(en)A process for recovering a concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion is provided comprising routing an aqueous dispersion comprising a water-dispersible sulfopolyester to a sulfopolyester concentration zone to remove water from the aqueous dispersion to produce the concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion and a recovered water stream; wherein the sulfopolyester concentration zone comprises at least one ultrafiltration membrane.

1.ApplicationNumber: US-201314108390-A
1.PublishNumber: US-9605126-B2
2.Date Publish: 20170328
3.Inventor: PARKER KENNY RANDOLPH
KIRK SHANE KIPLEY

4.Inventor Harmonized: PARKER KENNY RANDOLPH(US)
KIRK SHANE KIPLEY(US)

5.Country: US
6.Claims:
(en)A process for recovering a concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion is provided comprising routing an aqueous dispersion comprising a water-dispersible sulfopolyester to a sulfopolyester concentration zone to remove water from the aqueous dispersion to produce the concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion and a recovered water stream; wherein the sulfopolyester concentration zone comprises at least one ultrafiltration membrane.

7.Description:
(en)FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention generally pertains to processes for recovering a concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion from aqueous dispersion comprising sulfopolyester and water. The present invention further pertains to the recovered sulfopolyesters, concentrated sulfopolyester dispersions, and articles comprising recovered sulfopolyesters and/or concentrated sulfopolyester dispersions.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Water-dispersible polymers, particularly sulfopolyester polymers, are used in the formation of fibers and fibrous articles such as non-woven fabric, bicomponent fibers, films, clothing articles, personal care products such as wipes, feminine hygiene products, diapers, adult incontinence briefs, hospital/surgical and other medical disposables, protective fabrics and layers, geotextiles, industrial wipes, and filter media. Oftentimes, many of these items are washed during the course of their manufacture or use. As a result, significant quantities of the sulfopolyester polymers become liberated from the articles and dispersed in the wash water.
For example, multicomponent fibers comprising a water-dispersible sulfopolyester and a water non-dispersible polymer, such as polyester, nylon or polyolefins, can be used in the manufacture of microdenier fibers and microdenier fiber webs. These fibers have been described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,989,193, 7,902,094, 7,892,993, and 8,513,147. The multicomponent fibers can be laid into a non-woven web which may be transformed into a microdenier fiber web by removing the sulfopolyester component of the fibers. This is most commonly accomplished by washing the web thereby causing the sulfopolyester to disassociate from the multicomponent fibers from which the web is made. The disassociated sulfopolyester becomes dispersed in the wash water.
The sulfopolyester dispersion is generally very dilute exhibiting only a very modest concentration of sulfopolyester. Heretofore, the sulfopolyester present in the wash water has been considered to be of little economic value and is typically discarded along with the wash water. Accordingly, there is a need for an economically viable and efficient method for concentrating and/or recovering the sulfopolyester from the wash water for subsequent reuse.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention overcomes the previously described problems by providing methods of recovering water-dispersible sulfopolyester from aqueous dispersions. Concentrated sulfopolyester dispersions made from aqueous dispersions comprising sulfopolyesters are also provided.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide methods for recovering a concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion from an aqueous dispersion.
It is another object of the present invention to recover sulfopolyester contained in the concentrated aqueous dispersion for reuse in a manufacturing process.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide the concentrated sulfopolyester dispersions, recovered sulfopolyester polymers, and articles manufactures from the recovered sulfopolyester and/or concentrated sulfopolyester dispersions.
It should be understood that the above-listed objects are only exemplary, and not all the objects listed above need be accomplished by the invention described and claimed herein.
In accordance with one embodiment of this invention, a process for recovering a concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion is provided comprising routing an aqueous dispersion comprising a water-dispersible sulfopolyester to a sulfopolyester concentration zone to remove water from the aqueous dispersion to produce the concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion; wherein the sulfopolyester concentration zone comprises at least one ultrafiltration membrane.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a process to produce a concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion is provided comprising (a) washing an article comprising a water-dispersible sulfopolyester thereby disassociating at least a portion of the sulfopolyester from the article and forming an aqueous dispersion comprising the disassociated sulfopolyester; and (b) removing water from the aqueous dispersion in a sulfopolyester concentration zone to form a concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion having a sulfopolyester concentration that is greater than the aqueous dispersion; wherein the sulfopolyester concentration zone comprises at least one ultrafiltration membrane.
In another embodiment according to the present invention, a process to recover a sulfopolyester polymer is provided comprising (a) forming an aqueous dispersion comprising a water-dispersible sulfopolyester; (b) removing water from the aqueous dispersion in a sulfopolyester concentration zone to form a concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion having a sulfopolyester concentration that is at least twice that of the aqueous dispersion; wherein the sulfopolyester concentration zone comprises at least one ultrafiltration membrane; and (c) recovering at least a portion of said sulfopolyester polymer from said concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion.
In another embodiment according to present invention, a recovered sulfopolyester of sufficiently good quality is provided so as to be of use in article of manufacture, for example, fibers, nonwovens, films, textiles, adhesives and the likes.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES
FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the sulfopolyester concentration zone comprising a cross-flow membrane.
FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of the sulfopolyester concentration zone comprising a batch cross-flow membrane process.
FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of the sulfopolyester concentration zone comprising a continuous cross-flow membrane process with a first membrane unit and a second membrane unit.
FIGS. 4-7 show the flux (L/m2 hr) for particular ultrafiltration membranes at 1 wt %, 15 wt %, and 30 wt % sulfopolyester concentration in the aqueous dispersion ( 100 ).
FIGS. 8-11 show fouling studies for particular ultrafiltration membranes.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present invention provides processes for recovering a concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion from an aqueous dispersion comprising water-dispersible sulfopolyester and water. In one embodiment of the present invention, processes are provided for forming a concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion from an aqueous dispersion from which the sulfopolyester is recovered. In another embodiment, the aqueous dispersion from which the sulfopolyester is to be concentrated and/or recovered is formed from an industrial process whereby a water-dispersible sulfopolyester polymer becomes dispersed by the action of water. In another embodiment, the sulfopolyester is initially contained within an article that comprises a water-dispersible sulfopolyester. For example, this article comprises sulfopolyester as one component of a multicomponent fiber. Multicomponent fibers comprising a water-dispersible sulfopolyester and a water non-dispersible polymer, such as polyester, nylon or polyolefins, can be used in the manufacture of microdenier fibers and microdenier fiber webs. These fibers have been described, for example, in the following patents and patents applications: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,989,193; 7,635,745; 7,902,094; 7,892,993; 7,687,143; and U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/199,304; 12/909,574; 13/273,692; 13/273,648; 13/273,710; 13/273,720; 13/273,929, 13/273,937; 13/273,727, 13/273,737; 13/273,745; 13/273,749; 12/966,502; 12/966,507; 12/975,450; 12/975,452; 12/975,456; 13/053,615; 13/352,362; 13/433,812; 13/433,854; 61/471,259; 61/472,964; and 61/558,744, which are all hereby incorporated by reference to the extent they do not contradict the statements herein. The multicomponent fibers can be laid into a non-woven web which may be transformed into a microdenier fiber web by removing the sulfopolyester component of the fibers. This is most commonly accomplished by washing the web thereby causing the sulfopolyester to disassociate from the multicomponent fibers from which the web is made. The disassociated sulfopolyester becomes dispersed in the wash water.
As used herein, the term “water-dispersible” in reference to the sulfopolyester polymer is intended to be synonymous with the terms “water-dissipatable”, “water-disintegratable”, “water-dissolvable”, “water-dispellable”, “water soluble”, “water-removable”, “hydro-soluble”, and “hydrodispersible”. It is also intended to mean that the sulfopolyester component is removed from the article or multicomponent fiber and is dispersed or dissolved by the action of water. In the case of a multicomponent fiber, the sulfopolyester is removed so as to enable the release and separation of the water non-dispersible fibers contained therein. The terms “dispersed”, “dispersible”, “dissipate”, or “dissipatable” mean that, using a sufficient amount of deionized water (e.g., 100:1 water:fiber by weight) to form a loose suspension or slurry of the fibers or fibrous article, at a temperature of about 60° C., and within a time period of up to 5 days, the sulfopolyester component dissolved, disintegrates, disassociates, or separates from the multicomponent fiber, leaving behind a plurality of microdenier fibers from the water non-dispersible segments.
As used herein, the term “aqueous dispersion” means that sulfopolyester has been dispersed in water and no further process steps have been taken to increase the concentration of sulfopolyester.
As used herein, the term “concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion” means that the aqueous dispersion has been further processed to remove water to increase the concentration of the sulfopolyester.
In one embodiment of the invention, a process for recovering a concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion is provided comprising routing an aqueous dispersion comprising a water-dispersible sulfopolyester and water to a sulfopolyester concentration zone to remove water from the aqueous dispersion to produce the concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion; wherein the sulfopolyester concentration zone comprises at least one ultrafiltration membrane.
The water-dispersible sulfopolyesters contained in the aqueous dispersions of the present invention comprise dicarboxylic acid monomer residues, sulfomonomer residues, diol monomer residues, and repeating units. The sulfomonomer may be a dicarboxylic acid, a diol, or hydroxy-carboxylic acid. Thus, the term “monomer residue”, as used herein, means a residue of a dicarboxylic acid, a diol, or a hydroxyl-carboxylic acid. A “repeating unit”, as used herein, means an organic structure having 2 monomer residues bonded through a carbonyloxy group. The sulfopolyesters of the present invention contain substantially equal molar proportions of acid residues (100 mole %) and diol residues (100 mole %) which react in substantially equal proportions such that the total moles of repeating units is equal to 100 mole %. The mole percentages provided in the present disclosure, therefore, may be based on the total moles of acid residues, the total moles of diol residues, or the total moles of repeating units. For example, a sulfopolyester containing 30 mole % of a sulfomonomer, which may be a dicarboxylic acid, a diol, or hydroxycarboxylic acid, based on the total repeating units, means that the sulfopolyester contains 30 mole % sulfomonomer out of a total of 100 mole % repeating units. Thus, there are 30 moles of sulfomonomer residues among every 100 moles of repeating units. Similarly, a sulfopolyester containing 30 mole % of a dicarboxylic acid sulfomonomer, based on the total acid residues, means the sulfopolyester contains 30 mole % sulfomonomer out of a total of 100 mole % acid residues. Thus, in this latter case, there are 30 moles of sulfomonomer residues among every 100 moles of acid residues.
The sulfopolyesters described herein have an inherent viscosity, abbreviated hereinafter as “lh.V.”, of at least about 0.1 dL/g, preferably about 0.2 to 0.3 dL/g, and most preferably greater than about 0.3 dL/g, measured in a 60/40 parts by weight solution of phenol/tetrachloroethane solvent at 25° C. and at a concentration of about 0.5 g of sulfopolyester in 100 mL of solvent. The term “polyester”, as used herein, encompasses both “homopolyesters” and “copolyesters” and means a synthetic polymer prepared by the polycondensation of difunctional carboxylic acids with difunctional hydroxyl compound. As used herein, the term “sulfopolyester” means any polyester comprising a sulfomonomer.
Typically the difunctional carboxylic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and the difunctional hydroxyl compound is a dihydric alcohol such as, for example glycols and diols. Alternatively, the difunctional carboxylic acid may be a hydroxy carboxylic acid such as, for example, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and the difunctional hydroxyl compound may be an aromatic nucleus bearing 2 hydroxy substituents such as, for example, hydroquinone. The term “residue”, as used herein, means any organic structure incorporated into the polymer through a polycondensation reaction involving the corresponding monomer. Thus, the dicarboxylic acid residue may be derived from a dicarboxylic acid monomer or its associated acid halides, esters, salts, anhydrides, or mixtures thereof. As used herein, therefore, the term dicarboxylic acid is intended to include dicarboxylic acids and any derivative of a dicarboxylic acid, including its associated acid halides, esters, half-esters, salts, half-salts, anhydrides, mixed anhydrides, or mixtures thereof, useful in a polycondensation process with a diol to make a high molecular weight polyester.
The sulfopolyester of the present invention includes one or more dicarboxylic acid residues. Depending on the type and concentration of the sulfomonomer, the dicarboxylic acid residue may comprise from about 60 to about 100 mole % of the acid residues. Other examples of concentration ranges of dicarboxylic acid residues are from about 60 mole % to about 95 mole %, and about 70 mole % to about 95 mole %. Examples of dicarboxylic acids that may be used include aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, alicyclic dicarboxylic acids, aromatic dicarboxylic acids, or mixtures of two or more of these acids. Thus, suitable dicarboxylic acids include, but are not limited to, succinic; glutaric; adipic; azelaic; sebacic; fumaric; maleic; itaconic; 1,3-cyclo-hexanedicarboxylic; 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic; diglycolic; 2,5-norbornane-dicarboxylic; phthalic; terephthalic; 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylic; 2,5-naphthalenedicarboxylic; diphenic; 4,4′-oxydibenzoic; 4,4′-sulfonyidibenzoic; and isophthalic. The preferred dicarboxylic acid residues are isophthalic, terephthalic, and 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acids, or if diesters are used, dimethyl terephthalate, dimethyl isophthalate, and dimethyl-1,4-cyclohexane-dicarboxylate with the residues of isophthalic and terephthalic acid being especially preferred. Although the dicarboxylic acid methyl ester is the most preferred embodiment, it is also acceptable to include higher order alkyl esters, such as ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, and so forth. In addition, aromatic esters, particularly phenyl, also may be employed.
The sulfopolyester includes about 4 to about 40 mole %, based on the total repeating units, of residues of at least one sulfomonomer having 2 functional groups and one or more sulfonate groups attached to an aromatic or cycloaliphatic ring wherein the functional groups are hydroxyl, carboxyl, or a combination thereof. Additional examples of concentration ranges for the sulfomonomer residues are about 4 to about 35 mole %, about 8 to about 30 mole %, and about 8 to about 25 mole %, based on the total repeating units. The sulfomonomer may be a dicarboxylic acid or ester thereof containing a sulfonate group, a diol containing a sulfonate group, or a hydroxy acid containing a sulfonate group. The term “sulfonate” refers to a salt of a sulfonic acid having the structure “—SO 3 M” wherein M is the cation of the sulfonate salt. The cation of the sulfonate salt may be a metal ion such as Li + , Na + , K + , Mg ++ , Ca ++ , Ni ++ , Fe ++ , and the like. Alternatively, the cation of the sulfonate salt may be non-metallic such as a nitrogenous base as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,304,901. Nitrogen-based cations are derived from nitrogen-containing bases, which may be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, or aromatic compounds. Examples of such nitrogen containing bases include ammonia, dimethylethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, pyridine, morpholine, and piperidine. Because monomers containing the nitrogen-based sulfonate salts typically are not thermally stable at conditions required to make the polymers in the melt, the method of this invention for preparing sulfopolyesters containing nitrogen-based sulfonate salt groups is to disperse, dissipate, or dissolve the polymer containing the required amount of sulfonate group in the form of its alkali metal salt in water and then exchange the alkali metal cation for a nitrogen-based cation.
When a monovalent alkali metal ion is used as the cation of the sulfonate salt, the resulting sulfopolyester is completely dispersible in water with the rate of dispersion dependent on the content of sulfomonomer in the polymer, temperature of the water, surface area/thickness of the sulfopolyester, and so forth. When a divalent metal ion is used, the resulting sulfopolyesters are not readily dispersed by cold water but are more easily dispersed by hot water. Utilization of more than one counterion within a single polymer composition is possible and may offer a means to tailor or fine-tune the water-responsivity of the resulting article of manufacture. Examples of sulfomonomers residues include monomer residues where the sulfonate salt group is attached to an aromatic acid nucleus, such as, for example, benzene; naphthalene; diphenyl; oxydiphenyl; sulfonyldiphenyl; and methylenediphenyl or cycloaliphatic rings, such as, for example, cyclohexyl; cyclopentyl; cyclobutyl; cycloheptyl; and cyclooctyl. Other examples of sulfomonomer residues which may be used in the present invention are the metal sulfonate salt of sulfophthalic acid, sulfoterephthalic acid, sulfoisophthalic acid, or combinations thereof. Other examples of sulfomonomers which may be used are 5-sodiosulfoisophthalic acid and esters thereof. If the sulfomonomer residue is from 5-sodiosulfoisophthalic acid, typical sulfomonomer concentration ranges are about 4 to about 35 mole %, about 8 to about 30 mole %, and about 8 to 25 mole %, based on the total moles of acid residues.
The sulfomonomers used in the preparation of the sulfopolyesters are known compounds and may be prepared using methods well known in the art. For example, sulfomonomers in which the sulfonate group is attached to an aromatic ring may be prepared by sulfonating the aromatic compound with oleum to obtain the corresponding sulfonic acid and followed by reaction with a metal oxide or base, for example, sodium acetate, to prepare the sulfonate salt. Procedures for preparation of various sulfomonomers are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,779,993; 3,018,272; and 3,528,947.
It is also possible to prepare the polyester using, for example, a sodium sulfonate salt, and ion-exchange methods to replace the sodium with a different ion, such as zinc, when the polymer is in the dispersed form. This type of ion exchange procedure is generally superior to preparing the polymer with divalent salts insofar as the sodium salts are usually more soluble in the polymer reactant melt-phase.
The sulfopolyester includes one or more diol residues which may include aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, and aralkyl glycols. The cycloaliphatic diols, for example, 1,3- and 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, may be present as their pure cis or trans isomers or as a mixture of cis and trans isomers. As used herein, the term “diol” is synonymous with the term “glycol” and means any dihydric alcohol. Examples of diols include, but are not limited to, ethylene glycol; diethylene glycol; triethylene glycol; polyethylene glycols; 1,3-propanediol; 2,4-dimethyl-2-ethylhexane-1,3-diol; 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol; 2-ethyl-2-butyl-1,3-propanediol; 2-ethyl-2-isobutyl-1,3-propane-diol; 1,3-butanediol; 1,4-butanediol; 1,5-pentanediol; 1,6-hexanediol; 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,6-hexanediol; thiodiethanol; 1,2-cyclohexanedimethanol; 1,3-cyclohexanedimethanol; 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol; 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol; p-xylylenediol, or combinations of one or more of these glycols.
The diol residues may include from about 25 mole % to about 100 mole %, based on the total diol residues, of residue of a poly(ethylene glycol) having a structure

H—(OCH 2 —CH 2 ) n —OH

wherein n is an integer in the range of 2 to about 500. Non-limiting examples of lower molecular weight polyethylene glycols, e.g., wherein n is from 2 to 6, are diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, and tetraethylene glycol. Of these lower molecular weight glycols, diethylene and triethylene glycol are most preferred. Higher molecular weight polyethylene glycols (abbreviated herein as “PEG”), wherein n is from 7 to about 500, include the commercially available products known under the designation CARBOWAX®, a product of Dow Chemical Company (formerly Union Carbide). Typically, PEGs are used in combination with other diols such as, for example, diethylene glycol or ethylene glycol. Based on the values of n, which range from greater than 6 to 500, the molecular weight may range from greater than 300 to about 22,000 g/mol. The molecular weight and the mole % are inversely proportional to each other; specifically, as the molecular weight is increased, the mole % will be decreased in order to achieve a designated degree of hydrophilicity. For example, it is illustrative of this concept to consider that a PEG having a molecular weight of 1000 may constitute up to 10 mole % of the total diol, while a PEG having a molecular weight of 10,000 would typically be incorporated at a level of less than 1 mole % of the total diol.

Certain dimer, trimer, and tetramer diols may be formed in situ due to side reactions that may be controlled by varying the process conditions. For example, varying amounts of diethylene, triethylene, and tetraethylene glycols may be formed from ethylene glycol from an acid-catalyzed dehydration reaction which occurs readily when the polycondensation reaction is carried out under acidic conditions. The presence of buffer solutions, well-known to those skilled in the art, may be added to the reaction mixture to retard these side reactions. Additional compositional latitude is possible, however, if the buffer is omitted and the dimerization, trimerization, and tetramerization reactions are allowed to proceed.
The sulfopolyester of the present invention may include from 0 to about 25 mole %, based on the total repeating units, of residues of a branching monomer having 3 or more functional groups wherein the functional groups are hydroxyl, carboxyl, or a combination thereof. Non-limiting examples of branching monomers are 1,1,1-trimethylol propane, 1,1,1-trimethylolethane, glycerin, pentaerythritol, erythritol, threitol, dipentaerythritol, sorbitol, trimellitic anhydride, pyromellitic dianhydride, dimethylol propionic acid, or combinations thereof. Further examples of branching monomer concentration ranges are from 0 to about 20 mole % and from 0 to about 10 mole %. The presence of a branching monomer may result in a number of possible benefits to the sulfopolyester of the present invention, including but not limited to, the ability to tailor rheological, solubility, and tensile properties. For example, at a constant molecular weight, a branched sulfopolyester, compared to a linear analog, will also have a greater concentration of end groups that may facilitate post-polymerization crosslinking reactions. At high concentrations of branching agent, however, the sulfopolyester may be prone to gelation.
The sulfopolyester of the present invention has a glass transition temperature, abbreviated herein as “Tg”, of at least 25° C. as measured on the dry polymer using standard techniques, such as differential scanning calorimetry (“DSC”), well known to persons skilled in the art. The Tg measurements of the sulfopolyesters of the present invention are conducted using a “dry polymer”, that is, a polymer sample in which adventitious or absorbed water is driven off by heating to polymer to a temperature of about 200° C. and allowing the sample to return to room temperature. Typically, the sulfopolyester is dried in the DSC apparatus by conducting a first thermal scan in which the sample is heated to a temperature above the water vaporization temperature, holding the sample at that temperature until the vaporization of the water absorbed in the polymer is complete (as indicated by an a large, broad endotherm), cooling the sample to room temperature, and then conducting a second thermal scan to obtain the Tg measurement. Further examples of glass transition temperatures exhibited by the sulfopolyester are at least 30° C., at least 35° C., at least 40° C., at least 50° C., at least 60° C., at least 65° C., at least 80° C., and at least 90° C. Although other Tg's are possible, typical glass transition temperatures of the dry sulfopolyesters our invention are about 30° C., about 48° C., about 55° C., about 65° C., about 70° C., about 75° C., about 85° C., and about 90° C.
The water-dispersible sulfopolyester can also have a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 25° C., wherein the sulfopolyester comprises:
(A) about 50 to about 96 mole %, of one or more residues of isophthalic acid or terephthalic acid, based on the total acid residues;
(B) about 4 to about 30 mole %, based on the total acid residues, of a residue of sod iosulfoisophthalic acid;
(C) one or more diol residues wherein at least 25 mole %, based on the total diol residues, is a poly(ethylene glycol) having a structure

H—(OCH 2 —CH 2 ) n —OH

wherein n is an integer in the range of 2 to about 500; (iv) 0 to about 20 mole %, based on the total repeating units, of residues of a branching monomer having 3 or more functional groups wherein the functional groups are hydroxyl, carboxyl, or a combination thereof. The sulfopolyester should have a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 25° C., but may have, for example, a Tg of about 35° C., about 48° C., about 55° C., about 65° C., about 70° C., about 75° C., about 85° C., and about 90° C. The sulfopolyester may contain other concentrations of isophthalic acid residues, for example, about 60 to about 95 mole %, and about 75 to about 95 mole %. Further examples of isophthalic acid residue concentrations ranges are about 70 to about 85 mole %, about 85 to about 95 mole % and about 90 to about 95 mole %. The sulfopolyester also may comprise about 25 to about 95 mole % of the residues of diethylene glycol. Further examples of diethylene glycol residue concentration ranges include about 50 to about 95 mole %, about 70 to about 95 mole %, and about 75 to about 95 mole %. The sulfopolyester also may include the residues of ethylene glycol and/or 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, abbreviated herein as “CHDM”. Typical concentration ranges of CHDM residues are about 10 to about 75 mole %, about 25 to about 65 mole %, and about 40 to about 60 mole %. Typical concentration ranges of ethylene glycol residues are about 10 to about 75 mole %, about 25 to about 65 mole %, and about 40 to about 60 mole %. In another embodiment, the sulfopolyester comprises is about 75 to about 96 mole % of the residues of isophthalic acid and about 25 to about 95 mole % of the residues of diethylene glycol.

The sulfopolyesters of the instant invention are readily prepared from the appropriate dicarboxylic acids, esters, anhydrides, or salts, sulfomonomer, and the appropriate diol or diol mixtures using typical polycondensation reaction conditions. They may be made by continuous, semi-continuous, and batch modes of operation and may utilize a variety of reactor types. Examples of suitable reactor types include, but are not limited to, stirred tank, continuous stirred tank, slurry, tubular, wiped-film, falling film, or extrusion reactors. The term “continuous” as used herein means a process wherein reactants are introduced and products withdrawn simultaneously in an uninterrupted manner. By “continuous” it is meant that the process is substantially or completely continuous in operation and is to be contrasted with a “batch” process. “Continuous” is not meant in any way to prohibit normal interruptions in the continuity of the process due to, for example, start-up, reactor maintenance, or scheduled shut down periods. The term “batch” process as used herein means a process wherein all the reactants are added to the reactor and then processed according to a predetermined course of reaction during which no material is fed or removed into the reactor. The term “semicontinuous” means a process where some of the reactants are charged at the beginning of the process and the remaining reactants are fed continuously as the reaction progresses. Alternatively, a semicontinuous process may also include a process similar to a batch process in which all the reactants are added at the beginning of the process except that one or more of the products are removed continuously as the reaction progresses. The process is operated advantageously as a continuous process for economic reasons and to produce superior coloration of the polymer as the sulfopolyester may deteriorate in appearance if allowed to reside in a reactor at an elevated temperature for too long a duration.
The sulfopolyesters of the present invention are prepared by procedures known to persons skilled in the art. The sulfomonomer is most often added directly to the reaction mixture from which the polymer is made, although other processes are known and may also be employed, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,018,272, 3,075,952, and 3,033,822. The reaction of the sulfomonomer, diol component and the dicarboxylic acid component may be carried out using conventional polyester polymerization conditions. For example, when preparing the sulfopolyesters by means of an ester interchange reaction, i.e., from the ester form of the dicarboxylic acid components, the reaction process may comprise two steps. In the first step, the diol component and the dicarboxylic acid component, such as, for example, dimethyl isophthalate, are reacted at elevated temperatures, typically, about 150° C. to about 250° C. for about 0.5 to about 8 hours at pressures ranging from about 0.0 kPa gauge to about 414 kPa gauge (60 pounds per square inch, “psig”). Preferably, the temperature for the ester interchange reaction ranges from about 180° C. to about 230° C. for about 1 to about 4 hours while the preferred pressure ranges from about 103 kPa gauge (15 psig) to about 276 kPa gauge (40 psig). Thereafter, the reaction product is heated under higher temperatures and under reduced pressure to form sulfopolyester with the elimination of diol, which is readily volatilized under these conditions and removed from the system. This second step, or polycondensation step, is continued under higher vacuum and a temperature which generally ranges from about 230° C. to about 350° C., preferably about 250° C. to about 310° C. and most preferably about 260° C. to about 290° C. for about 0.1 to about 6 hours, or preferably, for about 0.2 to about 2 hours, until a polymer having the desired degree of polymerization, as determined by inherent viscosity, is obtained. The polycondensation step may be conducted under reduced pressure which ranges from about 53 kPa (400 torr) to about 0.013 kPa (0.1 torr). Stirring or appropriate conditions are used in both stages to ensure adequate heat transfer and surface renewal of the reaction mixture. The reactions of both stages are facilitated by appropriate catalysts such as, for example, alkoxy titanium compounds, alkali metal hydroxides and alcoholates, salts of organic carboxylic acids, alkyl tin compounds, metal oxides, and the like. A three-stage manufacturing procedure, similar to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,290,631, may also be used, particularly when a mixed monomer feed of acids and esters is employed.
To ensure that the reaction of the diol component and dicarboxylic acid component by an ester interchange reaction mechanism is driven to completion, it is preferred to employ about 1.05 to about 2.5 moles of diol component to one mole dicarboxylic acid component. Persons of skill in the art will understand, however, that the ratio of diol component to dicarboxylic acid component is generally determined by the design of the reactor in which the reaction process occurs.
In the preparation of sulfopolyester by direct esterification, i.e., from the acid form of the dicarboxylic acid component, sulfopolyesters are produced by reacting the dicarboxylic acid or a mixture of dicarboxylic acids with the diol component or a mixture of diol components. The reaction is conducted at a pressure of from about 7 kPa gauge (1 psig) to about 1379 kPa gauge (200 psig), preferably less than 689 kPa (100 psig) to produce a low molecular weight, linear or branched sulfopolyester product having an average degree of polymerization of from about 1.4 to about 10. The temperatures employed during the direct esterification reaction typically range from about 180° C. to about 280° C., more preferably ranging from about 220° C. to about 270° C. This low molecular weight polymer may then be polymerized by a polycondensation reaction.
In one embodiment of the invention, a process is provided to recover a concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion ( 300 ) comprising routing the aqueous dispersion ( 100 ) comprising water-dispersible sulfopolyester to a sulfopolyester concentration zone ( 150 ) to remove water from the aqueous dispersion ( 100 ) to produce the concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion ( 300 ) and a recovered water stream ( 200 ); wherein the sulfopolyester concentration zone ( 150 ) comprises at least one ultrafiltration membrane. Embodiments of this process are shown in FIGS. 2-3 .
In one embodiment of the invention, the aqueous dispersion (100) comprises water-dispersible sulfopolyester in the range from about 0.25 wt. % to about 25 wt. %, about 0.5 wt. % to about 20 wt. %, from about 0.5 wt. % to about 15 wt. %, from about 0.5 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, from about 0.5 wt. % to about 8 wt. %, from about 0.5 wt. % to about 6 wt. %, and from about 0.5 wt. % to about 4 wt. %. The aqueous dispersion may be formed by washing an article comprising the sulfopolyester in water, for example, deionized water, thereby disassociating at least a portion of the sulfopolyester from the article. Typically, the washing process comprises contacting the article with water at a temperature of about 25° C. to about 100° C. or from about 40° C. to about 80° C., for a period of time from about 10 to about 600 seconds whereby the sulfopolyester is dissipated or dissolved. The term “membrane” or “filter” as used in this disclosure refers to a thin, film-like structure that separates two fluids. It acts as a selective barrier, allowing some particles or chemicals to pass through, but not others. A membrane is a layer of material which serves as a selective barrier between two phases and remains impermeable to specific particles, molecules, or substances when exposed to the action of a driving force. Some components are allowed passage by the membrane into a permeate stream, whereas others are retained by it and accumulate in the retentate stream.
Membranes can be utilized in a cross flow filtration device as illustrated in FIG. 1 . Cross flow filtration involves contacting a feed liquid with a membrane surface while the feed liquid flows across or parallel to the membrane surface. A feed pump and a valve on the retentate stream create a positive trans-membrane pressure that forces a portion of the feed stream to pass through the membrane, forming permeate. Any components of the feed stream than do not pass through the membrane, and remain behind generate the retentate stream. Membrane surface properties including charge and hydrophobicity, membrane polymer type, and membrane pore sizes influence the separation. It is desirable to have sufficient flow velocity past the membrane surface to minimize the membrane fouling rate caused by solids collecting and concentrating near or in the membrane. Available membrane technology includes, but is not limited to, reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), ultrafiltration (UF), and microfiltration (MF). Generally, nanofiltration (NF) is a cross-flow filtration technology which ranges between ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO). Nanofiltration membranes are typically rated by molecular weight cut-off (MWCO), which is defined as the smallest particle that will pass through a membrance to become permeate where retention of the larger particles is greater than 90%. Nanofiltration MWCO is typically less than about 1000 atomic mass units (daltons). Generally, ultrafiltration (UF) is a cross-flow filtration technology which ranges between nanofiltration (NF) and microfiltration (MF). Ultrafiltration membranes are typically rated by molecular weight cut-off (MWCO). Ultrafiltration MWCO typically ranges from about 10 3 to about 10 6 atomic mass units (daltons).
In one embodiment of the invention, the aqueous dispersion ( 100 ) is routed to a sulfopolyester concentration zone ( 150 ) comprising at least one cross-flow membrane utilized in cross-flow filtration. The cross-flow membrane utilized in the sulfopolyester concentration zone ( 150 ) can be an ultrafiltration membrane. The functional selective barrier in the ultrafiltration membrane comprises at least one polymer. The polymer can be selected from the following: polysulfone (PS), polyethersulfone (PES), polyamide (PA), fluoro polymer, cellulosic polymer, and blends of these polymers. The temperature of the aqueous dispersion ( 100 ) can range from about 10° C. to about 70° C., about 15° C. to about 70° C., about 20° C. to about 70° C., about 25° C. to about 70° C., about 35° C. to about 70° C., and about 45° C. to about 70° C.
There is no limitation to the volumetric flow of the aqueous dispersion ( 100 ).
The configuration of the cross-flow membrane in the sulfopolyester concentration zone ( 150 ) can be any that is known in the art. In one embodiment of the invention, at least one cross-flow membrane is contained in at least one spiral membrane cartridge. Multiple spiral membrane cartridges can be utilized in the sulfopolyester concentration zone ( 150 ) and can be placed in series.
The recovered water stream ( 200 ) comprises water in a weight % greater than the wt. % water in the aqueous dispersion ( 100 ). The weight percent of sulfopolyester in the recovered water stream ( 200 ) can range from 0 to about 1 wt. %, from 0 to about 0.5 wt. %, from 0 to about 0.1 wt. %, from 0 to about 0.08 wt. %, from 0 to about 0.05 wt. %, from 0 to about 0.04 wt. %, and from 0 to about 0.01 wt. %. In one embodiment, the weight % of sulfopolyester in the recovered water stream ( 200 ) is less than 0.02%. The recovered water stream may be recycled, for example, to the process generating the aqueous dispersion.
The concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion ( 300 ) comprises sulfopolyester polymer in a weight % greater than the wt. % of sulfopolyester polymer in the aqueous dispersion ( 100 ). In other embodiments of the invention, the concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion has a sulfopolyester concentration of at least 2 times that of the aqueous dispersion, a concentration at least 5 times that of the aqueous dispersion, a concentration of at least 10 times that of the aqueous dispersion, a concentration of at least 15 times that of the aqueous dispersion, a concentration of at least 20 times that of the aqueous dispersion, and a concentration at least 30 times that of the aqueous dispersion.
The permeate flux (recovered water stream 200 ) is defined as the liters/square meter of filter area/hr. The permeate flux rate (recovered water stream 200 ) generally decreases as the sulfopolyester concentration increases in the aqueous dispersion ( 100 ). For example, at 1 wt % sulfopolyester in the aqueous dispersion ( 100 ) and 110 psi average pressure utilizing cross flow filtration in the sulfopolyester concentration zone ( 150 ), the permeate flux rate (recovered water stream 200 ) can range from about 50 (L/m 2 hr) to about 370 (L/m 2 hr). At 15 wt % sulfopolyester in the aqueous dispersion and 110 psi average pressure utilizing cross flow filtration in the sulfopolyester concentration zone ( 150 ), the permeate flux rate (recovered water stream 200 ) can range from about 30 (L/m 2 hr) to about 90 (L/m 2 hr). At 30 wt % sulfopolyester in the aqueous dispersion ( 100 ) and 110 psi average pressure utilizing cross flow filtration in the sulfopolyester concentration zone ( 150 ), the permeate flux rate (recovered water stream 200 ) can range from about 16 (L/m 2 hr) to about 50 (L/m 2 hr). One object of this invention is to generate a recovered water stream comprising water with a very low concentration of sulfopolyester, such that the recovered water stream can be recycled. In one embodiment of the invention, the weight percent of sulfopolyester in the recovered water stream ( 200 ) utilizing a sulfopolyester concentration zone ( 150 ) having ultrafiltration membranes ranges from about 0.01 wt. % to about 0.08 wt. %.
The cross flow filtration in the sulfopolyester concentration zone ( 150 ) can be accomplished in a batch or continuous fashion. In one embodiment of this invention, the cross flow filtration zone comprises at least one ultrafiltration membrane in a batch operation as illustrated in FIG. 2 . An aqueous dispersion ( 100 ) is routed to the sulfopolyester concentration zone ( 150 ) comprising at least one ultrafiltration membrane. Concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion ( 300 ) is recycled to the feed of the sulfopolyester concentration zone ( 150 ) until the desired sulfopolyester concentration is reached. The concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion ( 300 ) becomes increasing concentrated in sulfopolyester molecules that will not cross the ultrafiltration membrane into the recovered water stream ( 200 ).
In another embodiment of this invention, the cross flow filtration in the sulfopolyester concentration zone ( 150 ) is accomplished in a continuous membrane filtration system that comprises one or more membrane units in series relative to the flow path as illustrated in FIG. 3 . In one embodiment of the invention, each membrane unit comprises at least one ultrafiltration membrane and may contain multiple ultrafiltration membranes in parallel to achieve the desired membrane filtration area needed to accommodate the feed rate of the aqueous dispersion ( 100 ). In another embodiment, membrane units downstream of the first membrane unit may comprise membranes other than ultrafiltration membranes. For example, a continuous cross flow filtration unit for the generation of the concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion ( 300 ) from the aqueous dispersion ( 100 ) can comprise two membrane units in series wherein the first membrane unit comprises at least one ultrafiltration membrane and the second membrane unit comprises at least one nanofiltration membrane. However, embodiments of this invention are not limited to two membrane unit zones. Multiple membrane unit zones may be utilized, and these membrane unit zones can be operated at different pressures.
In one embodiment, a fouled membrane can be regenerated to allow the membrane to be reused. A fouled membrane is defined as a membrane in which the permeate flux (recovered water stream 200 ) for a given trans membrane pressure has decreased relative to a new membrane by about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 15%, about 8% to about 20%, and about 10% to about 30%. The regeneration of the fouled membrane can be accomplished by any method known in the art. In one embodiment of the invention, the regenerating process comprises: (1) flushing the fouled membrane with treated water, (2) circulating an aqueous detergent solution compatible with the membrane; and 3) flushing the membrane with treated water to displace the aqueous detergent solution.
Treated water used to wash the fouled membrane comprises water in which the concentration of monovalent metal cations is less than 1000 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 100 ppm, and less than 50 ppm and the concentration of divalent and multivalent cations is less than 50 ppm. In another embodiment of this invention, the concentration of divalent and multivalent cations in the treated water is less than 25 ppm. Acceptable sources of treated water comprise distilled water and deionized water.
In one embodiment of the invention, the aqueous detergent solution comprises at least one anionic detergent and water. The concentration of the anionic detergent in the aqueous detergent solution can range from about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt %, from about 0.5 wt % to about 4 wt %, from about 1 wt % to about 3 wt %. Typically, the water utilized is treated water as described previously. An example of an anionic detergent is alkylbenzene sulfonate detergents having a C 10 -C 16 alkyl group. A specific formulation of an aqueous alkylbenzene sulfonate detergent solution comprises the ingredients shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Ingredient Wt % Water 40-60% Sodium (C 10 -C 16 ) Alkylbenzene 10-20% Sulfonate Alcohol Ethoxylate 1-5% Coconut Diethyanolamide 1-5% Sodium Xylene Sulfonate 2-7% Tripotassium EDTA 1-5%
Commercial examples of aqueous detergent solutions or detergents that can be utilized to produce aqueous detergent solutions include, but are not limited to, Liqui-Nox® detergent and Alcanox® detergent obtained from Alconox Company in White Plains, N.Y.

The regenerating process for a fouled membrane can be conducted at a temperature ranging from about 20° C. to about 70° C. or from about 40° C. to about 60° C. The first step of the membrane cleaning procedure comprises displacing sulfopolyester concentrate with deionized water. Next, the fouled surface of the membrane is contacted with an aqueous anionic detergent with a residence time sufficient to recover at least about 80% of the original clean membrane flux rate. In other embodiments of the invention, the fouled surface of the membrane is contacted with an aqueous anionic detergent for a residence time ranging from about 2 to about 6 hours or from about 3 to about 4 hours.
In one embodiment of the regenerating process, the fouled membrane is regenerated by a process comprising: 1) flushing the fouled membrane with treated water to displace the concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion ( 300 ); 2) circulating 1 wt % Liqui-Nox® detergent solution in deionized water for 3 hours at 50° C., (3) flushing the system with treated water to displace the Liqui-Nox® detergent solution, and (4) circulating treated water for 1 hour at 50° C. In another embodiment of the membrane regenerating method, Alconox® detergent is the cleaning agent instead of Liqui-Nox® detergent.
The frequency of membrane regeneration is determined by the decrease in permeate flux rate (recovered water stream 200 ) over time during operation of the sulfopolyester concentration zone ( 150 ) but generally ranges from about 12 hours to about 24 hours, from about 12 hours to about 48 hours, from about 12 hours to about 72 hours, and from about 12 hours to about 100 hours.
At least a portion of the sulfopolyester in the concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion can be recovered. In one embodiment according to the present invention, the recovery step comprises evaporation of water from the concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion. The evaporation process may include the application of heat and/or a vacuum to the concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion in order to drive off water. As a significant amount of water has been removed by nanofiltration, the energy costs for performing this recovery step have been greatly reduced. Sufficient water is removed to further concentrate the sulfopolyester in the concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion, or the water is entirely removed thereby leaving only dry polymer, essentially. The level to which the water is removed will depend upon the particular article being manufactured with the recovered sulfopolyester. For example, the sulfopolyester may be used in water dispersible adhesives. In this regard, sufficient water should be removed to achieve a sulfopolyester level of at least about 50 weight %. If a solid recovered sulfopolyester product is desired, the recovered material should comprise greater than 99 weight % sulfopolyester. The solid recovered sulfopolyester product may be processed further, as necessary, to render it suitable for manufacturing a particular article or product.
In another embodiment according to the present invention, the sulfopolyester may be recovered by precipitation of at least a portion of the sulfopolyester in the concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion. There exists several procedures through which the sulfopolyester can be precipitated. And while most of these procedures can be employed using aqueous dispersions of sulfopolyesters that are dilute, they are generally most effective when used with a concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion comprising greater than about 10 weight % of sulfopolyester.
One recovery mechanism generally pertains to precipitation of sulfopolyester with a salt solution. The use of monovalent cations is preferred as divalent cations tend to crosslink the polyester. Examples of monovalent salts include, but are not limited to, potassium salts, sodium salts, lithium salts, and mixtures thereof. Other examples of monovalent salts include, but are not limited to, potassium acetate, sodium acetate, potassium sulfate, sodium sulfate and mixtures thereof. The salt may be added to the sulfopolyester concentrate as a solid or as an aqueous solution. In one embodiment, the salt level in the concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion is at least about 30 weight %, based on the weight of the sulfopolyester. In other embodiments of the invention, the salt level is between about 30 to about 60 weight % and between about 40 to about 50 weight %, based on the weight of the sulfopolyester. While a single salt may be used, a blend of potassium and sodium salts can be utilized in a weight ratio of about 5:1 to about 1:5, a weight ratio of about 2.5:1 to about 1:2.5, and a weight ratio of about 1:1.
After addition of the salt to the concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion, the concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion may gel. The concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion may then be heated to between about 50° to about 80° C. with stirring to break the gel. The concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion can then be cooled to room temperature and filtered to yield the recovered sulfopolyester. At this point, the recovered sulfopolyester may include significant quantities of salt. It may be desirable to remove this salt, depending upon the manufacturing process in which the recovered sulfopolyester is to be reused. Salt removal is generally done by washing the recovered sulfopolyester in water, for example, deionized water as minerals present in tap water, especially the divalent cations Ca and Fe, may cause the recovered sulfopolyester to crosslink and become brittle. It may be necessary to wash the recovered sulfopolyester multiple times to ensure that the salt is removed. In other embodiments, the salt level remaining in the recovered sulfopolyester is less than about 2 weight %, less than about 1 weight %, and less than about 0.5 weight %. In another embodiment, the recovered sulfopolyester can be essentially salt-free. After washing, the recovered sulfopolyester can be dried.
Another mechanism for recovery of the sulfopolyester by precipitation is with the use of a non-solvent. For example, the non-solvent is miscible with water such as an alcohol, such as, isopropanol. The non-solvent causes the sulfopolyester to precipitate, after which the sulfopolyester is recovered by filtration and washed in deionized water to remove the alcohol to produce the recovered sulfopolyester. Care should be taken to remove any trapped alcohol from the recovered sulfopolyester in that any alcohol residues may affect the reuse of the sulfopolyester. Also, this mechanism was found to work well with sulfopolyester samples having inherent viscosities greater than about 0.30. However, with low inherent viscosity materials, the sulfopolyester may dissolve in the non-solvent and therefore become unrecoverable.
The present invention results in a sulfopolyester recovery yield of at least about 50% by weight, more preferably at least about 70% by weight, and most preferably at least about 90% by weight of the sulfopolyester present in the aqueous dispersion.
Finally, the recovered sulfopolyester is reused in a manufacturing process. Exemplary uses for the recovered sulfopolyester include the formation of articles or products such as non-woven fabric, multicomponent fibers, films, adhesives, and clothing.
The methods described herein advantageously tend not to degrade the sulfopolyester polymer such that the recovered sulfopolyester exhibits an average molecular weight of at least about 50% of the molecular weight of the sulfopolyester present in the aqueous dispersion. More preferably, the recovered sulfopolyester retains at least about 75% of its original molecular weight, and most preferably at least about 90%.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion comprising at least about 10 weight % of a sulfopolyester is provided. A concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion comprising at least 20 weight % and at least 30 weight % of sulfopolyester is also provided. This concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion may be formed in accordance with any of those methods described above and may comprise any sulfopolyester previously described herein. In other embodiments, the concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion comprises between about 10 to about 65 weight %, between about 15 to about 60 weight %, between about 20 to about 55 weight %, between about 25 to about 50 weight percent, and between about 30 to about 45 weight percent of a sulfopolyester.
The recovered sulfopolyester of the present invention can be utilized to produce an article. Non-limiting examples of such articles include multifilament fibers, yarns, cords, tapes, fabrics, melt blown webs, spunbonded webs, thermobonded webs, hydroentangled webs, nonwoven webs and fabrics, and combinations thereof; items having one or more layers of fibers, such as, for example, multilayer nonwovens, laminates, and composites from such fibers, gauzes, bandages, diapers, training pants, tampons, surgical gowns and masks, feminine napkins; and the like. Further, the articles may include replacement inserts for various personal hygiene and cleaning products. The article of the present invention may be bonded, laminated, attached to, or used in conjunction with other materials which may or may not be water-dispersible. The article, for example, a nonwoven fabric layer, may be bonded to a flexible plastic film or backing of a water non-dispersible material, such as polyethylene. Such an assembly, for example, could be used as one component of a disposable diaper. In addition, the article may result from overblowing fibers onto another substrate to form highly assorted combinations of engineered melt blown, spunbond, film, or membrane structures.
EXAMPLES
This invention can be further illustrated by the following examples of preferred embodiments thereof, although it will be understood that these examples are included merely for purposes of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention unless otherwise specifically indicated.
EXAMPLES
All experiments were completed using commercially available membranes shown in Table 2 and a M20 cross-flow membrane unit from Alfa Laval. The M20 cross-flow unit allowed screening of multiple flat sheet membranes simultaneously. Sulfopolyester dispersions of 15 wt % and 30 wt % solids were produced in the lab using distilled water. A 1 wt % sulfopolyester dispersion was produced by diluting the higher solids dispersions. A Lauda E630 circulating bath was connected to a heat exchanger to maintain temperature during the experiments.





TABLE 2



Alfa Laval Membranes Evaluated







Membrane
MWCO 1
Description










ETNA01PP
1000
Fluoro Polymer,




(hydrophobic)


GR95PP
2000
Polyethersulphone,




(hydrophilic)


UFX5pHT
5000
Polysulphone,




(hydrophilic)


GR81PP
10000
Polyethersulphone,




(hydrophilic)


ETNA10PP
10000
Fluoro Polymer,




(hydrophobic)


UFX10pHT
10000
Polysulphone,




(hydrophilic)


GR61PP
20000
Polysulphone, (hydrophilic)


GR51PP
50000
Polysulphone,




(hydrophilic)


NF99HF
400
Polyamide, (hydrophobic)





1 Molecular weight cut off






































The following procedure was utilized in all of the examples. One set of flat sheet membranes from each type was installed in the M20 resulting in groups of 2-4 membrane sets per experiment. The area for each set of membranes was 0.035 m 2 . New membranes were flushed with deionized water for about 1 hr at 40° C. prior to use. For each set of membranes, flux versus pressure was determined using deionized water. Flux is a measure of rate/unit area expressed as L/m 2 *hr. All rate experiments were conducted at ˜40° C. The pump rate was held at 11 L/min for most of the experiments, and a limited number of experiments were conducted at 18 L/min. Permeate flux vs. pressure was measured using 1 wt %, 15 wt % and 30 wt % sulfopolyester dispersions.
Once the rate experiments were completed, studies to determine the effect of sulfopolyester dispersion concentration on the rate of fouling were conducted. Fouling experiments were conducted as follows: 1) a sulfopolyester dispersion of known concentration was charged to the feed vessel, 2) the experimental conditions were set (pump rate, pressure and temperature), and 3) the M20 cross-flow membrane unit operated on full recycle (permeate and retentate returned to the feed vessel). Periodically, the permeation rate for each membrane was measured and recorded. The duration of the experiments was 24-96 hrs. Once each experiment was completed, the feed vessel was drained, a cleaning cycle was completed to remove fouling, and the water flux was measured to evaluate the cleaning procedure. For many processes utilizing a cross-flow filtration process, a cleaning process that restores performance cycle after cycle is desirable. The manufacturer recommends weak caustic for cleaning the membranes so the initial studies were completed using 0.1 M sodium hydroxide; however, subsequent studies examined Alconox and Liqui-Nox manufactured by Alconox Company in New York. Generally, manufacturers suggest cleaning on a daily basis which results in increased downtime for a system, so experiments were completed to examine the frequency that cleaning was needed to maintain performance in order to produce the primary polymer concentrate.
Example 1
Permeate flux (Recovered Water Stream 200 ) at 1 wt % Sulfopolyester in Feed Stream (Aqueous Dispersion 100 )
Flux was determined for each of the membranes listed previously with an 1 wt % sulfopolyester dispersion. Data are illustrated in FIG. 4 . All membranes tested were fresh and unused. It is clear to see that ultrafiltration membranes affected the desired separation of permeate. Five of the ultra-filtration membranes exhibited a higher flux at a lower pressure than the control NF99HF nano-filtration membrane.
Example 2
Permeate Flux (Recovered Water Stream 200 ) at 15 wt % Sulfopolyester in Feed Stream (Aqueous Dispersion 100 )
Flux was determined for each of the membranes listed previously with 15 wt % sulfopolyester. Data are illustrated in FIG. 5 . It is clear to see that ultrafiltration membranes affected the desired separation of permeate. Five of the ultrafiltration membranes exhibited a higher flux at a lower pressure than the control NF99HF nanofiltration membrane.
Example 3
Permeate Flux (Recovered Water Stream 200 ) at 30 wt % Sulfopolyester in Feed Stream (Aqueous Dispersion 100 )
Permeate flux was determined for each of the membranes listed previously with 30 wt % sulfopolyester. Data are illustrated in FIG. 6 . It is clear to see that ultrafiltration membranes can affect the desired separation of permeate. Two of the ultrafiltration membranes exhibited a higher flux at a lower pressure than the NF99HF nanofiltration membrane.
To allow for comparison with the data presented in Examples 1-3, the average pressure for this experiment was ˜80 psi. The effect was significant with flux increases of 50% or greater at the higher flow rate ( FIG. 7 ).
Example 4
Determination of Membrane Fouling Rates
Extensive fouling studies were conducted using four membranes selected on the basis of flux performance: GR51 PP, GR61 PP, ETNA1 OPP, and NF99HF. Multiple fouling cycles were completed for this group of membranes using 20 wt % and 30 wt % sulfopolyester dispersions. Between fouling cycles, a cleaning cycle was conducted, and water flux was compared to results for the new membranes. If the water flux was not within 80-100% of the water flux rate for a new membrane, the cleaning procedure was repeated. Note that fouling cycles were performed at sulfopolyester concentrations of 20 wt % and 30 wt %. All experiments were run at a constant flow rate (11 L/min), temperature (40° C.) and average pressure (40 psi).
Within the group of membranes tested, performance was very similar both in flux and rate of fouling. At a 20 wt % sulfopolyester concentration of the sulfopolyester dispersion (aqueous dispersion ( 100 )) flux dropped about 20% after 96 hours of run time. At a 30% sulfopolyester concentration of the sulfopolyester dispersion (aqueous dispersion ( 100 )), flux dropped about 20% after 48 hours of run time.
Experiment 5
Regeneration of Fouled Membranes
During the initial membrane screening experiments, three detergents were evaluated: 0.1M sodium hydroxide, 0.1% Alconox® detergent obtained from Alconox Company in New York, and 0.1% Liqui-Nox® detergent also obtained from Alconox Company in New York. 0.1 M sodium hydroxide is the standard membrane wash reagent recommended by Alfa Laval. In addition to the detergents, temperature and rinse time were evaluated. The regeneration or cleaning experiment started with a distilled water flush followed by circulation of the detergent, and then final deionized water flush to remove the detergent. Temperatures as high as 70° C. were evaluated; however, due evidence of possible membrane damage, the cleaning temperature was set at 50° C. After preliminary experiments, Liqui-Nox® was chosen as the detergent. Examination of the membranes following experiments using 0.1 M sodium hydroxide revealed the presence of precipitated material thought to comprise sulfopolyester. This can be a negative outcome because solids can accumulate and irreversibly foul the membrane. It was determined that the standard vendor recommended detergent was not acceptable for cleaning fouled membranes used to concentrate the sulfopolyester dispersion. A dilute solution of Liqui-Nox® detergent for this application was utilized because it performs well and is more easily diluted in water compared to the Alconox® detergent. FIGS. 8-11 show the results of the regeneration experiments conducted during the fouling studies. Following each fouling/cleaning cycle, water flux vs. pressure was determined to evaluate the effectiveness of the regeneration procedure. Within the group of membranes tested, performance was very similar both in flux and rate of fouling. At a 20 wt % sulfopolyester concentration, flux dropped about 20% after 96 hours of run time. At a 30 wt % sulfopolyester concentration, flux dropped about 20% after 48 hours of run time. The volumetric flow rate of the cleaning solution in FIG. 7 contacting the membrane surface is recorded in (l/min) for the cleaning of 0.105 square meters of membrane area.