(en)An inductor component includes a plurality of conductive elements, each formed as an individual patch of conductive material, with the conductive elements arranged in a vertical stack and tightly coupled to one another. Dielectric is disposed between more adjacent conductive elements, the dielectric has a permittivity and is sufficiently thin so as to provide a mutual inductance factor of at least one-half or greater between adjacent ones of the conductive elements. The dielectric is typically thinner than the adjacent conductors.

1.ApplicationNumber: US-201313955617-A
1.PublishNumber: US-9570222-B2
2.Date Publish: 20170214
3.Inventor: GUPTA DEV V.
MOUSSA MEHDI SI

4.Inventor Harmonized: GUPTA DEV V(US)
MOUSSA MEHDI SI(US)

5.Country: US
6.Claims:
(en)An inductor component includes a plurality of conductive elements, each formed as an individual patch of conductive material, with the conductive elements arranged in a vertical stack and tightly coupled to one another. Dielectric is disposed between more adjacent conductive elements, the dielectric has a permittivity and is sufficiently thin so as to provide a mutual inductance factor of at least one-half or greater between adjacent ones of the conductive elements. The dielectric is typically thinner than the adjacent conductors.

7.Description:
(en)CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of the filing dates of two U.S. Provisional Patent Applications entitled “Tunable Passive Filter Components”, Ser. No. 61/828,107 filed May 28, 2013, and “Signal Handling Apparatus for Radio Frequency Circuits”, Ser. No. 61/857,446 filed Jul. 23, 2013, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference.


BACKGROUND
Technical Field
This patent application relates to inductors, and more specifically to a vector inductor that provides very high quality factor in a small form factor.
Background Information
An inductor is a passive, two-terminal electrical component which temporarily stores electrical energy when a current passes through it. When the current flowing through an inductor changes over time, the resulting time varying magnetic field induces a voltage. An inductor may be characterized by its inductance, the ratio of this voltage to the rate of change of the current.
Inductors are commonly used in many different types of alternating current (AC) circuits, and especially radio frequency (RF) circuits. Inductors are combined with capacitors and other components to implement filters, resonators, tuners, and other functions. Electronic devices such as smart phones, tablets, laptop computers, and the like are now typically expected to use many different radio communication protocols and operate over a wide variety of frequencies, while at the same time being as small and inexpensive as possible. Inductor design becomes a critical aspect of achieving these goals.
SUMMARY
Problem Description
The quality, or Q, factor is a dimensionless parameter that characterizes an inductor in terms of the ratio between the inductance and the resistance of the component. In RF design, Q is commonly considered to characterize a resonant circuit's bandwidth relative to its center frequency. Higher Q indicates a lower rate of energy loss relative to the stored energy. Resonators with higher Q factors are therefore desired for implementations where bandwidth relative to center frequency must be increased. The need for high Q is therefore characteristic of present day communication devices, which must handle higher and higher data rates. A high Q tuned circuit also provides greater selectivity; that is, it does a better job of filtering out signals from adjacent channels. High Q oscillators also resonate within a smaller range of frequencies and are therefore more stable.
An additional concern with component design is the physical space that it occupies. Any approach that can increase a given amount of inductance available in a certain amount of circuit area, while also improving Q, would generally be preferred.
If a set of inductors is needed for a particular integrated circuit (IC)-based design, the use of discrete inductors that are separate from the ICs may give rise to implementation problems due to the need to make many interconnections between the set of inductors and the other components. This situation has motivated many circuit designers in the direction of integrating as many of the needed inductors as possible into the semiconductor device itself.
However, the integration of an inductor into an IC creates other problems due to an inductor's inherent magnetic properties. IC inductors can be implemented using a conductor that adopts a “coil” or “spiral” shape as used in classic discrete inductor components. Because the path for current flow in such structures is necessarily curved or angled, the induced magnetic fields tend to force electrons along the shortest possible path (that is, along the innermost edges) of the spiral conductive path. This in turn limits the ability to improve the inductor's Q with increasing frequency.
As a result, it is generally believed that one must increase the size of the conductive path must be increased, or the magnetic coupling between adjacent turns, to provide increased Q.
Spiral shaped inductors are therefore believed to be less than ideal for providing high Q where the inductor must be as small as possible.
Inductors can also be implemented with active circuit components including transistors. But active circuit based inductors bring other challenges in terms of linearity.
SUMMARY OF PREFERRED SOLUTION(S)
The above-mentioned and other related problems motivate aspects of the present invention, a vector inductor component that exhibits very high Q in a small form factor that is easily incorporated into IC-based and printed circuit board designs.
In one arrangement, the vector inductor includes a plurality of conductive elements, each formed as an individual strip or patch of conductive material. The conductive elements are arranged in a vertical stack and tightly coupled to one another. A dielectric is provided between each pair of adjacent conductive elements in the stack. The dielectric has a permittivity and is sufficiently thin so as to provide a mutual inductance factor of at least one-half or greater, and preferably approaches 0.9 or higher between adjacent conductive elements. The high mutual conductance may be realized by constructing the dielectric to be very thin, typically at least thinner than the adjacent conductors.
The dielectric disposed between the two or more conductive elements may exhibit a dielectric loss tangent (T and ) much less than 1.
The conductors may be connected to one another in a case where the inductor is to serve as a discrete component. Where the inductor is to be included as part of a parallel or series LC resonant circuit, the inductor may be directly connected to a capacitor via only a top conductive element and a bottom conductive element in the vertical stack.
In one configuration the inductor comprises multiple subassemblies, with each subassembly including (i) a given one of the dielectric layers provided by a printed circuit board substrate, and (ii) two conductors as a metal strip disposed on either side of the is substrate. The inductor is then formed of multiple subassemblies attached to one another via adhesive layers.
The conductors are generally a rectangular strip of metal having at least two parallel side walls extending from the input end to the output end to encourage maximum current flow, avoiding curved or angular paths. This ensures that the conductive field path is as straight as possible from an input end to an output end.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The detailed description below refers to the accompanying drawings, of which:
FIG. 1 is a cross section view of a vector inductor formed of stacked conductors and dielectric layers;
FIG. 2 is a more detailed cross section view of a portion of the vector inductor;
FIGS. 3A and 3B are top views of two different shapes for the conductors;
FIG. 4 is a more detailed cross section view of a specific embodiment of the vector inductor formed of multiple printed circuit board subassemblies adhered together;
FIGS. 5A and 5B show modeled inductance and quality factor of the vector inductor for 16 and 32 stacked elements at 1 GigaHertz (GHz);
FIG. 6 is an isometric view of a vector inductor component;
FIGS. 7A and 7B , respectively, show one possible way to connect the vector inductor in a parallel resonant circuit and series resonant circuit;
FIGS. 8A and 8B show another way to connect the vector inductor in parallel and series resonant circuits;
FIG. 9 is a cross sectional view of a series resonant circuit implementation of the vector inductor using a printed circuit board substrate and integrated circuit capacitors; and
FIG. 10 is a top level view of an example Chebyshev filter implemented on a printed circuit board using the vector inductor and integrated circuit capacitors.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF AN ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENT
Briefly, the preferred design for a vector inductor uses tightly coupled, layered sets of conductive patches formed on and/or within a printed circuit board substrate. The tightly coupled conductors exhibit a high mutual inductance factor, at least one-half or preferably even 0.9 or higher. In one example embodiment, N mutually coupled inductors of inductance L with this very tight coupling are fit into an area of size 1/N as compared to the size occupied by one uncoupled inductor (of value N*L). This results in a total reduction factor of N 2 in size for an inductor of inductance L. For N=16, the reduction in size is therefore 256 times smaller than an uncoupled, non-layered inductor.
FIG. 1 is a high level cross section view of one such vector inductor 100 formed from multiple, closely spaced patches of conductive material, referred to as the conductors 102 herein. The N conductors 102 may be formed as separate copper layers disposed on and/or within a printed circuit board substrate. The conductors 102 are aligned with one another vertically, and spaced apart from one another by multiple dielectric layers 104 . For a vector inductor of N conductors 102 , there would be N−1 dielectric layers 104 .
The dielectric layers 104 may include any suitable dielectric material and/or an adhesive layer such as epoxy. In an implementation where the conductors are mechanically suspended at the ends, the dielectric may even be air.
The layer thicknesses in FIG. 1 are not shown to scale. To encourage mutual coupling, the thickness of the dielectric layers 104 is typically less than the thickness of the conductors 102 . In one example implementation the conductor 102 thickness (or height H 1 ) might be about 0.33 mils for a quarter-ounce copper patch conductor (0.67 for half-ounce copper) but the dielectric 104 thickness might be only 0.1 mils. In general, the thickness of the various dielectric layers 104 will be the same, although it is possible that some of the dielectric layers are thicker or thinner than others. Quarter-ounce and half-ounce refer to the industry standard terminology for metal thickness in printed circuit board structures.
FIG. 2 shows a more detailed view of one subassembly or section 105 of the vector inductor 100 , including two adjacent conductors 102 and the dielectric 104 disposed between them. The dielectric 104 has a relative permittivity ε r . It can be shown that the following equation models the resulting relationship of voltage and current:
V 1 = L ⁢ ⅆ i 2 ⅆ t + M ⁢ ⅆ i 2 ⅆ t = ( L 2 + M 2 ) ⁢ ⅆ i ⅆ t
where L is the inductance of each conductor 102 , i is the total current flowing through the section (such that each conductor 102 carries a current of i/2) and we can conclude that:

V 1 = ( L 2 + kL 2 ) ⁢ ⅆ i ⅆ t ≈ L ⁢ ⅆ i ⅆ t ⁢ ⁢ for ⁢ ⁢ k ≈ 1
where V 1 is the voltage across the inductor structure section 105 , and M is a mutual inductance factor given by

M=k √{square root over (L 1 L 2 )}= kL because L 1 =L 2 =L

where L 1 is the inductance of a first layer, and L 2 is the inductance of the second layer.
Therefore, this relation will hold true when the mutual inductance is relatively high, such that the mutual inductance factor k is at least 0.5 and preferably approaches 0.90 or higher.
It should be noted that in comparing the closely coupled inductor pair architecture of FIG. 2 to a simple metal strip, the real resistance of the inductor is halved, while the total inductance has not changed. The result is that the quality factor Q is doubled while the total inductance remains at approximately L. for a given area. For a single pair of conductors 102 as shown in FIG. 2 , a Q of about 150 is possible.
The material chosen for dielectric 104 disposed between each conductive element 102 is such that it exhibits a dielectric loss tangent (T and ) much less than 1, typically approaching something less than or equal to 2e −5 .
The conductors 102 may assume various shapes; again, what is important is that the conductors 102 are tightly coupled to one another. FIG. 3A is a top view of one possible implementation of the conductors 102 . Here, the conductor 102 is shaped as an elongated rectangle or “strip” of metal. This rectangular strip shape provides the straightest possible path for electric field propagation by eliminating any curves or angles. This in turn, maximizes the quality factor for a given configuration. However, other shapes for conductors 102 may also be sufficient to meet the requirements herein of increased Q. One such possible shape, shown in FIG. 3B , still has a still generally a rectangular main conductive portion 155 , but now having stub sections 157 - 1 , 157 - 2 on each opposing end. The stub sections 157 - 1 , 157 - 2 can assist with impedance matching to adjacent components and/or circuit connections. What is important is to avoid forcing current to flow along a curved propagation paths through the conductor 102 , as well as sharp angles in the sidewalls of any shapes that deviate from the rectangular as much as possible.
A “skin effect” of radio frequency signals propagating via a conductor such as a conductive patch 102 causes currents to generally flow on or near the surface or edges, rather than through the entire thickness of the conductor 102 . Increasing the thickness of the conductor 102 thus will not have any appreciable affect on the amount of current carried, or the resistance experienced by the signal propagating through the conductor. This skin effect thus normally limits the ability to increase the Q and the total inductance in an inductor 102 formed from strips of conductive material.
However, the inductor pair configuration of FIG. 2 can be extended to a multiple layer vector inductor configuration shown in FIG. 4 . Here, a number, P, of closely coupled inductor pairs or subassemblies 212 - 1 , 212 - 2 , . . . , 212 - g , . . . , 212 -P are stacked together. As with the embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 2 , an example inductor element 212 - g is formed as a pair of conductive material patches 220 - 1 , 220 - 2 disposed on either side of a dielectric 222 . Here the dielectric 222 may be formed of the “A-stage” material” of a printed circuit board substrate with the conductors 220 - 1 , 220 - 2 being copper patches disposed on the respective top and bottom sides thereof. The resulting P subassembly constructions are arranged vertically with respect to one another and adhered to one another using “B-stage” material such as an epoxy adhesive 223 .
Stacking multiple inductor pairs 212 in this way to form the vector inductor 100 forces at least some of the currents to flow though the conductors 220 in the middle of the structure in addition to the skin effect on the outermost conductor layers 228 - 1 , 228 - 2 . This improves the overall conductivity of the vector inductor 100 as compared to a single solid conductor of the same dimension.
An adhesive layer 223 is disposed between adjacent ones of the inductor pairs 212 ; the adhesive 223 is chosen to be relatively thin and have a relatively low static relative permittivity (dielectric constant) ε r so that a given inductor pair 212 - g will exhibit tight coupling to its neighboring inductor pair located immediately above (inductor pair 212 - g −1) and below (inductor pair 212 - g +1).
Mutual coupling of the overall vector inductor structure is determined by the distance between the layers and the dielectric constant of the materials disposed between the conductors. FIG. 4 shows some typical dimensions. For an internal conductive layer 220 thickness (or height) of approximately 0.66 mils (16.74 μm) and dielectric substrate layers 222 of approximately 0.315 mils (8 μm), one would prefer to have an ε r of the dielectric substrate of about 3.5 and an ε r of the adhesive layers 223 of about 2.7 (if the adhesive 223 is 0.3 mils (7.62 μm) thick). Again, the total dielectric layer thickness is less than the thickness of the conductive layers.
The outermost conductors 228 - 1 , 228 - 2 may preferably be somewhat thicker than that of the internal conductive layers 220 —here the outer conductors may be 2.7 mils (67.54 μm) thick.
It is preferred that each conductor 220 has the same size and shape as the adjacent conductors 102 (and indeed all other internal conductors 220 ) in the stack that make up the vector inductor structure. However, variations in the size and shape of the individual conductors would not depart from the spirit of the design.
The stacked inductor design of FIG. 4 provides important advantages over other approaches. Normally, a structure that includes P independent inductors of value L would consume a space that is P times larger than the space consumed by the single inductor L. However, in the case of the mutually coupled vector inductors of FIG. 4 , the P mutually coupled inductors of size L, provided with very tight coupling, only requires a space of size 1/P, as compared to the space that would be occupied by a single uncoupled inductor (of value P*L). The total reduction in size is thus P 2 where N is the number of inductor pairs. Thus if P equals 16, the corresponding reduction in size is 256 times smaller than the case of the single inductor.
Tightly coupled vector inductors with mutual inductance of 0.95 or higher shown herein in tend to provide great improvement in the available Q factor, achieving a Q of 200 or more.
FIGS. 5A and 5B , respectively, show modeled inductance and quality factor provided at an operating frequency of 1 GHz for different conductive patch widths (in mils) and for two different numbers of inductor pairs (P=16 and P=32). The model assumed that a 250 mil thick air column is provided adjacent the top and bottom outer conductor layers 228 - 1 , 228 - 2 .
Curve 502 in FIG. 5A shows modeled inductance varying as a function of the width of rectangular conductor strips 220 for the number of layers, P=16, and curve 504 is a similar plot of inductance for P=32. Curve 512 in FIG. 5B shows quality factor, Q, varying as a function of the width of conductor strips 220 for P=16, and curve 514 is variance of Q for P=32.
Consideration can also given to how the vector inductor 100 is ideally configured to connect to other components to make up RF circuits of various types.
FIG. 6 is an implementation of a vector inductor 100 intended for packaging as a separate or standalone discrete component. As seen in this isometric view (where the vertical scale is somewhat exaggerated from the actual scale) the conductors 102 stacked above one another and closely spaced apart by dielectric layers 104 are again seen as in the prior embodiments. Conductive sidewalls 108 are disposed between the conductors 102 and/or along the sides of another structure that supports conductors 102 . These additional connections provided by the conductive sidewalls 108 may further assist with encouraging mutual inductance between conductors 102 . Here an input terminal 118 and output terminal 119 are connected adjacent the bottom-most one of the conductors 102 .
In order to maintain overall compact size, certain designs are preferred for a vector inductor that is to be incorporated into a series or parallel resonant circuit. As understood by those of skill in the art, a resonant circuit may implement a filter that typically includes several inductors and capacitors, with the number of inductors and capacitors in the filter and their specific interconnection depends upon the type of filtering desired {band pass, low pass, high pass, band stop, etc.} and also depending upon the number of poles and zeros desired for such a filter. The discussion below is not concerned with that aspect of filter design, but rather the physical configuration and electrical connection of each individual inductor and capacitor component.
FIG. 7A is a schematic diagram of one such possible implementation of a parallel LC resonant circuit 702 . Shown are the vector inductor 100 including conductors 102 and dielectric layers 104 ; the inductor 100 again includes a lower most conductor 228 - 1 and uppermost conductor 228 - 2 . The capacitor C is provided by a pair of capacitor elements 704 - 1 and 704 - 2 , each of capacitance C/2, with each capacitor respectively connected in parallel with a respective one of the bottom conductor 228 - 1 and top conductor 228 - 2 . Note that the innermost conductors 102 of vector inductor 100 are not connected to one another in this implementation, nor are they connected to one another. It is thought that this configuration may provide the highest possible Q.
FIG. 7B is an implementation for a series LC circuit that is similar to the parallel LC circuit of FIG. 7A . Again, the capacitors 706 - 1 , 706 - 2 are only connected to the bottommost 228 - 1 and topmost 228 - 2 conductors. The capacitors 706 - 1 and 706 - 2 may each have one-half the capacitance C desired in the series LC circuit.
Also possible are implementations for a parallel LC circuit, in the case of FIG. 8A and a series LC circuit in the case of FIG. 8B . The difference over FIGS. 7A and 7B is that the vector inductors 100 are implemented using conductive sidewalls 108 . While this configuration may not provide the optimum performance characteristics, it may still be acceptable in some applications to make construction easier.
FIG. 9 is a more detailed cross-sectional view of a series resonant circuit 900 consisting of a single vector inductor 100 and pair of capacitances C 1 and C 2 . This series resonant circuit 900 is constructed according to the principles shown in FIG. 7B but now shown in greater detail with integrated circuit (IC) chip type capacitors 706 - 1 - 1 , 706 - 1 - 2 providing capacitance C 1 and capacitors 706 - 2 - 1 , 706 - 2 - 2 providing capacitance C 2 . This layout is particularly adaptable for implementation of the vector inductor 100 in a multi-layer printed circuit board (PCB) substrate 770 ( FIG. 7 b ) which may be a FaradFlex, or other suitable multi-layer substrates. The capacitors 706 - 1 and 706 - 2 may be IC chip components mounted on top of the PCB substrate 750 as “flip chips”. One preferred implementation of the capacitor chips 706 uses the CMOS capacitor array architecture described in the patent applications incorporated by reference above.
FIG. 10 is a top level view of a more complex filter design using the same principals of FIG. 9 . Here a set of chip capacitors C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 are connected with a set of inductors I 1 , I 2 , I 3 , I 4 to provide a Chebychev filter. Each of inductors I 1 , I 2 , I 3 , I 4 may be implemented within a PCB substrate as a vector inductor 100 . Each of the inductors may have a different shape to realize a different inductance to realize the desired filter response.
While various embodiments of the invention have now been particularly shown in the drawings and described in the text above, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention. It is intended, therefore, that the invention be limited only by the claims that follow.