(en)Computer systems, according to various embodiments, are adapted to assist emergency services providers in determining the location of an individual who is in need of help. In various embodiments, the system may be adapted to determine a current dispatchable location for the individual who is in need of help, use the determined dispatchable location to determine which particular public-safety answering point will be handling an emergency electronic communication (e.g., text message or other, non-text digital or analog electronic communication) regarding the individual, update a data structure associated with the particular public-safety answering point to indicate the individual's current location, and then initiate and/or mediate an electronic communication between the individual and the emergency services provider. In various embodiments, updating the database may provide more accurate information regarding the individual's location than would otherwise be available for the individual.

1.ApplicationNumber: US-201715424430-A
1.PublishNumber: US-9807581-B2
2.Date Publish: 20171031
3.Inventor: SELF MICHAEL R.
WHITE FREDERICK L.
HARMER JONATHAN AUBREY
PENN RAYMOND JOHN

4.Inventor Harmonized: SELF MICHAEL R(US)
WHITE FREDERICK L(US)
HARMER JONATHAN AUBREY(US)
PENN RAYMOND JOHN(US)

5.Country: US
6.Claims:
(en)Computer systems, according to various embodiments, are adapted to assist emergency services providers in determining the location of an individual who is in need of help. In various embodiments, the system may be adapted to determine a current dispatchable location for the individual who is in need of help, use the determined dispatchable location to determine which particular public-safety answering point will be handling an emergency electronic communication (e.g., text message or other, non-text digital or analog electronic communication) regarding the individual, update a data structure associated with the particular public-safety answering point to indicate the individual's current location, and then initiate and/or mediate an electronic communication between the individual and the emergency services provider. In various embodiments, updating the database may provide more accurate information regarding the individual's location than would otherwise be available for the individual.

7.Description:
(en)CLAIM OF PRIORITY
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/392,256, filed Dec. 28, 2016, entitled “Caller Location and PSAP Determination Systems and Methods”, which claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/218,973, filed Jul. 25, 2016, entitled “Caller Location Determination Systems and Methods”, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,544,750 on Jan. 10, 2017 and which claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/939,702, filed Nov. 12, 2015, entitled “Caller Location Determination Systems and Methods,” which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,402,159 on Jul. 26, 2016, all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.


BACKGROUND
In the past, when an individual placed an emergency call (e.g., a “911” call), the individual did so via a landline that was associated with a particular physical location. Accordingly, if necessary, emergency service providers could determine the current location of the caller by simply identifying the phone number associated with the incoming call and then accessing the address associated with the phone number via, for example, a suitable database.
With the increase in popularity of alternative voice communications mediums such as cellular phones, voice-over-IP, voice-over-LTE and others, the percentage of emergency calls that are made using these communications mediums has increased dramatically. This has created a very large problem in that when an emergency service receives such a call, they cannot reliably determine the location of the caller based on the caller's phone number alone. Instead, emergency services typically ask the caller for their location before obtaining any additional information from the caller. If the caller is unable to speak or provide directions to their current location, the emergency service may, for example, try to obtain location information for the caller using triangulation techniques or other, often unreliable, location determination techniques. This often results in emergency service providers not being able to locate the caller in time to help them. This same issue applies to Voice-over-IP (VOIP) phones, which are portable and may be used in any location with a suitable Internet connection. There are presently a number of initiatives under way that seek to provide accurate dispatchable locations to Public Safety Answering Point (PSAPs) at the time of emergency calls, but all of the known proposed initiatives require substantial investments in new hardware and/or software on the part of network providers, mobile phone service providers, PSAPs or others.
Similar issues exist in regard to emergency text messages, and other non-voice electronic communications, such as emergency text messages placed from smartphones, tablet computers, laptop computers, and desktop computers.
Accordingly, there is a currently an urgent need for improved systems and methods that make use of existing technological infrastructures to identify the location of individuals making emergency calls, and other calls, or sending emergency text messages via cellular phones, other portable communications devices (e.g., voice communications devices) and computing devices, while still being able to provide the Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP) with an accurate “dispatchable location” (a term well known in the art which may include a civic address, e.g. “1234 Oak Street, Any City, Md., 12345”, a coordinate system location e.g. “WGS84 based latitude and longitude 26.123456,−80.123456”, or any human-understandable location to which a first responder may be sent e.g. “I-95 Northbound at mile marker 131.5” or “Atlantic Ocean, 1.26 nautical miles due east of Boca Inlet, Boca Raton, Fla.”) to send first responder(s) to when such an emergency call or text message is placed.
SUMMARY
A non-transitory computer-readable medium, according to various embodiments, stores computer executable instructions for: (1) determining a current location of a portable computing device; (2) receiving from a particular individual, via a user interface of a portable computing device, a request to initiate an emergency electronic communication, the emergency electronic communication requesting emergency assistance; and (3) at least partially in response to receiving the request to initiate an emergency electronic communication: (a) using the determined current location of the portable computing device to determine a dispatchable location for use in dispatching emergency assistance to the particular individual; (b) determining which particular one of a plurality of public-safety answering points will handle the emergency electronic communication; (c) updating a data structure to indicate that the portable computing device is at the determined current location, the data structure being a data structure that the particular public-safety answering point that will be handling the emergency electronic communication will access to determine location information for individuals who contact the public-safety answering point to request emergency assistance; and (d) initiating an emergency electronic communication, by the portable computing device, to the public-safety answering point, regarding an emergency involving the particular individual.
A computer system, according to particular embodiments, comprises: (1) one or more computer processors; and (2) memory storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the one or more computer processors, cause the one or more computer processors to perform operations comprising: (a) determining a current location of a portable computing device of a particular individual; (b) using the determined current location of the portable computing device to determine a dispatchable location for use in dispatching emergency assistance to the particular individual; (c) using the determined dispatchable location to determine which particular one of a plurality of public-safety answering points will handle an emergency electronic communication; (d) receiving a request to initiate an emergency electronic communication requesting help for the particular individual; and (e) at least partially in response to receiving the request to initiate an emergency electronic communication: updating a data structure to indicate that the portable computing device is at the determined dispatchable location. In various embodiments, the data structure is a data structure that the determined particular public-safety answering point that will be handling the emergency electronic communication will access to determine location information for individuals who contact the particular public-safety answering point to request emergency assistance; and initiating an emergency electronic communication, by the portable computing device, to the particular public-safety answering point, regarding an emergency involving the particular individual.
A computer-implemented method of initiating an emergency electronic communication to an emergency services provider for an individual who is in need of emergency assistance, and for providing, to the emergency services provider, an accurate dispatchable location for the individual for use in dispatching emergency assistance to the individual comprises, in various embodiments: (1) using one or more computing devices to continuously monitor a location of the individual's portable computing device; (2) receiving a request to initiate an emergency electronic communication; and (3) in response to receiving the request to initiate an emergency electronic communication: (a) updating a particular data structure with a current dispatchable location for the individual, as determined by the one or more computing devices that are continuously monitoring the location of the individual's portable computing device, the particular data structure being a data structure that a particular public-safety answering point, that will be handling the emergency electronic communication, accesses to determine location information for one or more individuals who are in need of emergency assistance; and (b) initiating an emergency electronic communication to the public-safety answering point, regarding an emergency involving the individual. The method may further comprise, before updating the particular data structure with the current dispatchable location for the individual, using the current dispatchable location for the individual to determine that the particular public-safety answering point will be handling the emergency electronic communication.
A non-transitory computer-readable medium, according to various embodiments, stores computer executable instructions for: (1) receiving from a particular individual, via a user interface of a portable computing device, a request to initiate an emergency electronic communication; and (2) at least partially in response to receiving the request to initiate an emergency electronic communication: (a) determining a current location of the portable computing device; (b) using the determined current location of the portable computing device to determine a dispatchable location for use in dispatching emergency assistance to the particular individual; (c) updating a data structure to indicate that the portable computing device is at the determined current location, the data structure being a data structure that a particular public-safety answering point that will be handling the emergency electronic communication will access to determine location information for individuals who contact the public-safety answering point to request emergency assistance; and (d) initiating an emergency electronic communication, by the portable computing device, to the public-safety answering point, regarding an emergency involving the particular individual.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Various embodiments of text message sender location determination systems and methods are described below. In the course of this description, reference will be made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a Text Message Sender Location Determination System in accordance with an embodiment of the present system;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the Text Message Facilitation Server of FIG. 1 ;
FIG. 3 is a flowchart that generally illustrates various steps executed by an Emergency Text Message Facilitation Module according to a particular embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a flowchart that generally illustrates various steps executed by a Text Message Sender Location Determination Module according to a particular embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a flowchart that generally illustrates various steps executed by a Correct PSAP Determination Module according to a particular embodiment;
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example in which the system routes a text message, initiated by an individual's wireless computing device when the device is in a first jurisdiction, to a first PSAP that is in the first jurisdiction and that is designated to handle emergency calls and/or electronic communications in the first jurisdiction, despite the fact that a cellular tower, which the individual's device is in communication with while initiating the text message, is in a second jurisdiction, which is serviced by a second PSAP that isn't designated to handle emergency text messages in the first jurisdiction. In this example, the system solves the “Phase I misroute problem” that often results in delays in routing emergency services to individuals in need of help.
FIGS. 7-11 are example screen shots of a graphical user interface of a system according to a certain embodiment.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SOME EMBODIMENTS
Various embodiments will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.
Overview
Systems and methods according to various embodiments may be used to initiate and/or mediate an emergency text message and to facilitate providing an accurate dispatchable location to an emergency services provider that is handling the text message. In particular embodiments, the system is adapted to collect telemetry information from various sources, which may be endogenous and/or exogenous to the voice communications device (or other communications device) being used to initiate the emergency text message (which may be a computing device, such as a smartphone, tablet computer, etc., with or without cellular communications capabilities). The system may then relay some or all available telemetry data to a central geolocation cache database. When the need arises for an individual to request emergency assistance (or other assistance), the system analyzes some or all available data stored in the geolocation database (e.g., at least substantially in real time—e.g., in real time) to determine the most likely candidate dispatchable location. The system then determines which particular one of a plurality of PSAPs is designated to handle emergency text messages at the candidate dispatchable location. The system then causes the dispatchable location to be communicated, at least substantially in real time (e.g., in real time or near real time), to a database associated with the determined particular PSAP that will be handling an emergency text message from the individual and, subsequently, to the individual (e.g., employee) at the PSAP that answers the emergency text message. Particular embodiments may also be adapted to facilitate the transmission of the emergency text message from the individual to the particular PSAP. Particular embodiments of the system may also be adapted to mediate two-way text communications (e.g., one or more chat sessions) between the individual and the particular PSAP. It should be understood that, in any of the embodiments described herein, rather than a call or text message, the system may initiate and/or mediate any other suitable type of electronic communication, such as any other suitable digital or analog electronic communication. Text messages may include, for example, SMS messages and text messages that are sent via any suitable text messaging platform such as Slack, Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, Skype, Google Hangouts, etc.
Systems and methods according to particular embodiments provide one or more user-controlled mechanisms that may supplement and/or replace some or all of the telemetry data communicated to the geolocation cache database and to optionally update the geolocation database and, optionally in near real time or real time, further update the appropriate PSAP lookup database with a dispatchable location provided by the user of the communications device (e.g., voice and/or text communications device). Certain, but not all possible embodiments use existing technologies, frameworks and architectures so as to not require expensive hardware and/or software upgrades on the part of the PSAPs, network providers, mobile phone service providers, or other entities.
In various embodiments, the system may be adapted to accurately determine and communicate the current location of an individual who is initiating an emergency text message using a portable computing device, such as a cellular phone (e.g., a smartphone), VOIP telephone, or tablet computer. In various embodiments, the system allows a user to use a software application (e.g., an “app” running on their portable computing device, or an operating system of a particular computing device) to communicate geolocation telemetry and/or specify their likely location when the user is in one or more particular geographical locations. As a particular example, the user might specify that, when they are identified as being within a pre-determined radius (e.g., a 100-yard radius) of their workplace, their likely location is at their workplace, on the second floor, in office 212 . Similarly, the user might specify that, when they are identified as being within a pre-determined (e.g., optionally user-selectable) radius (e.g., a 50 yard radius) of their home, their likely location is at their home.
The system may be configured to automatically update the user's current location in the system's memory based on the user's current location. For example, if the user travels from their home to work, the system may: (1) in response to the user moving outside of the pre-determined radius of their home, automatically update the user's location from “222 Peachtree Lane, Atlanta, Ga.” (their home address) to the user's current location, as determined by executing an algorithm utilizing the various telemetry data stored in the geolocation cache database; and (2) in response to the user moving within a pre-determined radius of their workplace, automatically update the user's current location to “111 Workplace Avenue, Atlanta, Ga.” (the user's work address). In this way, the system may track, in real time, detailed information regarding the individual's most likely location based on the current indicated location of their portable computing device (e.g., smartphone).
In particular embodiments, at least partially in response to the user using their portable computing device to initiate a text message to an emergency service provider, the system first communicates the individual's current location (as determined above) along with the individual's phone number (or other unique identifier) to a database associated with an emergency service provider (e.g., a “PSAP Lookup Database” such as a public automatic line information database) to indicate that the most likely dispatchable location of the portable computing device associated with the individual's phone number (or other unique identifier) is the individual's communicated current location. During this transmission, the system may also transmit any other suitable information regarding the individual—for example, a photo of the individual, information regarding the individual's medical history (e.g., allergies to medicine, recent medical procedures, etc.), and/or contact information for one or more people who hold the individual's medical power of attorney, next of kin and other relevant information.
After (or optionally during or before) the transmission of this information, the system may initiate and/or mediate a text message (e.g., a two-way text messaging session) from the individual to the emergency service provider. After (e.g., in response to) receiving the text message, a representative reads the text message and the representative's computer automatically retrieves the dispatchable location information for the individual by using the phone number (or other unique identifier) associated with the text message as a key in the appropriate PSAP Lookup Database. The representative's computer system may then convey the information to the emergency service provider representative in any suitable manner (e.g., by displaying the information on the representative's display screen). The representative may then use this information to direct emergency workers (e.g., a first responder) to the individual's current location.
In particular embodiments, the system may be configured to allow a first individual to initiate an emergency text message on behalf of a second individual, who is with the first individual and who is in need of emergency assistance. In one such embodiment, the system may be configured to allow the first individual to input the second individual's name into the system (e.g., via a suitable graphical user interface) along with any other pertinent information regarding the second individual (e.g., the second individual's telephone number or other contact information, and/or the second individual's appearance, current physical condition, medical background, etc.). The system then determines a current dispatchable location for the first individual as described elsewhere herein) and communicates the second individual's name and other pertinent information, along with the determined current dispatchable location for the first individual and the first individual's phone number (and/or, optionally, the second individual's telephone number and/or other unique identifier and/or contact information), to a database associated with an emergency service provider (e.g., a “PSAP Lookup Database” such as a public automatic line information database).
As described in greater detail elsewhere herein, the system may then initiate a text message to the emergency service provider. The emergency service provider may then use either the first individual's phone number (or other uniquely identifying data for the first individual) or the second individual's phone number (or other uniquely identifying data for the second individual) as a key to look up information from the database, associated with the emergency service provider, that was previously updated by the system (e.g., immediately before the emergency text was transmitted to the emergency service provider). The emergency service provider's computer system then displays the current dispatchable location of the first individual, the second individual's name, and the other pertinent information regarding the second individual to an emergency service representative (e.g., via a suitable display screen), and the emergency service representative then uses that information to dispatch a suitable emergency service provider to the second individual.
In other embodiments, if a text message sender (e.g., the first individual) is not in the same location as the individual who is in need of assistance (e.g., the second individual), the system may operate as described above except that, instead of effectively using the first individual's dispatchable location as the second individual's dispatchable location, the system may have the first individual specify the actual location of the second individual (e.g., by entering the second individual's current address, room number, etc. into the system using a suitable graphical user interface, or selecting a location, via a suitable user interface, that was previously entered into the system), and then determine a suitable dispatchable location for the second individual based on the location information provided by the first individual. (This process may or may not, for example, involve using the “snap-to” techniques described in greater detail below.) The system then functions as described above except that, rather than updating the database associated with the emergency service provider (e.g., the PSAP database or other suitable database) with a dispatchable location that has been calculated based on the first individual's whereabouts, the system updates the database with the determined dispatchable location for the second individual.
Exemplary Technical Platforms
As will be appreciated by one skilled in the relevant field, the present systems and methods may be, for example, embodied as a computer system, a method, or a computer program product. Accordingly, various embodiments may be entirely hardware or a combination of hardware and software. Furthermore, particular embodiments may take the form of a computer program product stored on a computer-readable storage medium having computer-readable instructions (e.g., software) embodied in the storage medium. Various embodiments may also take the form of Internet-implemented computer software. Any suitable computer-readable storage medium may be utilized including, for example, hard disks, thumb drives, compact disks, DVDs, optical storage devices, and/or magnetic storage devices.
Various embodiments are described below with reference to block diagram and flowchart illustrations of methods, apparatuses, (e.g., systems), and computer program products. It should be understood that each block of the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations, respectively, can be implemented by a computer executing computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be loaded onto a general purpose computer, a special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture that is configured for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart block or blocks.
The computer instructions may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on a user's computer and partly on a remote computer, or entirely on the remote computer or server. The remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any suitable type of network, including but not limited to: (1) a local area network (LAN); (2) a wide area network (WAN); and/or (3) a cellular network. It should be understood that a particular computer's connection to the network may be made via an external computer (for example, by connecting to the internet via a “hotspot” provided by a portable wireless device).
The computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture that is configured for implementing the function specified in the flowchart block or blocks. The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer-implemented process (e.g., method) such that the instructions that execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart block or blocks.
Example System Architecture
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a Text Message Sender Location Determination System 10 according to particular embodiments. As may be understood from this figure, the Text Message Sender Location Determination System 10 includes: (1) one or more portable computing devices 45 , which may, for example, include one or more cellular phones (e.g., a smartphone or traditional cellular phone), tablet computers, and/or laptop computers; (2) a Text Message Facilitation Server 50 that may, for example, be remote from the one or more remote computing devices 45 ; (3) a geolocation cache database 40 that may include hardware and/or software that facilitates determining the geographic location of the one or more portable computing devices 45 and (4) a geolocation telemetry collection technology suite, which may include one or more devices for acquiring the telemetry related to the geographic location of the one or more portable computing devices 45 ; this geolocation technology suite may include hardware that is located on or within the one or more portable computing devices 45 and may include, for example, a GPS unit within the one or more portable computing devices 45 , one or more accelerometers within the one or more portable computing devices 45 , one or more wireless networking chips within the one or more portable computing devices 45 , one or more Bluetooth chips stored within the wireless computing devices, one or more barometers stored within the one or more portable computing devices 45 , and/or one or more devices located outside the one or more portable computing devices 45 (e.g., one or more cellular towers that are adapted for approximating the location of the one or more portable computing devices 45 via triangulation techniques, one or more wireless routers, etc.)
As may be understood from FIG. 1 , the system may also include a call and/or text message processing system 25 and a Public Safety Answering Point Server 30 that, for example, may be located at a Public Safety Answering Point 15 that is staffed by one or more PSAP representatives 20 . The system may further include a PSAP Lookup Database 60 (which may be, for example, a public automatic line information database) that is used for storing information (e.g., location information) that is associated with respective phone numbers (e.g., cell phone numbers or Voice-Over-IP (VOIP) numbers) and a Geolocation Cache Database 40 .
The system may further include one or more voice and/or data communication networks 60 for initiating and/or mediating communication between the various system components discussed above. These one or more networks 60 may include any of a variety of types of wired or wireless computer networks such as the Internet (or other WAN), a private intranet, a mesh network, a public switch telephone network (PSTN), or any other type of network (e.g., a network that uses Bluetooth (standard or low energy Bluetooth), beacon communication technologies (e.g., iBeacon), and/or near field communications to facilitate communication between computing devices).
FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary diagrammatic representation of the architecture of a Text Message Facilitation Server 50 that may be used within the Text Message Sender Location Determination System 10 . It should be understood that the computer architecture shown in FIG. 2 may also represent the computer architecture of any one of the one or more portable computing devices 45 , the PSAP Server 30 and/or the geolocation cache database 40 shown in FIG. 1 .
In particular embodiments, the Text Message Facilitation Server 50 may be connected (e.g., networked) to other computing devices in a LAN, an intranet, an extranet, and/or the Internet or other suitable network as shown in FIG. 1 . As noted above, the Text Message Facilitation Server 50 may operate in the capacity of a server or a client computing device in a client-server network environment, or as a peer computing device in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The Text Message Facilitation Server 50 may be a desktop personal computing device (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a web appliance, a network router, a switch or bridge, a physical computer server, a cloud-based logical computer server and/or any other computing device capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that computing device. Further, while only a single computing device is illustrated, the single term “computing device” (or other such singular terminology referring to a computing device) should also be interpreted to include any collection of computing devices that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.
As shown in FIG. 2 , an exemplary Text Message Facilitation Server 50 includes a processor 202 , a main memory 204 (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM) such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) or Rambus DRAM (RDRAM), etc.), a static memory 206 (e.g., flash memory, static random access memory (SRAM), etc.), and a data storage device 218 , which communicate with each other and other system components via a bus 232 .
The processor 202 represents one or more general-purpose or specific processing devices such as a microprocessor, a central processing unit (CPU), or the like. More particularly, the processor 202 may be a complex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, reduced instruction set computing (RISC) microprocessor, very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, or processor implementing other instruction sets, or processors implementing a combination of instruction sets. The processing device 202 may also be one or more special-purpose processing devices such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a digital signal processor (DSP), network processor, or the like. The processor 202 may be configured to execute processing logic 226 for performing various operations and steps discussed herein.
The Text Message Facilitation Server 50 may further include a network interface device 208 . The Text Message Facilitation Server 50 may also include a video display unit 210 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT)), an alpha-numeric input device 212 (e.g., a keyboard), a cursor control device 214 (e.g., a mouse), and a signal generation device 216 (e.g., a speaker).
The data storage device 218 may include a non-transitory computer readable storage medium 230 (also known as a non-transitory computer-readable medium) on which is stored one or more sets of instructions (e.g., the Emergency Text Message Facilitation Module 300 , the Text Message Sender Location Determination Module 400 , and the Correct PSAP Determination Module 500 ) embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The emergency text message facilitation module 300 , the Text Message Sender Location Determination Module 400 , and the Correct PSAP Determination Module 500 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 204 and/or within the processor 202 during execution thereof by the Text Message Facilitation Server 50 —the main memory 204 and the processing device 202 also constituting non-transitory computer-readable storage media. The Emergency Text Message Facilitation Module 300 and the Text Message Sender Location Determination Module 400 may further be transmitted or received over a network 60 via a network interface device 208 . It should be understood that any of the modules described herein, and any other computer-executable instructions described herein may be stored on any suitable non-transitory computer-readable storage medium and may be executed by any suitable computing device, such as any of the computing devices shown in FIG. 1 . For example, such modules and/or computer-executable instructions may be stored in memory, and executed by, any suitable computing device such as a central server, a desktop computing device, a laptop computer, a handheld computing device (e.g., a smartphone or tablet), and/or any other suitable computing device, such as any of those shown in FIG. 1 .
The network 60 although illustrated as one “cloud” for the sake of brevity and ease of understanding should be understood to include one or more LANs, one or more virtual LANs, the Internet, one or more extranets, one or more WANs and/or other any other suitable networking topologies that facilitate the movement of data from one computing device to another. As is commonly understood in the art, each of the aforementioned networks may or may not have the ability to communicate directly with each other. By way of one example, data that is destined for the Geolocation Cache Database 40 may traverse the public Internet but once received, may then be communicated (e.g., along with other data derived from the original data) via a private LAN to the Text Message Facilitation Server 50 .
While the computing device-accessible storage medium 230 is shown in an exemplary embodiment to be a single medium, the term “computer readable medium” should be understood to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The terms “computing device-accessible storage medium” or “computer-readable medium” should also be understood to include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying a set of instructions for execution by the computing device and that may, for example, cause the computing device to execute any one or more of the methodologies of the present invention. The terms “computing device-accessible storage medium” and “computer-readable medium” should accordingly be understood to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, optical and magnetic media, etc.
Operation of Exemplary System
As noted above, a Text Message Sender Location Determination System 10 , according to various embodiments, is adapted to gather telemetry related to one or more particular locations, track and/or determine the location of an individual and to communicate the individual's most likely dispatchable location to an emergency services provider (e.g., a representative at a Public-Safety Access Point). This may be useful, for example, in identifying the current location of the individual after they initiate a text message to a Public-Safety Access Point requesting help in case of an emergency.
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of operations performed by an exemplary Emergency Text Message Facilitation Module 300 according to a particular embodiment. Turning to FIG. 3 , the system begins, at Step 305 , by receiving information that a particular individual is at a particular location. The system may do this in any suitable way.
As a particular example, the system may receive information regarding the location of the particular individual from one or more components of a geolocation technology suite 55 . For purposes of this discussion, a geolocation technology suite 55 may include, for example, one or more exogenous or endogenous systems or components that may be used in determining the location of an individual (e.g., by determining the location of a computing device in the individual's possession). For example, a geolocation technology suite 55 , according to various embodiments, may include: (1) one or more GPS units associated with one or more portable computing devices 45 associated with the individual (e.g., the individual's smartphone, tablet, wearable device, etc. . . . ); (2) one or more networks 60 (e.g., wireless or wired networks) that a portable computing device associated with the individual is connected to; (3) one or more cell towers that a portable computing device associated with the individual is in communication with; (4) one or more computing devices that a portable computing device 45 associated with the individual is in communication with (e.g., via beacon technology); and/or (5) one or more RF receivers (e.g., one or more AM or FM radio receivers, or television receivers) associated with (e.g., physically embodied within) a portable computing device associated with the individual.
The system may receive the geolocation data from the geolocation technology suite 55 in any suitable manner. For example, an application running on the individual's portable computing device may be adapted to capture at least some of this information and transmit the information, via one or more suitable networks 60 , to the geolocation cache database 40 . In other embodiments, an operating system associated with the individual's portable computing device 45 may capture the location information and transmit the information to the geolocation cache database 40 via one or more suitable networks 60 . In further embodiments, one or more third party portable computing devices (or other computing devices) that are not associated with (e.g., not owned or used by) the particular individual may run an application that automatically broadcasts the location of the particular individual in response to receiving an indication (e.g., via Bluetooth or beacon communications) that one or more of the individual's portable computing devices is adjacent the third party portable computing device.
It should be understood that the geolocation technology suite may determine and/or approximate the location of the individual in any suitable manner. For example, the system (or one or more other systems that are in communication with the system) may use information from one or more cellular towers to approximate the location of a portable computing device associated with the individual (and then assume that the individual is at same location as their portable computing device). Similarly, the system may approximate the location of an individual by first determining that the individual's portable computing device 45 is in communication a particular wireless network having a particular MAC address and then approximate the location of the individual (e.g., again assuming that the individual is near their portable computing device) by accessing a suitable database to determine a physical address associated with the MAC address.
As a further example, the system may, in various embodiments, be adapted to receive data regarding the reception of one or more RF signals (e.g., from any suitable source) adjacent the individual. For example, the system may use a radio receiver of a portable computing device associated with the individual to determine whether the radio receives one or more specific radio stations. The system may then use this information to determine at least the approximate current location of the individual. For example, the system may be adapted to tune an FM receiver of the individual's portable computing device to a particular FM frequency (e.g., 100.7 MHz) and then read the data channel to determine whether the station is a particular station that is associated with a particular geographic location (e.g., WHYI FM, which is broadcast only in South Florida). If so, the system may use this information to determine, for example, that the individual is currently in the particular geolocation. (e.g., in South Florida).
As another example, the system may use the portable computing device's FM receiver to scan the entire FM spectrum, and then enumerate all of the commercially broadcast radio stations and their relative signal strengths. The system may then use the determined FM signals and signal strengths to determine an approximate location of the individual. Similar techniques may be used for AM radio, television, and/or other RF signals (e.g., signals sent by satellites or other types of broadcasting equipment) through which a location may be inferred, or at least partially inferred, by either the existence of an RF signal and/or information encoded into the signal.
In certain embodiments, the system may receive information, from one or more social networking cites, indicating that a particular individual is at a particular location. For example, the system may receive an indication that the individual has “checked in” to a particular location on a social networking site, such as Foursquare. Similarly, the system may receive an indication that the individual has updated their status on a social networking site to indicate that they are at a particular location. In certain embodiments, the system may receive the individual's location from one or more social networking sites and/or operating systems that continuously track the location of the individual's portable computing device (e.g., smartphone or tablet). Examples may include, for example, the Tile application or a portable computing device operating system, such as iOS.
The system may also, or alternatively, determine the location of a particular individual by reviewing one or more communications sent from, or to, the individual. For example, the system may be adapted to review any electronic communications sent by or to the individual's portable computing device (or other computing device, or electronic communications account, such as e-mail or Twitter) to determine the individual's location. For example, the system may be adapted to automatically review any “Tweets” sent by an individual to determine whether they include an indication of the individual's current location. As a particular example, if the individual sends a Tweet, or other electronic communication, indicating that they are currently at NOCA restaurant in Roswell, Ga., the system may use this as an indication that the individual is located at an address associated with the restaurant NOCA in Roswell, Ga. (which the system may obtain from a suitable database of business addresses).
In various embodiments, the system may determine the likely location of an individual by “snapping to” the location of the individual. This functionality is discussed in greater detail below in conjunction with FIG. 4 . For example, various embodiments of the system are described above as automatically associating a particular likely location with an individual if: (1) the individual is within a predetermined distance of the likely location, or (2) if the individual is within a particular geographic region that contains the likely location.
In particular embodiments, the system may receive a manual indication (e.g., an explicit manual indication) from a user regarding the user's location. For example, before placing an emergency text message (e.g., immediately before initiating the text message), or while in a text chat session, the user may select a particular indicia on a graphical user interface associated with a particular application running on their smartphone (or other portable computing device 45 ) indicating that they are currently at their home or office address, or in another address that, for example, may have been preprogrammed into the system's memory (e.g., using the software application). For example, the system may request that the user select one of the user's pre-entered locations when the user uses the system to initiate the emergency text message. (See, for example, FIG. 7 , which shows a system that allows the user to select between four different pre-entered locations (e.g., “My Home”, “My Main Office”, “Grandma's House”, “Steve's Apartment”) before placing an emergency text message. In particular embodiments, the system may be adapted to allow a user to manually type their current location into the system immediately before or during the emergency text message.
In various embodiments, after receiving information from one or more sources regarding the current location of the individual, the system applies a pre-determined set of rules (e.g., a location-determination algorithm) to determine a most likely current dispatchable location for the individual. In various embodiments, the system may, for example, be configured to regard certain types of location information as more accurate than others and to use those more accurate sources of information in favor of other sources when necessary to choose between information from multiple sources.
Also, the system may be configured to take the number of location sources indicating that a particular individual is at a particular location into account when determining the most likely current dispatchable location of an individual. For example, if the system receives information from four different sources indicating that an individual is at a particular movie theater, and the system receives information from a single source indicating that the individual is at home, the system may be adapted to determine that the individual is likely at the movie theater since multiple sources indicate that the individual is at the movie theater, and only a single source indicates that the individual is at home.
The following are several examples of rules that the system may follow when determining the most likely current dispatchable location of an individual from a multiple location sources that, respectively, indicate different locations for an individual: (1) prefer location information that was provided manually by an individual over all other location information; (2) prefer GPS information over information determined using triangulation techniques; (3) prefer information derived from direct communication between the individual's portable computing device and a particular network or computing device over information determined using triangulation techniques.
Returning to FIG. 3 , in various embodiments, at Step 310 , the system is adapted for, at least partially in response to determining the most likely current dispatchable location for the individual (e.g., after making this determination), updating a data structure associated with the appropriate public-safety answering point (i.e., the public-safety answering point that will be handling an emergency text message from the individual) to indicate that the individual is at the determined dispatchable location. For example, the system may (e.g., using a suitable API) update a public ALI database that is used by the PSAP to indicate that the individual is at the system-determined dispatchable location. The system may do this, for example, by updating one or more records in the database to indicate that the portable computing device associated with the individual's cellular phone number is located at the system-determined dispatchable location. In other embodiments, the system may update the PSAP's database directly (e.g., in this same manner) to reflect the individual's current location.
As discussed in greater detail below, the system may update the data structure associated with the public-safety answering point with any suitable information. Such information may include, for example: (1) the individual's current dispatchable location; (2) the actual longitude and latitude of the user's portable computing device 45 ; (3) the location of an individual within a particular building (e.g., a particular room description or room number); (4) a description of the individual (e.g., the individual's gender, age, height, hair color, and/or eye color); (5) one or more medical conditions of the individual (e.g., one or more allergies of the individual); (6) the fact that the individual is blind, deaf, or unable to speak; (7) one or more languages spoken by the individual; (8) one or more images of the individual (e.g., pictures or videos); (9) contact information for one or more individuals associated with the particular individual (e.g., one or more emergency contacts for the individual); or (10) any other suitable information for the individual. In particular embodiments, the information may include one or more links to one or more of the types of information described above (e.g., the information may include a link to a picture of the individual, or a link to the individual's electronic medical records).
Next, the system proceeds to Step 315 , where it facilitates the initiation of, and/or mediation of, an emergency text message to the public-safety answering point (e.g., regarding an emergency involving the individual). The system may do this in any suitable manner using any suitable hardware and/or software. For example, the system may initiate the text message via the individual's portable computing device (e.g., the individual's smartphone) and/or use any other suitable communications hardware or software to initiate and/or mediate the text message.
In various embodiments, it is noted that the system may include a Text Message Facilitation Server 50 that may be adapted to act as a communications bridge between the one or more portable computing devices 45 and the Public-Safety Answering Point 15 . In particular embodiments, the Text Message Facilitation Server 50 may be adapted to initiate and maintain a communications channel between the PSAP 15 and the Text Message Facilitation Server 50 while maintaining a separate communications channel directly with the user's portable computing device 45 . This may help to maintain consistent staffing of the emergency text message because, even if the communications channel between the user's portable computing device 45 and the Text Message Facilitation Server 50 becomes unavailable, the connection between the Text Message Facilitation Sever 50 and the PSAP may be maintained. This may allow the user to re-establish text communications (e.g., one or two-way text communications) with the same emergency services representative by simply reestablishing communications between the user's portable computing device 45 and the Text Message Facilitation Server 50 .
In alternative embodiments, the system may not include a Text Message Facilitation Server 50 . In such embodiments, the system's text message generation functionality may, for example, be located entirely on the user's portable computing device. Also, in certain embodiments, one or more functions described herein as being performed by the Text Message Facilitation Server 50 may be executed by one or more servers that aren't configured to initiate or mediate text messages.
In particular embodiments, the system (e.g., the Text Message Facilitation Server 50 , or one or more other system components) may include text-to-speech functionality for using computer-generated sound to communicate information (e.g., the user's current location) to emergency representatives in the course of an emergency text message that has been initiated as described above. This may be useful, for example, if the user cannot physically speak, or if they are in a situation where it wouldn't be advisable to speak.
Location Determination Module
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of operations performed by an exemplary Location Determination Module 400 according to a particular embodiment. Turning to FIG. 4 , the system begins, at Step 405 , by receiving information from one or more sources regarding the location of an individual that will be the subject of an emergency text message. The system then advances to Step 410 where it uses the information from the one or more sources to determine the location of the individual. The system then advances to Step 415 where it ends the process.
From a more detailed perspective, in particular (but not all) embodiments, the Text Message Sender Location Determination Module 400 begins by receiving input regarding a likely location of a particular individual when the individual is in a particular geographical area that includes both the likely location and at least one other location within the particular geographical area. As a particular example, the user might specify that, when they are identified as being within a pre-determined radius (e.g., a 100 yard radius) of their workplace (which the user may define, for example, using an address, a geolocation of the workplace, etc.), their likely location is at their workplace, on the second floor, in the office in the Northwest corner of the building. Similarly, the user might use the system to define a geofence that includes their workplace and specify that, when they are identified as being within the user-defined geofence, their likely location is at their workplace, on the second floor, in office 212 . As a further example, the user might specify that, when they are identified as being within a pre-determined radius (e.g., a hundred foot radius) of an address or within a geolocation that corresponds to their home, their likely location is at their home.
As a further example, the system may allow a user to input their likely location at a particular address if they are determined to be at that particular address. For example, if an individual is staying at a particular hotel, after the individual arrives at the hotel and checks in, they may use the system to save, to the system's memory, an indication that, if they are determined to be at the hotel, they will likely be in a particular room in the hotel (e.g., the particular room that the individual is staying in at the hotel—e.g., Room 207 ).
The system may accept the input described above in any suitable manner. For example, the system may be adapted to store and run an application (e.g., an “app”) on a portable computing device 45 (e.g., a smartphone or tablet) associated with the user. In such embodiments, the user may, for example, use a graphical user interface (or other interface) associated with the application to enter one or more location titles along with detailed location information regarding each location.
An example location input interface screen is shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 . As may be understood from this screen, the user interface may be operable to accept a title of a particular location (e.g., “Ryan's House”) along with location information (e.g., an address and/or geocode for the location) for that particular location. As shown in FIG. 7 , the system may enter multiple locations into the system (e.g., the individual's home address, work address, gym address, friends' addresses, etc.)
After the user enters one or more locations into the system, the system may track the location of the user (e.g., in real time, substantially in real time, or with a time delay) using any suitable location tracking technique (e.g., by tracking the location of a portable computing device or other location detection device associated with the user—such as the user's smartphone, smart watch, tablet computer, GPS chip, etc.; by tracking user's location via one or more social media web sites; by tracking the location of a vehicle associated with the user; or by using any other suitable location-tracking technique).
As the system tracks the user, the system may, for example, receive an indication that the individual is within one of the geographical areas that the system received information regarding. In various embodiments, the system may, at least partially in response to receiving the indication that the individual is within the geographical area, update a data structure (e.g., a PSAP Lookup Database 35 , or other database associated with one or more emergency service providers, or any other suitable data structure) to indicate that the individual is at the likely location. During this transmission (or as part of a separate transmission), the system may also update the data structure to include any other suitable information regarding the individual—for example, information regarding the individual's medical history (e.g., allergies to medicine, recent medical procedures, etc.), or contact information for a person who holds the individual's medical power of attorney.
The system may also, at least partially in response to receiving the indication that the individual is within the geographical area, change a graphical user interface associated with the system to indicate that the system has determined that the user is at the likely location. For example, FIGS. 8 and 9 show the system's progression between showing that the user is not at the user's office (See FIG. 8 , in which the user's office is not highlighted), and showing that the user is at the user's office (See FIG. 9 , in which the user's office is highlighted and the system is displaying an indication (e.g., an alphanumeric message) that the user is within 150 feet of the user's office and, therefore, the system is listing the user's location as the address of the user's office (4402 Northeast 11 th Avenue, Oakland Park, Fla.)).
If the user experiences an emergency, the user may initiate a text message to an emergency services provider. The user may do this, for example, by selecting an appropriate “send emergency text” button of a graphical user interface displayed by an application on their portable computing device (e.g., smartphone) 45 (such as the “Send Emergency Text” button shown in FIG. 7 ), or by simply sending a text message to an appropriate emergency services number (e.g., 911) on their portable computing device. The system then receives the request from the user to initiate an emergency text message and then, at least partially in response to receiving the request, communicates the likely location to a location database used by an emergency service to determine the location of individuals (e.g., the PSAP Lookup Database 35 ).
Next, after communicating the likely location to the location database, the system facilitates text communications between the individual and the emergency service provider (e.g., a PSAP). The system may do this, for example, by facilitating the transmission of a text message to a predetermined emergency phone number (e.g., 911). Alternatively, the system may initiate communications between the individual and the emergency service provider in any other suitable manner (e.g., via video communications, etc.).
After (e.g., in response to) receiving the text message, an emergency service provider representative reads the text message and the representative's computer automatically retrieves position information for the individual by using the incoming phone number (or other unique identifier) voice or video communications as a key in the PSAP Lookup Database. The representative's computer system may then convey the position information to the representative in any suitable manner (e.g., by displaying the information on the representative's display screen). The representative, and/or any suitable computer system may then use this information to direct emergency workers to the individual's current location.
In other embodiments of the invention, the Text Message Sender Location Determination Module 400 may use any other suitable technique (such as any suitable technique described elsewhere herein), rather than the “snap-to” techniques described in this section, to determine the current location of an individual.
Correct PSAP Determination Module
Returning to FIG. 3 , in specific versions of any embodiments described herein, the system may execute an additional step, that may, for example, be executed before or after Step 310 of FIG. 3 or as part of Step 310 , of determining which particular Public-Safety Answering Point (PSAP) will handle the emergency text message that is initiated at Step 315 . In particular embodiments, the system may do this by, for example, determining which particular PSAP is assigned (e.g., by a suitable federal, state, or local government authority) to handle emergency text messages involving individuals at the particular location of Step 305 (the particular location where the individual requiring emergency assistance is currently located). In other embodiments, the system may determine the appropriate PSAP using any other suitable technique, such as determining an appropriate PSAP based on the individual's identity, nationality, county of residence, type of assistance required (police, fire, ambulance, etc.), etc.
FIG. 6 depicts an example in which the above-referenced functionality may be important. In this example, a cell tower 610 is located within a first county that is west of a particular county line 605 . An individual 620 carrying a handheld computing device (e.g., a smartphone) is located within a second county that is East of the county line 605 . The individual is within relatively close proximity to the cell tower 610 , which is in the first county. A first PSAP, PSAP 1 is designated to handle emergency text messages within the first county. A second P SAP, PSAP 2 is designated to handle emergency text messages within the second county, which is where the individual is located.
In this example, the individual, who has family history of heart disease, begins to feel pain and tightness in his chest, and he suspects that he is suffering a heart attack. He is walking in a remote rural neighborhood that is unfamiliar to him and he is not near any street signs, so he is unable to determine his current street address based on his current surroundings.
As the pain in his chest becomes more severe, the individual initiates a text message to an emergency number (e.g., 911) on his smartphone, which is communication with the cellular tower 610 that is in the first county. In current systems, in such situations, the emergency text message sender will often be routed to PSAP 1 which is in the first county, since the text message sender's location is often assumed to be the location of the cell tower that the user's handheld computing device is in communication with. This would result in the emergency text message being handled by a PSAP that is not assigned to handle emergency text messages at the location of the individual who is in need of assistance. This could seriously delay the dispatching and arrival of emergency personnel to the individual's dispatchable location.
In various embodiments of the current system (e.g., any of the embodiments described herein), in response to the individual sending a text message to the emergency number on his smartphone, the system executes the Text Message Sender Location Determination Module 400 , which determines a dispatchable location for the individual. In the example above, the system may, for example, determine that the individual is at 625 Alder Lane, Marietta, Ga.
The system then executes the Correct PSAP Determination Module 500 to determine the particular PSAP, from a plurality of PSAPs, that is designated to handle emergency text messages from the individual's determined dispatchable location. In the example above, the system would identify PSAP 2 640 as the correct PSAP to handle the emergency text message, since the determined dispatchable location is within the second county and PSAP 2 is designated (e.g., by a suitable government authority) to handle emergency text messages within the second county.
At Step 310 , the system updates a data structure associated with the determined PSAP (PSAP 2 ) to indicate that the individual is at the determined dispatchable location. The system then, at Step 315 , facilitates the initiation of, and/or mediation of, one or more emergency text messages (e.g., SMS messages or other text messages) to PSAP 2 , regarding an emergency involving the particular individual.
After the system initiates the text message, an emergency service provider representative at PSAP 2 answers the text message and the representative's computer automatically retrieves the dispatchable location information for the individual by using the incoming phone number (or any other identifying information that is unique to the individual's portable computing device 45 ) as a key in the PSAP Lookup Database (or by using any other suitable technique, such as any of those described elsewhere herein). The representative's computer system may then convey the information to the emergency service provider representative in any suitable manner (e.g., by displaying the information on the representative's display screen). The representative may then use this information to direct emergency workers (e.g., a first responder) to the individual's current location.
Variations and Additional and Alternative Embodiments
Various embodiments may include additional features beyond those described above. For example, in particular embodiments, the system may be adapted to allow a user to enter contact information for one or more individuals that the user would like the system to automatically notify if the user initiates an emergency text message. In particular embodiments, in response to the user initiating an emergency text message, the system automatically initiates a communication to those one or more individuals. This may, for example, serve to notify the specified individuals of the fact that the user has initiated an emergency text message. The communication may optionally include the user's location and/or other information, such as one or more automatically generated images from the user's portable computing device. This may allow the specified individuals to provide immediate help to the user and/or to contact an emergency services provider on behalf of the user.
In certain embodiments, the system may be adapted to cause the user's portable computing device to automatically capture data from their present location, which may be useful in determining their present circumstances (e.g., on an ongoing basis until this feature is manually turned off). For example, the system may cause the portable computing device to take a picture every predetermined period of time (e.g., every three seconds) and transmit that picture to an emergency service provider or other individual and/or computer for use in assessing the status of the individual during an emergency (e.g., after the user initiates an emergency text message). The system may also or alternatively activate a microphone associated with the user's portable computing device so that emergency service providers can hear what is happening proximate the user.
In certain embodiments, the system may be adapted to cause the individual's portable computing device to transmit an electronic and/or sound beacon. This may help rescue workers in locating the individual.
CONCLUSION
Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which this invention pertains, having the benefit of the teaching presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. It should also be specifically understood that any steps executed within a set of computer-executable instructions would, at least in various embodiments, be executed by at least one computer processor associated with memory.
It should be understood that, while various embodiments described above are described in the context of emergency text messages, any of the embodiments described above may be used within the context of non-emergency text messages and/or any other emergency or non-emergency electronic (e.g., digital or analog) communications, such as phone calls or non-voice, non-text electronic communications.
It should also be understood that any suitable interface may be used, in the context of the various embodiments described herein, between users and computing devices. For example, while various embodiments described herein describe the user using a graphical user interface to initiate an emergency text message, in other embodiments, the user may use their voice to initiate the transmission of an emergency electronic communication (e.g., a call, text message or other electronic communication) using, for example, suitable voice communications software, such as Amazon's Alexa intelligent personal assistant service software, or Apple's Siri software.
Also, although various embodiments are described above as using a smartphone or tablet as the “portable computing device” used in various embodiments, it should be understood that other portable computing devices (e.g., portable computerized devices that fall within the “Internet of Things”—e.g., computerized cars, shoes, pens, suitcases etc.) may also be used in the context of certain embodiments. It should also be understood that, in particular embodiments, non-portable computing devices, such as ATM machines, non-portable household appliances and desktop computers, may also be used in place of one or more of the portable computing devices described above.
Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for the purposes of limitation.