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B illustrate example system embodiments. The more appropriate embodiment will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art when practicing the present technology. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will also readily appreciate that other system embodiments are possible.
FIG. 2A illustrates a conventional system bus computing system architecture 200 wherein the components of the system are in electrical communication with each other using a bus 205 . Example system 200 includes a processing unit (CPU or processor) 210 and a system bus 205 that couples various system components including the system memory 215 , such as read only memory (ROM) 220 and random access memory (RAM) 225 , to the processor 210 . The system 200 can include a cache of high-speed memory connected directly with, in close proximity to, or integrated as part of the processor 210 . The system 200 can copy data from the memory 215 and/or the storage device 230 to the cache 212 for quick access by the processor 210 . In this way, the cache can provide a performance boost that avoids processor 210 delays while waiting for data. These and other modules can control or be configured to control the processor 210 to perform various actions. Other system memory 215 may be available for use as well. The memory 215 can include multiple different types of memory with different performance characteristics. The processor 210 can include any general purpose processor and a hardware module or software module, such as module 1 ( 232 ), module 2 ( 234 ), and module 3 ( 236 ) stored in storage device 230 , configured to control the processor 210 as well as a special-purpose processor where software instructions are incorporated into the actual processor design. The processor 210 may essentially be a completely self-contained computing system, containing multiple cores or processors, a bus, memory controller, cache, etc. A multi-core processor may be symmetric or asymmetric.
To enable user interaction with the computing device 200 , an input device 245 can represent any number of input mechanisms, such as a microphone for speech, a touch-sensitive screen for gesture or graphical input, keyboard, mouse, motion input, speech and so forth. An output device 235 can also be one or more of a number of output mechanisms known to those of skill in the art. In some instances, multimodal systems can enable a user to provide multiple types of input to communicate with the computing device 200 . The communications interface 240 can generally govern and manage the user input and system output. There is no restriction on operating on any particular hardware arrangement and therefore the basic features here may easily be substituted for improved hardware or firmware arrangements as they are developed.
Storage device 230 is a non-volatile memory and can be a hard disk or other types of computer readable media which can store data that are accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, solid state memory devices, digital versatile disks, cartridges, random access memories (RAMs) 225 , read only memory (ROM) 220 , and hybrids thereof.
The storage device 230 can include software modules 232 , 234 , 236 for controlling the processor 210 . Other hardware or software modules are contemplated. The storage device 230 can be connected to the system bus 205 . In one aspect, a hardware module that performs a particular function can include the software component stored in a computer-readable medium in connection with the necessary hardware components, such as the processor 210 , bus 205 , display 235 , and so forth, to carry out the function.
FIG. 2B illustrates a computer system 250 having a chipset architecture that can be used in executing the described method and generating and displaying a graphical user interface (GUI). Computer system 250 is an example of computer hardware, software, and firmware that can be used to implement the disclosed technology. System 250 can include a processor 255 , representative of any number of physically and/or logically distinct resources capable of executing software, firmware, and hardware configured to perform identified computations. Processor 255 can communicate with a chipset 260 that can control input to and output from processor 255 . In this example, chipset 260 outputs information to output 265 , such as a display, and can read and write information to storage device 270 , which can include magnetic media, and solid state media, for example. Chipset 260 can also read data from and write data to RAM 275 . A bridge 280 for interfacing with a variety of user interface components 285 can be provided for interfacing with chipset 260 . Such user interface components 285 can include a keyboard, a microphone, touch detection and processing circuitry, a pointing device, such as a mouse, and so on. In general, inputs to system 250 can come from any of a variety of sources, machine generated and/or human generated.
Chipset 260 can also interface with one or more communication interfaces 290 that can have different physical interfaces. Such communication interfaces can include interfaces for wired and wireless local area networks, for broadband wireless networks, as well as personal area networks. Some applications of the methods for generating, displaying, and using the GUI disclosed herein can include receiving ordered datasets over the physical interface or be generated by the machine itself by processor 255 analyzing data stored in storage 270 or 275 . Further, the machine can receive inputs from a user via user interface components 285 and execute appropriate functions, such as browsing functions by interpreting these inputs using processor 255 .
It can be appreciated that example systems 200 and 250 can have more than one processor 210 or be part of a group or cluster of computing devices networked together to provide greater processing capability.
FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic block diagram of an example architecture 300 for a network fabric 312 . Network fabric 312 can include spine switches 302 A , 302 B , . . . , 302 N (collectively “ 302 ”) connected to leaf switches 304 A , 304 B , 304 C , . . . , 304 N (collectively “ 304 ”) in network fabric 312 .
Spine switches 302 can be L3 switches in fabric 312 . However, in some cases, spine switches 302 can also, or otherwise, perform L2 functionalities. Further, spine switches 302 can support various capabilities, such as 40 or 10 Gbps Ethernet speeds. To this end, spine switches 302 can include one or more 40 Gigabit Ethernet ports. Each port can also be split to support other speeds. For example, a 40 Gigabit Ethernet port can be split into four 10 Gigabit Ethernet ports.
In some embodiments, one or more of spine switches 302 can be configured to host a proxy function that performs a lookup of the endpoint address identifier to locator mapping in a mapping database on behalf of leaf switches 304 that do not have such mapping. The proxy function can do this by parsing through the packet to the encapsulated, tenant packet to get to the destination locator address of the tenant. Spine switches 302 can then perform a lookup of their local mapping database to determine the correct locator address of the packet and forward the packet to the locator address without changing certain fields in the header of the packet.
When a packet is received at spine switch 302 i , spine switch 302 i can first check if the destination locator address is a proxy address. If so, spine switch 302 i can perform the proxy function as previously mentioned. If not, spine switch 302 i can lookup the locator in its forwarding table and forward the packet accordingly.
Spine switches 302 connect to leaf switches 304 in fabric 312 . Leaf switches 304 can include access ports (or non-fabric ports) and fabric ports. Fabric ports can provide uplinks to spine switches 302 , while access ports can provide connectivity for devices, hosts, endpoints, VMs, or external networks to fabric 312 .
Leaf switches 304 can reside at the edge of fabric 312 , and can thus represent the physical network edge. In some cases, leaf switches 304 can be top-of-rack (ToR) switches configured according to a ToR architecture. In other cases, leaf switches 304 can be aggregation switches in any particular topology, such as end-of-row (EoR) or middle-of-row (MoR) topologies. The leaf switches 304 can also represent aggregation switches, for example. In some embodiments, spine switches 302 and leaf switches 304 can be arranged in a Clos network topology. In other embodiments, spine switches 302 and leaf switches 304 can be arranged in a fat tree network topology.
The leaf switches 304 can be responsible for routing and/or bridging the tenant packets and applying network policies. In some cases, a leaf switch can perform one or more additional functions, such as implementing a mapping cache, sending packets to the proxy function when there is a miss in the cache, encapsulate packets, enforce ingress or egress policies, etc.
Moreover, the leaf switches 304 can contain virtual switching functionalities, such as a virtual tunnel endpoint (VTEP) function as explained below in the discussion of VTEP 408 in FIG. 4 . To this end, leaf switches 304 can connect the fabric 312 to an overlay network, such as overlay network 400 illustrated in FIG. 4 .
Network connectivity in the fabric 312 can flow through the leaf switches 304 . Here, the leaf switches 304 can provide servers, resources, endpoints, external networks, or VMs access to the fabric 312 , and can connect the leaf switches 304 to each other. In some cases, the leaf switches 304 can connect EPGs to the fabric 312 and/or any external networks. Each EPG can connect to the fabric 312 via one of the leaf switches 304 , for example.
Endpoints 310 A-E (collectively “ 310 ”) can connect to the fabric 312 via leaf switches 304 . For example, endpoints 310 A and 310 B can connect directly to leaf switch 304 A, which can connect endpoints 310 A and 310 B to the fabric 312 and/or any other one of the leaf switches 304 . Similarly, endpoint 310 E can connect directly to leaf switch 304 C, which can connect endpoint 310 E to the fabric 312 and/or any other of the leaf switches 304 . On the other hand, endpoints 310 C and 310 D can connect to leaf switch 304 B via L2 network 306 . Similarly, the wide area network (WAN) can connect to the leaf switches 304 C or 304 D via L3 network 308 .
Endpoints 310 can include any communication device, such as a computer, a server, a switch, a router, etc. In some cases, the endpoints 310 can include a server, hypervisor, or switch configured with a VTEP functionality which connects an overlay network, such as overlay network 400 below, with the fabric 312 . For example, in some cases, endpoints 310 can represent one or more of the VTEPs 408 A-D illustrated in FIG. 4 . Here, the VTEPs 408 A-D can connect to the fabric 312 via the leaf switches 304 . The overlay network can host physical devices, such as servers, applications, EPGs, virtual segments, virtual workloads, etc. In addition, the endpoints 310 can host virtual workload(s), clusters, and applications or services, which can connect with the fabric 312 or any other device or network, including an external network. For example, one or more endpoints 310 can host, or connect to, a cluster of load balancers or an EPG of various applications.
Although the fabric 312 is illustrated and described herein as an example leaf-spine architecture, one of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that the subject technology can be implemented based on any network fabric, including any data center or cloud network fabric. Indeed, other architectures, designs, infrastructures, and variations are contemplated herein.
FIG. 4 illustrates an example overlay network 400 . Overlay network 400 uses an overlay protocol, such as VXLAN, NVGRE, VO3, or STT, to encapsulate traffic in L2 and/or L3 packets which can cross overlay L3 boundaries in the network. As illustrated in FIG. 4 , overlay network 400 can include hosts 406 A-D interconnected via network 402 .
Network 402 can include a packet network, such as an IP network, for example. Moreover, network 402 can connect the overlay network 400 with the fabric 312 in FIG. 3 . For example, VTEPs 408 A-D can connect with the leaf switches 304 in the fabric 312 via network 402 .
Hosts 406 A-D include virtual tunnel end points (VTEP) 408 A-D, which can be virtual nodes or switches configured to encapsulate and de-encapsulate data traffic according to a specific overlay protocol of the network 400 , for the various virtual network identifiers (VNIDs) 410 A-I. Each host 406 A-D can be a Virtual Ethernet Module (VEM) that is assigned at least one IP address used as the source IP address when the encapsulated MAC frames are sent to other VEMs over the network. Moreover, hosts 406 A-D can include servers containing a VTEP functionality, hypervisors, and physical switches, such as L3 switches, configured with a VTEP functionality. For example, hosts 406 A and 406 B can be physical switches configured to run VTEPs 408 A-B. Here, hosts 406 A and 406 B can be connected to servers 404 A-D, which, in some cases, can include virtual workloads through VMs loaded on the servers, for example.
In some embodiments, network 400 can be a VXLAN network, and VTEPs 408 A-D can be VXLAN tunnel end points. However, as one of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize, network 400 can represent any type of overlay or software-defined network, such as NVGRE, STT, or even overlay technologies yet to be invented.
The VNIDs can represent the segregated virtual networks in overlay network 400 . In some embodiments where network 400 may be a VXLAN network, VNIDs can be VXLAN IDs that are used to segment and identify virtual networks. Each of the overlay tunnels (VTEPs 408 A-D) can include one or more VNIDs. For example, VTEP 408 A can include VNIDs 1 and 2, VTEP 408 B can include VNIDs 1 and 3, VTEP 408 C can include VNIDs 1 and 2, and VTEP 408 D can include VNIDs 1-3. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize, any particular VTEP can, in other embodiments, have numerous VNIDs, including more than the 3 VNIDs illustrated in FIG. 4 .
The traffic in overlay network 400 can be segregated logically according to specific VNIDs. This way, traffic intended for VNID 1 can be accessed by devices residing in VNID 1, while other devices residing in other VNIDs (e.g., VNIDs 2 and 3) can be prevented from accessing such traffic. In other words, devices or endpoints connected to specific VNIDs can communicate with other devices or endpoints connected to the same specific VNIDs, while traffic from separate VNIDs can be isolated to prevent devices or endpoints in other specific VNIDs from accessing traffic in different VNIDs.
Servers 404 A-D and VMs 404 E-I can connect to their respective VNID or virtual segment, and communicate with other servers or VMs residing in the same VNID or virtual segment. For example, server 404 A can communicate with server 404 C and VMs 404 E and 404 G because they all reside in the same VNID, viz., VNID 1. Similarly, server 404 B can communicate with VMs 404 F, 404 H because they all reside in VNID 2. VMs 404 E-I can host virtual workloads, which can include application workloads, resources, and services, for example. However, in some cases, servers 404 A-D can similarly host virtual workloads through VMs hosted on the servers 404 A-D. In this regard, various endpoints such as servers 404 A-D and VMs 404 E-I may be also referred to as hosts. Moreover, each of the servers 404 A-D and VMs 404 E-I can represent a single server or VM, but can also represent multiple servers or VMs, such as a cluster of servers or VMs.
VTEPs 408 A-D can encapsulate packets directed at the various VNIDs 1-3 in the overlay network 400 according to the specific overlay protocol implemented, such as VXLAN, so traffic can be properly transmitted to the correct VNID and recipient(s). Moreover, when a switch, router, or other network device receives a packet to be transmitted to a recipient in the overlay network 400 , it can analyze a routing table, also known as a lookup table or an encapsulation table, to determine where such packet needs to be transmitted so the traffic reaches the appropriate recipient. For example, if VTEP 408 A receives a packet from endpoint 404 B that is intended for endpoint 404 H, VTEP 408 A can analyze a routing table that maps the intended endpoint, endpoint 404 H, to a specific switch that is configured to handle communications intended for endpoint 404 H. VTEP 408 A might not initially know, when it receives the packet from endpoint 404 B, that such packet should be transmitted to VTEP 408 D in order to reach endpoint 404 H. Accordingly, by analyzing the routing table, VTEP 408 A can lookup endpoint 404 H, which is the intended recipient, and determine that the packet should be transmitted to VTEP 408 D, as specified in the routing table based on endpoint-to-switch mappings or bindings, so the packet can be transmitted to, and received by, endpoint 404 H as expected.
However, continuing with the previous example, in many instances, VTEP 408 A may analyze the routing table and fail to find any bindings or mappings associated with the intended recipient, e.g., endpoint 404 H. Here, the routing table may not yet have learned routing information regarding endpoint 404 H. In this scenario, the VTEP 408 A may likely broadcast or multicast the packet to ensure the proper switch associated with endpoint 404 H can receive the packet and further route it to endpoint 404 H.
In some cases, the routing table can be dynamically and continuously modified by removing unnecessary or stale entries and adding new or necessary entries, in order to maintain the routing table up-to-date, accurate, and efficient, while reducing or limiting the size of the table.
As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize, the examples and technologies provided above are simply for clarity and explanation purposes, and can include many additional concepts and variations.
FIG. 5 illustrates an example layout of an encapsulated packet. Encapsulated packet 500 , such as a VXLAN encapsulated packet, may consist of original frame 502 combined with overlay network encapsulation 504 . Overlay network encapsulation 504 can be a header. Both original frame 502 and overlay network encapsulation header 504 may consist of component data segments or bits 506 - 526 . However, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the exact layout of the packet may differ from the example layout 500 as shown in FIG. 5 . For example, data segments 506 - 526 may be rearranged in a different order, one or more example data segments 506 - 526 may be omitted, and/or other data segment(s) not shown in FIG. 5 may be added to layout 500 . Original frame 502 may be an L2 packet such as an Ethernet frame. It may have original payload 510 , which represents the actual data that the packet is tasked with transmitting from one node to another node in the network. In an Ethernet packet, original payload 510 would be an original Ethernet payload. Original frame 502 may include inner host destination address 506 and inner host source address 508 , which may respectively represent layer 2 addresses, such as MAC addresses, of the destination and source hosts (i.e., endpoints). Original frame 502 may also contain other data 512 such as cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code or optional inner packet data according to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.1Q standards.
Original frame 502 can be encapsulated at a tunnel endpoint, such as VTEPs 408 A- 408 D as shown in FIG. 4 , with overlay network encapsulation header 504 . After traversing the overlay network with a help of the information contained in overlay network encapsulation header 504 , encapsulated packet 500 can then be de-encapsulated at another tunnel endpoint. Overlay network encapsulated packet 500 may be treated as a L3 packet, such as a User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packet. Overlay network encapsulation header 504 may contain one or more data segments, such as outer host destination address 514 , outer host source address 516 , outer IP destination address 518 , outer IP source address 520 , outer UDP 522 , VNID 524 , and other data 526 . Outer host destination address 514 may be an L2 address, such as a MAC address, for the destination tunnel endpoint (e.g., VTEP). Similarly, outer host source address 516 may be an L2 address, such as a MAC address, for the source tunnel endpoint that encapsulated overlay network encapsulated packet 500 . Outer IP destination address 518 may be an L3 address, such as an IP address, attached to the destination tunnel endpoint. By the same token, outer IP source address 520 may represent the L3 address, such as the IP address, for the source tunnel endpoint where packet 500 was encapsulated.
Outer UDP 522 may contain information pertaining to a specific L3 protocol (e.g., UDP), such as a source port number, a destination port number, a length, a checksum, etc. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that data necessary for other types of protocols, such as TCP, may also be included depending on what type of overlay network the encapsulated packet is deployed in. VNID 524 may include information about which segregated virtual network in the overlay network the encapsulated packet pertains to. For example, in a VXLAN network, VNID 526 can be a 24-bit VXLAN ID. Other data 526 can be included in encapsulated packet 500 such as outer IEEE 802.1Q data.
FIG. 6 illustrates a schematic block diagram of example overlay network 600 with access switches 602 A, 602 B functioning as proxies for tunnel endpoints 604 A, 604 B, 604 C, 604 E, 604 F. In some embodiments, access switches 602 A, 602 B can be a physical switch. In other embodiments, access switches 602 A, 602 B can be a virtual or logical switch residing on a physical device. Access switches 602 A, 602 B may be a ToR switch. Access switches 602 A, 602 B can be connected, via their front panel ports, to one or more tunnel endpoints 604 A, 604 B, 604 C, 604 E, 604 F, and function as proxies for those tunnel endpoints 604 A, 604 B, 604 C, 604 E, 604 F. Moreover, access switches 602 A, 602 B themselves may have a VTEP capability and have their tunnel endpoint addresses. For example, access switch 602 A may proxy for VTEPs 604 A, 604 B, 604 C. The example IP addresses for VTEPs 604 A, 604 B, 604 C are 10.1.1.1, 10.1.1.2, 10.1.1.3, and access switch 602 A has its own IP address, 10.1.1.7. Similarly, in example overlay network 600 , access switch 602 B with IP address 10.1.1.8 functions as a proxy for VTEP 604 E with IP address 10.1.1.5 and VTEP 604 F with IP address 10.1.1.6. Some VTEPs such as VTEP 604 D may not be behind an access switch, and such VTEP 604 D can route messages to other access switches 602 A, 602 B or VTEPs. VTEPs 604 A- 604 F, in turn, may be connected to one or more endpoints or hosts 606 A- 606 G with VNIDs (not shown in FIG. 6 ) and L2 addresses such as MAC addresses. Hosts 606 A- 606 G can be servers, VMs, terminals, clusters, etc.
As will be discussed in detail below, access switches 602 A, 602 B may take ownership of the outbound encapsulated packets by replacing the source tunnel endpoint addresses in the encapsulated packets with their own tunnel endpoint addresses. For example, access switch 602 A can rewrite the source tunnel address field, such as outer IP SA 520 data segment of encapsulated packet 500 shown in FIG. 5 , by inserting the IP address for access switch 602 A (i.e., 10.1.1.7) to any of the encapsulated packets originating from hosts 606 A- 606 C and encapsulated at VTEPs 604 A- 604 C. Subsequently, by the time the packets, each originating from one of hosts 606 A- 606 C and encapsulated at one of VTEPs 604 A- 604 C, pass through access switch 602 A and arrive at other VTEP 604 D or access point 602 B, the source tunnel endpoint address in those packets may only show up the IP address of access switch 602 A (i.e., 10.1.1.7), instead of their original source tunnel endpoint addresses such as 10.1.1.1, 10.1.1.2, or 10.1.1.3. Thus, once the source address translation takes place, the rest of the network fabric may see the end points below access switch 602 A as being attached to one tunnel endpoint, even though they may actually have their outbound packets encapsulated at VTEPs 604 A- 604 C below proxy switch 602 A.
As proxies, access switches 602 A, 602 B can maintain the forwarding information for all the hosts that are reachable via their front panel ports. The forwarding information may be stored in a routing table, a lookup table, or an encapsulation table. In some embodiments, access switch 602 A may maintain separate lookup tables for inbound traffic and outbound traffic, while in other embodiments, access switch 602 A may use the same lookup table for both inbound and outbound traffic. Access switch 602 A may also keep separate lookup tables for different VNIDs instead of having a combined table for all the VNIDs.
FIG. 7 illustrates example encapsulation table 700 as used by tunnel endpoint 604 C of FIG. 6 for encapsulating outbound packets. Encapsulation table 700 , also known as a routing table or a lookup table, may contain host address field 702 , VNID field 704 , and tunnel endpoint address field 706 . One of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that encapsulation table 700 can contain more information or less information than what is presented in FIG. 7 . Host address field 702 may represent L2 addresses, such as MAC addresses, for endpoints in the overlay network. In addition, VNID field 704 may present the identifiers of the virtual networks, such as VXLANs, to which the endpoints are assigned. Furthermore, tunnel endpoint address field 706 may list corresponding L3 addresses, such as IP addresses, that are associated with the hosts.
For instance, if VTEP 604 C is to encapsulate a packet (e.g., L2 data frame) that is destined for host 606 F, VTEP 604 C can extract the destination host address, such as inner MAC DA 506 as shown in FIG. 5 , from the packet, and look up that address in encapsulation table 700 . Example lookup entry 708 F in encapsulation table 700 indicates that the destination host address 66:66:66:66:66:66 is linked to VNID of 3 and VTEP address of 10.1.1.8. Therefore, VTEP 604 C may insert the IP address 10.1.1.8 in the destination tunnel endpoint address field, such as outer IP DA 518 as shown in FIG. 5 , of the encapsulation header.
Notice that VTEP addresses 706 for hosts 606 F, 606 G appear on example encapsulation table 700 as 10.1.1.8 ( 708 F, 708 G), which is the tunnel endpoint address associated with access switch 602 B, instead of 10.1.1.5 or 10.1.1.6, which corresponds to VTEP 604 E and VTEP 604 F respectively, because VTEPs 604 E, 604 F are located behind access switch 602 B and therefore hidden from VTEP's 604 C view in example overlay network 600 . Notice also that VTEP addresses 706 in encapsulation table 700 for the VTEPs that are behind an access switch (e.g., VTEPs 604 E, 604 F) may be indistinguishable from the VTEP addresses for those VTEPs that are not behind an access switch (e.g., VTEP 604 D). In other words, from the standpoint of VTEP 604 C, hosts 606 F, 606 G may simply appear as though they are behind a single VTEP, not unlike how hosts 606 D, 606 E may appear to VTEP 604 C. VTEP 604 C may not be able to determine whether a given host is behind a proxy tunnel endpoint or not, just by examining encapsulation table 700 .
Optionally, encapsulation table 700 used by VTEP 604 C may also contain a lookup entry for host 606 C that is attached to VTEP 604 C ( 708 C) and entries for hosts 606 A, 606 B that are attached to other VTEPs 604 A, 604 B behind the same access switch 602 A as VTEP 604 C ( 708 A, 708 B). These lookup entries may be helpful for routing packets within VTEP and/or access switch boundaries or providing additional network features such as security enforcement, service redirect, etc.
FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic block diagram of an example overlay network with source address translation. In order to implement source address translation, an access switch may maintain associations between hosts and tunnel endpoints for all the hosts that are reachable via its front panel ports. When the access switch receives encapsulated traffic from their subsidiary tunnel endpoints, in addition to learning the actual associations between the hosts and the tunnel endpoints specified in the packet, it could also claim ownership of the source address by overwriting the overlay IP source address with its own tunnel endpoint address. With this source address translation mechanism, it may appear to other network devices in the overlay network as though all those hosts have the access switch as their tunnel endpoint. In addition, by overwriting the IP source address of the encapsulated packet on the egress path, the access switch may proxy for the tunnel endpoint in the network such that any host movements below the access switch may not be visible to other tunnel endpoints, hence significantly reducing the amount of updates needed for the lookup tables in those other tunnel endpoints. For example, even if host 606 B were to migrate from VTEP 604 B to VTEP 604 C, VTEP 604 E need not update its routing table regarding host 606 B because host 606 B would still be associated with the same IP address, namely the tunnel endpoint address for access switch 602 A.
On the other hand, when the incoming traffic arrives at the access switch, the access switch can examine the inner host destination address in the packet to determine how it may forward the packet. Moreover, if the packet is headed to a tunnel endpoint that is attached to the access switch's front panel port, the access switch can rewrite the overlay IP destination address with the final tunnel endpoint address before forwarding the packet down to the local tunnel endpoint. In other words, by overwriting the IP source address of the encapsulated packet on the ingress path, the access switch can proxy for all the tunnel endpoints below it such that other tunnel endpoints in the overlay network may only need to maintain the encapsulation information for access switches. Consequently, a hierarchy of overlay network encapsulations may be achieved. This allows the overlay network to advantageously support significantly more number of tunnel endpoints across the fabric. In some embodiments, the overlay network hierarchy may be further layered by attaching one or more access switches to another access switch that may function as a proxy for the other access switches below it.
As an example, an example packet originating from host 606 C and destined for host 606 F may traverse overlay network 800 while being encapsulated, translated, and de-encapsulated. The various components and contents of the packet will be illustrated in terms of example encapsulation layout 500 of FIG. 5 . First, an L2 packet, such as an Ethernet packet, is generated by host 606 C. The packet may have the MAC address 33:33:33:33:33:33 as its inner MAC source address 508 and 66:66:66:66:66:66 as its inner MAC destination address 506 . The main information that the packet is trying to deliver to host 606 F may be contained in its Ethernet payload 510 . Once host 606 C generates the packet, it forwards the packet to VTEP 604 C ( 802 A). VTEP 604 C may then perform MAC-in-UDP encapsulation on the packet by appending overlay network encapsulation header 504 , such as a VXLAN header, to the L2 packet. VTEP 604 C may first look up inner MAC destination address 506 in a lookup table, such as encapsulation table 700 as shown in FIG. 7 , to determine the destination tunnel endpoint address. In this example, the destination tunnel endpoint address that is associated with host 606 F turns out to be 10.1.1.8. VTEP 604 C can use this address as outer IP destination address 518 and its own IP address, 10.1.1.3, as outer IP source address 520 . VTEP 604 C may also insert its MAC address as outer MAC source address 516 and the MAC address for access switch 602 B as outer MAC destination address 514 .
Subsequently, VTEP 604 C may forward the encapsulated packet to access switch 602 A ( 802 B). Upon receiving the encapsulated packet, access switch 602 A may take ownership of the packet by performing source address translation on the packet. In other words, access switch 602 A may swap original outer IP source address 520 with its own IP address, which is 10.1.1.7. Thus, subsequent network nodes or terminals that may receive the translated packet may only recognize the translated packet as originating from access switch 602 A and may not know of the existence of its original encapsulating tunnel endpoint 604 C. After inserting the translated source address, access switch 602 A may transmit the encapsulated packet towards the packet's destination tunnel endpoint address (i.e., 10.1.1.8) via network 402 ( 802 C). The encapsulated packet eventually reaches access switch 602 B via network 402 ( 802 D).
Upon receiving the encapsulated packet from access switch 602 A, access switch 602 B may refer to its own lookup table to determine that the host corresponding to the destination host address (i.e., 66:66:66:66:66:66) is connected to VTEP 604 E, which is located behind access switch 602 B. In order to further route the packet to its intended destination, access switch 602 B may perform another address translation step to swap outer IP destination address 518 with the IP address of VTEP 604 E (i.e., 10.1.1.5). With the new destination tunnel endpoint address written in its header, the encapsulated packet may be forwarded by access switch 602 B to VTEP 604 E ( 802 E). Finally, VTEP 604 E may de-encapsulate the packet by removing encapsulation header 504 , and forward the resulting L2 data frame to its final destination, host 606 F ( 802 F).
The source address translation process may be implemented by the following example pseudo-code:







TABLE 1





Unicast case:


#infra attach destination, unidestination packet


...


if EgrFields.EgrEncapValid:





pkt.outer.DIP = EncapEntry.DIP


pkt.outer.SMAC





= self.EgrSrcEncap[EgrFields.Overlaylnst].SMAC





pkt.outer.SIP





= self.EgrSrcEncap[EgrFields.Overlaylnst].SIP





pkt.outer.VLAN





= self.EgrSrcEncap[EgrFields.Overlaylnst].VLAN





pkt.outer.DMAC = self.Config.MAC























































TABLE 2





Multicast case:


# this is a multi-destination packet because


# NMetPtr is not NULL need to walk through the


# NMetTable after modifying the packet properly


Done= False


NMetPtr = EncapEntry.NMetPtr


while not Done:





#make a copy of the packet


. . .


#modify the packet headers


if EgrFields.EgrEncapValid:





newpkt.outer.SMAC





= self.EgrSrcEncap[Overlaylnst].SMAC





newpkt.outer.SIP





= self.EgrSrcEncap[Overlaylnst].SIP





newpkt.outer.VLAN





= self. EgrSrcEncap[Overlaylnst].VLAN





















































FIGS. 9A-C illustrate source address translation in an example encapsulated packet. In particular, in FIG. 9A , encapsulation packet 900 A may be the example packet from the previous example shown in FIG. 8 . Encapsulation packet 900 A may consist of original frame 902 A, outer IP destination address 906 A, outer IP source address 908 A, and other miscellaneous data 910 A. One of skill in the art will readily recognize that the layout may be implemented in any other combination thereof, including combinations that exclude, add, or modify certain data bits. When VTEP 604 C encapsulates original frame 902 A with encapsulation header 904 A, tunnel endpoint 604 C may insert its own tunnel endpoint address 10.1.1.3 into outer IP source address field 908 A. In addition, after consulting the lookup table, VTEP 604 C may determine that the VTEP address associated with the recipient host is 10.1.1.8. Accordingly, VTEP 604 C may insert that address into outer IP destination address field 906 A.
FIG. 9B illustrates encapsulation packet 900 B after it reaches access switch 602 A and undergoes source address translation. In this example, outer IP source address 908 B is replaced by 10.1.1.7, which is the tunnel endpoint IP address for access switch 602 A. In this way, access switch 602 A has taken ownership of the outbound traffic. FIG. 9C illustrates encapsulation packet 900 C after it is transmitted via network 402 and received by access switch 602 B. In order to further route encapsulated packet 902 C to its intended recipient (i.e., host 606 F), access switch 602 B may look up the packet's destination host address in the encapsulation table and determine that the host resides under VTEP 604 E. Access switch 602 B may then rewrite the packet's overlay destination IP address 906 C with the tunnel endpoint IP address of VTEP 604 E, which is 10.1.1.5. Now encapsulated packet 900 C may be appropriately routed to VTEP 604 E.
Having disclosed some basic system components and concepts, the disclosure now turns to the example method embodiments shown in FIGS. 10-11 . For the sake of clarity, the methods are described in terms of system 110 , as shown in FIG. 1 , configured to practice the method. Alternatively, the methods can be practiced by system 200 as shown in FIG. 2A , computer system 250 as shown in FIG. 2B , or any of endpoints 310 as shown in FIG. 3 . The steps outlined herein are exemplary and can be implemented in any combination thereof in any order, including combinations that exclude, add, or modify certain steps.
FIG. 10 illustrates an example method embodiment. First, system 110 may receive, at an access switch in an overlay network, an encapsulated packet from a tunnel endpoint in the overlay network, the encapsulated packet originating from a host associated with the tunnel endpoint and encapsulated at the tunnel endpoint with a first source tunnel endpoint address and a destination tunnel endpoint address ( 1002 ). The overlay network may be a VXLAN and the tunnel endpoint can be a VTEP. The encapsulated packet may be an OSI layer 3 packet, such as a UDP packet, and the packet may be encapsulated at the tunnel endpoint using MAC-in-UDP encapsulation. Moreover, the first source tunnel endpoint address, the second source tunnel endpoint address, and the destination tunnel endpoint address can be L3 addresses, such as IP addresses. System 110 can record, in a translation table at the access switch, an association between the host and the first source tunnel endpoint address.
System 110 may then replace the first source tunnel endpoint address in the encapsulated packet with a second source tunnel endpoint address of the access switch to yield a translated packet ( 1004 ). Then, system 110 may transmit the translated packet from the access switch towards the destination tunnel endpoint address ( 1006 ). In some embodiments, the destination tunnel endpoint address may belong to another tunnel endpoint in the overlay network. In other embodiments, the destination tunnel endpoint address may belong to another access switch in the overlay network. The other access switch may be configured to forward the translated packet to a tunnel endpoint that is associated with that access switch.
Additionally, system 110 may receive, at the access switch, an incoming encapsulated packet that is destined for the host. The incoming encapsulated packet may have the second source tunnel endpoint address in a destination tunnel endpoint address field. System 110 may determine that the host is associated with the first source tunnel endpoint address by using the translation table. System 110 may then rewrite the destination tunnel endpoint address field in the incoming encapsulated packet with the first source tunnel endpoint address to yield an incoming translated packet. System 110 can transmit the incoming translated packet from the access switch to the tunnel endpoint.
FIG. 11 illustrates another example method embodiment. System 110 may receive, at an access switch in an overlay network, an encapsulated packet that is destined for a host ( 1102 ). The encapsulated packet may have a first destination tunnel endpoint address for the access switch and a destination host address for the host ( 1102 ). The first destination tunnel endpoint address may be an L3 address, such as an IP address, and the destination host address may be an L2 address, such as a MAC address. System 110 may determine that the host is associated with a tunnel endpoint by using a translation table that stores an association between the destination host address and a second destination tunnel endpoint address of the tunnel endpoint ( 1104 ). The second destination tunnel endpoint may be an L3 address, such as an IP address. System can then replace the first destination tunnel endpoint address in the encapsulated packet with the second destination tunnel endpoint address to yield a translated packet ( 1106 ). The translated packet may be an L3 packet, such as a UDP packet. System may transmit the translated packet from the access switch to the tunnel endpoint ( 1108 ). The tunnel endpoint may be configured to de-encapsulate the translated packet to yield a de-encapsulated frame, and forward the de-encapsulated frame to the host. The de-encapsulated frame can be an L2 packet, such as a MAC frame.
For clarity of explanation, in some instances the present technology may be presented as including individual functional blocks including functional blocks comprising devices, device components, steps or routines in a method embodied in software, or combinations of hardware and software.
In some embodiments the computer-readable storage devices, mediums, and memories can include a cable or wireless signal containing a bit stream and the like. However, when mentioned, non-transitory computer-readable storage media expressly exclude media such as energy, carrier signals, electromagnetic waves, and signals per se.
Methods according to the above-described examples can be implemented using computer-executable instructions that are stored or otherwise available from computer readable media. Such instructions can comprise, for example, instructions and data which cause or otherwise configure a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or special purpose processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions. Portions of computer resources used can be accessible over a network. The computer executable instructions may be, for example, binaries, intermediate format instructions such as assembly language, firmware, or source code. Examples of computer-readable media that may be used to store instructions, information used, and/or information created during methods according to described examples include magnetic or optical disks, flash memory, USB devices provided with non-volatile memory, networked storage devices, and so on.
Devices implementing methods according to these disclosures can comprise hardware, firmware and/or software, and can take any of a variety of form factors. Typical examples of such form factors include laptops, smart phones, small form factor personal computers, personal digital assistants, rackmount devices, standalone devices, and so on. Functionality described herein also can be embodied in peripherals or add-in cards. Such functionality can also be implemented on a circuit board among different chips or different processes executing in a single device, by way of further example.
The instructions, media for conveying such instructions, computing resources for executing them, and other structures for supporting such computing resources are means for providing the functions described in these disclosures.
Although a variety of examples and other information was used to explain aspects within the scope of the appended claims, no limitation of the claims should be implied based on particular features or arrangements in such examples, as one of ordinary skill would be able to use these examples to derive a wide variety of implementations. Further and although some subject matter may have been described in language specific to examples of structural features and/or method steps, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to these described features or acts. For example, such functionality can be distributed differently or performed in components other than those identified herein. Rather, the described features and steps are disclosed as examples of components of systems and methods within the scope of the appended claims. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more.”
A phrase such as an “aspect” does not imply that such aspect is essential to the subject technology or that such aspect applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to an aspect may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. A phrase such as an aspect may refer to one or more aspects and vice versa. A phrase such as a “configuration” does not imply that such configuration is essential to the subject technology or that such configuration applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to a configuration may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. A phrase such as a configuration may refer to one or more configurations and vice versa.
The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example or illustration.” Any aspect or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. Moreover, claim language reciting “at least one of” a set indicates that one member of the set or multiple members of the set satisfy the claim.